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Li H, Ma X, Huang X, Ji W, Chen K, Xu S, Gao P. Fluoride contents in commonly used commercial phosphate fertilizers and their potential risks in China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1051. [PMID: 37589818 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of phosphate fertilizer is an important source of anthropogenic fluoride in agricultural soil. However, relatively few studies have examined the fluoride content of phosphate fertilizers, and that has limited our understanding of the phosphate fertilizer contribution to soil fluoride accumulation and distribution. To examine this problem, we first quantified the total fluoride (TF) and water-soluble fluoride (WF) contents of six of the most commonly used commercial phosphate fertilizers in China (potassium dihydrogen phosphate (MKP), calcium superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), ternary compound fertilizer (NPK), and water-soluble macroelement fertilizer (WSF)). After calculating the [P2O5]/TF ratio for each of those fertilizers, we used those ratios and the average P2O5 application per crop of five typical crops grown in China (apples, greenhouse vegetables, wheat, corn, and rice) to estimate the annual fluoride accumulations in their soils after application of each type of phosphate fertilizer. Among the six fertilizer types, SSP, DAP, and NPK had much higher total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride contents than MKP, MAP, and WSF had. During crop production, the risk of fluoride accumulation was lower with MKP, MAP, and WSF (high [P2O5]/TF ratios) and higher with SSP, DAP, and NPK (low [P2O5]/TF ratios), especially in cash crops (fruit and greenhouse vegetables), which traditionally have unreasonably high P2O5 applications. Based on our findings, we proposed steps that should be taken to help effectively mitigate fluoride accumulation in China's agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuzhe Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xunrong Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Ji
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaoquan Xu
- Qinghai Delingha Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Comprehensive Service Center, Room 304, Jinghuawan Office Building, Chaidamu West Road, Delingha, 817099, Qinghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Knowledge Level and Consumption Behavior of Native Plants, Meats, and Drinking Waters with High Fluoride Concentrations about the Relation to the Potential Health Risk of Fluoride in Lamphun Province Thailand: A Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure from natural, agricultural, and industrial sources has harmed people living in fluoride-affected areas. Fluoride accumulates in the human body after being exposed to it through the food chain. The population consisted of 371 community health volunteers who were surveyed and chosen based on personal fluoride information. Only 39 residents were chosen to be interviewed and take part in the trial, which involved drinking fluoride-containing groundwater (>1.5 part per million: ppm) and urine testing that revealed urine fluoride level (>0.7 ppm). In addition, 47 biological samples and eight commercially bottled water specimens were examined. The information was gathered in four ways: (1) a questionnaire-based survey of fluoride knowledge, (2) food consumption behavior with locally grown vegetables, fruits, poultry, and meat, and commercially bottled water produced by groundwater in fluoride-affected areas, (3) a semi-food frequency questionnaire, and (4) fluoride content measurements using an ion-selective electrode. According to the analyses, the participants ranged in age from 51 to 60 years, with approximately 60.38% of them female and born and raised in polluted areas. The majority of subjects had a low level of fluoride knowledge (65.23%). The respondents’ primary source of drinking water (100.00%) was commercially bottled water; they chewed camellia sinensis 11.56% of the time (1 to 5 years) and they drank tea 9.16% of the time (during 1 to 5 years). Sus scrofa domesticus was responsible for the intake of vegetables and fruits, whereas Brassica chinensis, Jusl var para-chinensis (Bailey), and Tsen and Lee were responsible for the intake of poultry and animal flesh. They were all purchased at a local farm. The hazard quotient was greater than one, and the fluoride concentration (ppm) ranged between 75.00% (0.29–5.20), 57.14% (0.01–0.46), 88.89% (0.07–0.91), 100.00% (0.43–3.07), 100.00% (0.58–0.77), 42.86% (0.12–0.62 ppm.), 60.00% (0.11–1.44), and 33.33% (0.10–0.80) in drinking water, fruit, young and mature plants. Fluoride ingestion may pose a health concern. Under the 95th percentile condition, 74.47% consumed water with a high fluoride level, vegetables and fruits, and poultry and meats.
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Luís de Sá Salomão A, Hauser-Davis RA, Marques M. Critical knowledge gaps and relevant variables requiring consideration when performing aquatic ecotoxicity assays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:110941. [PMID: 32678749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing diversity and complexity of contaminants released in the environment continuously lead to new challenges when applying ecotoxicity assays. This paper comprises a review concerning exposure assessment and highlights important variables that should be taken into account when investigating aquatic media toxicity under both laboratory or field conditions. Thus, to reflect as much as possible what occurs in nature, ecotoxicity assays must carefully consider these variables in their experimental design. This includes contaminant properties, the selected bioindicators and biomarkers, the dose mode/regime, concentration vs. load, exposure to single vs. multiple contaminants and exposure of single vs. multiple species. Many of these, however, are not usually taken into account, leading to critical knowledge gaps in this area, discussed in detail herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luís de Sá Salomão
- Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 5024E, CEP 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcia Marques
- Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 5024E, CEP 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Li Y, Wang S, Sun H, Huang W, Nan Z, Zang F, Li Y. Immobilization of fluoride in the sediment of mine drainage stream using loess, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6950-6959. [PMID: 31879866 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F) is a necessary trace element in the human body, which would lead to some diseases if human body lacks or accumulates it excessively (1-1.5 mg d-1). Fluoride contamination in sediments has become more and more serious, which has potential hazards to human body. In this paper, a novel sorbent (loess) was proposed to immobilize trace element F in sediment. The effectiveness of loess on F stabilization was evaluated by decreasing F bioavailability in contaminated sediment. The loess and the sediment were mixed at different proportions for stabilization. About 70 days after the application of loess, the soil column was subject to simulate acid rain leaching test to observe the leaching-migration of F, which can be used to predict the leaching migration of F in the study area. The results showed that when the loess dose was 5 kg, the loess converted highly effective fractions of F (i.e., water-soluble and exchangeable fractions) into a more stable state (i.e., residual state). After 30 days of leaching with HNO3 solution with pH at 3.0, the lowest concentration of F was found in the leachate of soil column with 2 kg loess application. Correlation analysis showed that the F concentration in soil column profile was affected by CaCO3, EC, pH, and OM, of which, pH and CaCO3 have greater influence than other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Huiling Sun
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongren Nan
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fei Zang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yepu Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Li Y, Wang S, Zhang Q, Zang F, Nan Z, Sun H, Huang W, Bao L. Accumulation, interaction and fractionation of fluoride and cadmium in sierozem and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in northwest China. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:457-468. [PMID: 29689509 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil fluoride (F) and cadmium (Cd) pollution are of great concern in recently years, due to the fact that considerable amounts of wastewater, gas and residue, containing F and Cd, have been discharged into the environment through ore smelting. Soil F and Cd contamination may result in their interaction in soil and plant, which affects their fractionation distribution in soil and accumulation in oilseed rape. Oilseed rape, which is widely planted and consumed as a popular vegetable in arid and semi-arid land of northwest China, has been believed to a hyperaccumulator for Cd. However, there is limited information about the accumulation, interaction and fractionation of F and Cd in soil-oilseed rape system under F-Cd stresses. A pot-culture experiment, with single (F or Cd) or double elements (F-Cd) being added to soil, was carried out study the accumulation, interaction and fractionation of F and Cd in sierozem and oilseed rape. We found that soil F applications increased the contents of Cd in exchangeable fraction (EX-Cd), the bound to carbonate fraction (CAB-Cd) and the bound to iron and manganese oxides fraction (FMO-Cd) in soil and also increased plant Cd accumulation. Therefore, we suggest that the permitted level of F should