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Luo X, Zhang C, Luo Y, Fang N, Wang X, He H, Jiang J, Chen Y, Cai Z, Zhao X. Residue analysis and dietary risk assessment of abamectin in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5779. [PMID: 38050189 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the residue behavior and possible dietary risk of abamectin in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria, a method was developed for the simultaneous determination of abamectin residues in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean recovery of abamectin in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria was 86.48%-107.80%, and the relative standard deviation was 2.07%-10.12%. The detection rates of abamectin residues in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria were 62.50%, 87.50%, and 80.00%, respectively. The residues of abamectin in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria were not more than 0.020, 0.019, and 0.087 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, dietary risk assessment showed that the risk content of abamectin residues in long- and short-term dietary exposure for Chinese consumers was 61.57% and 0.41%-1.11%, respectively, indicating that abamectin in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria in the market would not pose a significant risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Luo
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Fang
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei He
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Cai
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Ma Z, Gao Y, Chu F, Tong Y, He Y, Li Y, Gao Z, Chen W, Zhang S, Pan Y. Tip-assisted ambient electric arc ionization mass spectrometry for rapid detection of trace organophosphorus pesticides in strawberries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nassar PPM, Ribeiro MG. Considerations for cholinesterase biomonitoring in flower and ornamental plant greenhouse workers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:135228. [PMID: 31822418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flower cultivation in greenhouses enhances productivity and ensures high-quality product supply throughout the year. However, under such protected environments, climate conditions are designed to favor flower growth and can intensify occupational exposure to pesticides. In this study, flower greenhouse workers were tested for cholinesterase inhibition, a valuable indicator of occupational exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. The quantified inhibition was also associated with working practices using these outcomes to explore ways in which provisions of regulatory Occupational Health Control Programs can be met considering the peculiarities of this working environment. Despite their preliminary nature, and considering that workers had not been previously tested, the obtained results suggested that the designed pre- and post-screening process, enabled biomonitoring of the exposed population. The pre-exposure sample was collected after 11 days from pesticide spraying and the post-exposure sample was collected no later than 10 days after pesticide spraying. AChE activity was significantly depressed in flower greenhouse workers, comparing pre- and post-exposure intervals. Nursery workers, often overlooked, presented greater inhibition of AChE activity. Such finding is consistent with effects believed to be associated with the described job and the way activities are conducted, once nursery workers are regularly exposed to low levels of pesticides owing to their continuous contact with sprayed crops. As predicted by Occupational Safety and Health Standards, establishing biomonitoring programs is achievable, despite the intensive use of pesticides. Quantification is important to target the exposed population but is not sufficient to assure good working conditions and avoid exposure. Administrative and working practices, such as job misclassification, non-compliance with national regulations for occupational health control, pesticide handling, lack of REI protocols, and unsuitable delivery of PPE, must be addressed. Anything less will contribute to worsening an already bleak picture in terms of occupational safety and health in flower and ornamental plant greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Peixoto Monteiro Nassar
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho (FUNDACENTRO), Rua Capote Valente 710, CEP 05409-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Gerardo Ribeiro
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho (FUNDACENTRO), Rua Capote Valente 710, CEP 05409-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Song L, Zhong Z, Han Y, Zheng Q, Qin Y, Wu Q, He X, Pan C. Dissipation of sixteen pesticide residues from various applications of commercial formulations on strawberry and their risk assessment under greenhouse conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109842. [PMID: 31707322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Twelve commercial pesticide formulations containing sixteen active ingredients were applied on greenhouse strawberries at recommended and double doses. The dynamics and dietary risk analysis were investigated. A modified QuEChERS method based on the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as adsorbent followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS detection was utilized for sample analysis. The half-lives of studied pesticides were 4.6-12.6 days and 3.8-15.8 days from two application doses. Dietary levels from the residue concentrations of the individual pesticides at harvest was contrasted with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD). The dietary risk assessment adopt the risk quotient (RQ) for chronic risk and risk probability (RP) for long-term dietary intake risk, respectively. The dietary risk induced by the studied pesticide residues in strawberry was acceptable for consumers except the pesticide fumigants. The pesticide residues at different pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) under greenhouse conditions were compared with the established maximum residue limits (MRLs). To reduce the residue levels and potential safety risk, a longer PHI or reduced application rates should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Song
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zezhi Zhong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongtao Han
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinglin Zheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Testing Instrumentatio, Beijing, 101200, China
| | - Yuhong Qin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Beránková M, Hojerová J, Peráčková Z. Estimated exposure of hands inside the protective gloves used by non-occupational handlers of agricultural pesticides. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:625-631. [PMID: 27578185 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of handlers'/operators' hands is a main route of agricultural pesticides entry into their body. Non-occupational handlers still lack information about appropriate selection of protective gloves to minimize exposure and reduce adverse effects of these chemicals. According to the results of our previous survey, six commercially available, water-resistant gloves commonly used by non-professional gardeners were evaluated for permeation of Acetamiprid, Pirimicarb, and Chlorpyrifos-methyl (Chlorp-m) pesticides by means of in vitro testing. In-use conditions were mimicked as close as possible. Chlorp-m through latex was observed inside the glove from >10 to ⩽15 min; however, Acetamiprid and Pirimicarb through neoprene/latex and all the three pesticides through butyl were not observed inside gloves for the duration of the experiments (the Breakthrough time (BT)>8 h). The 1-h exposure proved the interior glove contamination with Chlorp-m through disposable latex, vinyl, and nitrile gloves (51, 33, and 41% of applied dose (AD), respectively) just as with Acetamiprid and Pirimicarb through latex glove (11 and 14%AD, respectively). However, when storing the used gloves for 4 days after the exposure, no release of the three pesticides from the butyl and Acetamiprid from neoprene/latex gloves was detected. In all other cases, pesticides were found in the interior glove (36-79, 31-63, and 51-81%AD for Acetamiprid, Pirimicarb, and Chlorp-m, respectively). If used repeatedly, gloves contaminated in this way lose their protective function but give the user a false sense of security. The results suggest that (i) water-resistant gloves are not necessarily pesticide resistant; (ii) disposable latex gloves commonly worn by non-professional gardeners provide inadequate protection even for a short-time contact with pesticides; (iii) to assess the efficiency of reusable gloves, not only BT value but also the reservoir/release effect of parent pesticide and its degradation products should be evaluated; and (iv) awareness-raising activities for non-occupational handlers of pesticides should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beránková
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jarmila Hojerová
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Peráčková
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Jiang W, Hernandez B, Richmond D, Yanga N. Harvesters in strawberry fields: A literature review of pesticide exposure, an observation of their work activities, and a model for exposure prediction. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:391-397. [PMID: 27436696 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry harvesters hand-pick fruit that may result in pesticide exposure from hand foliar contact. This paper included a review of publications on harvester pesticide exposure, an observation of their work activities, and development of an alternative model for pesticide exposure prediction. Previous studies monitored the dermal pesticide exposure of strawberry harvesters and found most of the exposure (>70%) was on the hands. Exposure rates (ERs) were calculated as pesticide amount on the skin per hour worked, assuming foliar contact is proportional to daily work hours. Transfer factors (TFs), used for predicting exposure, were calculated by dividing the ER by the amount of dislodgeable foliar pesticide residue. However, the ERs for harvesters working in the same field at the same time varied by as much as 10-fold, and TFs calculated from different studies varied by up to 100-fold. We tested the assumption of foliar contact time being proportional to daily work hours. We observed full work-day activities of 32 strawberry harvesters. We found that their foliar contact time per work minute differed by up to 46%. We suggested using the amount of strawberries picked to predict harvester foliar contact. For all observed harvesters, their foliar contact time per kg of strawberries picked was 35±5 s. This value was similar among harvesters with varying years of experience, of different gender, and using gloves or not. We proposed a predictive model using the amount of strawberries picked to predict harvester pesticide exposure. The exposure predicted by the model is close to the exposure measured in previous monitoring studies (R2: 0.84). The model slope is 0.33±0.03 × 103 cm2/kg. Model prediction accuracy was confirmed by monitoring captan exposure to harvesters in two fields. The model may be used as a quick screening method to estimate pesticide exposure before conducting complex human monitoring research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Jiang
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California 95812, USA
| | - Bernie Hernandez
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California 95812, USA
| | - Donald Richmond
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California 95812, USA
| | - Nino Yanga
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California 95812, USA
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Bogen KT, Singhal A. Malathion dermal permeability in relation to dermal load: Assessment by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of in vivo human data. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:138-146. [PMID: 27820679 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1248150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of dermal permeability (Kp), obtained by fitting an updated human PBPK model for malathion to previously reported data on excreted urinary metabolites after 29 volunteers were dermally exposed to measured values of [14C]malathion dermal load (L), were used to examine the empirical relationship between Kp and L. The PBPK model was adapted from previously reported human biokinetic and PBPK models for malathion, fit to previously reported urinary excretion data after oral [14C]malathion intake by volunteers, and then augmented to incorporate a standard Kp approach to modeling dermal-uptake kinetics. Good to excellent PBPK-model fits were obtained to all of 29 sets of cumulative urinary metabolite-excretion data (ave. [±1 SD] R2 = 0.953 [±0.064]). Contrary to the assumption that Kp and L are independent typically applied for dermally administered liquids or solutions, the 29 PBPK-based estimates of Kp obtained for malathion exhibit a strong positive association with the 2/3rds power of L (log-log Pearson correlation = 0.925, p = ∼0). Possible explanations of this observation involving physico-chemical characteristics and/or in vivo cutaneous effects of malathion are discussed. The PBPK model presented, and our observation that Kp estimates obtained by fitting this model to human experimental urinary-excretion data correlate well with L2/3, allow more realistic assessments of absorbed and metabolized dose during or after a variety of scenarios involving actual or potential dermal or multi-route malathion exposures, including for pesticide workers or farmers who apply malathion to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankur Singhal
- a Exponent Health Sciences , Oakland , California , USA
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Houbraken M, Bauweraerts I, Fevery D, Van Labeke MC, Spanoghe P. Pesticide knowledge and practice among horticultural workers in the Lâm Đồng region, Vietnam: A case study of chrysanthemum and strawberries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1001-1009. [PMID: 26855353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Vietnam, large amounts of pesticides are being used in agriculture. Next to benefits for agriculture, pesticides impose a huge threat to the environment when they are used in the wrong way. The objective of this work was to determine the level of knowledge and awareness of the smallholder farmers towards the use of pesticides in Vietnam, Dà Lat region. Based on the collected data, an occupational and environmental risk assessment was performed. RESULTS The results indicate that the majority of the pesticide operators in the strawberry and chrysanthemum crops have a rather high education. Pesticide knowledge, on the other hand, is usually gained through experience with pests and diseases. Only 30% of the farmers consulted a pesticide specialist or government stewardship for information on (new) pesticide products. Pesticide usage is rather high with application frequencies up to once every three days during the wet season. Pesticide packages are stored to be incinerated (51%) or to be thrown away with the garbage/taken to the landfill (37%). Only a small percentage disposes the packages into the local river (2%). The use of personal protection equipment is well established. Occupational risk assessment showed that the re-entry worker is exposed to a high risk. CONCLUSION While a general awareness of the hazard of pesticides to human health and the environment is present, practical implementation of this awareness, however, is still limited in strawberry and chrysanthemum crop. The environmental risk evaluation indicated plant protection products of which the use should be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Houbraken
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ingvar Bauweraerts
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davina Fevery
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Christine Van Labeke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production, In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent, Belgium
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Sankaran G, Chen L, Chen Z, Liu Y, Lopez T, Ross J, Phagura S, Eastmond DA, Krieger RI. The Importance of Hand Exposures to Absorbed Dosage of Hand Harvesters. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1369-1383. [PMID: 26580450 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1092900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit harvesters' primary pesticide exposure results from direct dermal and clothing contact with foliar residues. The transfer of pesticide residues from foliage to strawberry harvesters' hands and their subsequent dissipation under normal occupational conditions in the field was examined. The effectiveness of latex gloves as sampling dosimeters was evaluated and compared with bare-handed harvester exposures. After application of malathion and fenpropathrin insecticides on strawberry fields, resulting harvester exposures using four independent methods were studied. Between d 4 (preharvest interval, PHI) and d 7 after pesticide application, (1) dislodgeable foliar residues, (2) pesticide residues accumulating on the gloves, and (3) end-of-shift harvester hand-wash residues decreased by 90, 75, and 85%, respectively. In contrast, the 7-d decline in excreted urine metabolites was only 43% for gloved harvesters and 29% for barehanded ones. In addition, gloved harvesters displayed 23% lower biomonitored exposures than barehanded ones, demonstrating that latex gloves are an effective protective barrier against surface residues. Since malathion and its metabolites are readily excreted, data indicated that there were likely other sources of excreted malathion breakdown products present on foliar surfaces after dissipation of malathion itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sankaran
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Li Chen
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Zhenshan Chen
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Yu Liu
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Terry Lopez
- b Turfgrass Research Project , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - John Ross
- c Gem Quality Risk, Inc. , Carmichael , California , USA
| | - Sajleen Phagura
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - David A Eastmond
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Robert I Krieger
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
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Sankaran G, Lopez T, Ries S, Ross J, Vega H, Eastmond DA, Krieger RI. Latex Rubber Gloves as a Sampling Dosimeter Using a Novel Surrogate Sampling Device. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1094-1104. [PMID: 26302432 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1037411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure during harvesting of crops occurs primarily to the workers' hands. When harvesters wear latex rubber gloves for personal safety and hygiene harvesting reasons, gloves accumulate pesticide residues. Hence, characterization of the gloves' properties may be useful for pesticide exposure assessments. Controlled field studies were conducted using latex rubber gloves to define the factors that influence the transfer of pesticides to the glove and that would affect their use as a residue monitoring device. A novel sampling device called the Brinkman Contact Transfer Unit (BCTU) was constructed to study the glove characteristics and residue transfer and accumulation under controlled conditions on turf. The effectiveness of latex rubber gloves as sampling dosimeters was evaluated by measuring the transferable pesticide residues as a function of time. The validation of latex rubber gloves as a residue sampling dosimeter was performed by comparing pesticide transfer and dissipation from the gloves, with the turf transferable residues sampled using the validated California (CA) Roller, a standard measure of residue transfer. The observed correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient R(2)) between the two methods was .84 for malathion and .96 for fenpropathrin, indicating that the BCTU is a useful, reliable surrogate tool for studying available residue transfer to latex rubber gloves under experimental conditions. Perhaps more importantly, these data demonstrate that latex gloves worn by workers may be useful quantifiable matrices for measuring pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sankaran
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Terry Lopez
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Steve Ries
- b Turfgrass Research Project, University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - John Ross
- c Gem Quality Risk, Inc. , Carmichael , California , USA
| | - Helen Vega
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - David A Eastmond
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Robert I Krieger
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
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Jiang W, Gan J. Importance of fine particles in pesticide runoff from concrete surfaces and its prediction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6028-6034. [PMID: 22571274 DOI: 10.1021/es300749p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides such as pyrethroids have been frequently found in runoff water from urban areas and the offsite movement is a significant cause for aquatic toxicities in urban streams and estuaries. To better understand the origination of pesticide residues in urban runoff, we investigated the association of pyrethroid residues with loose particles in runoff water from concrete surfaces after treatment with commercial products of bifenthrin and permethrin. In runoff water generated from simulated precipitations after 1 to 89 d exposure under dry outdoor conditions, over 80% of the pesticides was found on particles >0.7 μm for most treatments. The solid-water partitioning coefficient (K(d)) on day 1 was estimated to be 2.4 × 10(3) to 1.1 × 10(5) L/kg for permethrin and bifenthrin on these solids. Except for solid formulations, the pesticide-laden particles likely originated from dust particles preexisting on the concrete before treatment and the disintegration of the surficial concrete matter through weathering. We consequently tested a simple sponge-wipe method to collect and analyze the loose particles on concrete. Concurrent analyses (n = 30) showed an excellent linear correlation between the amount of pesticides transferrable to runoff water and that on the wipe (R(2) = 0.78, slope = 1.13 ± 0.11, P < 0.0001). The fact that the linear relationship has a slope close to 1.0 suggests that this method may be used to predict pesticide residues available for contaminating runoff water before runoff actually occurs. The importance of loose particles should be considered when developing practices to mitigate pesticide runoff contamination from urban residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Jiang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Bigelow Dyk M, Liu Y, Chen Z, Vega H, Krieger RI. Fate and distribution of fipronil on companion animals and in their indoor residences following spot-on flea treatments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2012; 47:913-24. [PMID: 22938575 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.706548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of fipronil {5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile CAS 120068-37-3} topical pet products on dogs and cats introduces low level residues into residences. Distribution and fate studies of fipronil on pets and in residences were performed to evaluate potential determinants of human exposure. Fipronil, desulfinyl fipronil, fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide were measured on hair clippings and brushed hair. The derivatives usually represented <10% of fipronil applied. Cotton gloves worn over impervious nitrile gloves, cotton cloths placed indoors in locations frequented by pets, and cotton socks worn by residents as direct dosimeters collected fipronil and its derivatives listed above in low amounts during 4-week study periods. Subsequent acid hydrolysis urine biomonitoring did not reveal significant excretion of biomarkers at ppb levels. The human exposure potential of fipronil is low relative to levels of health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Bigelow Dyk
- Personal Chemical Exposure Program, Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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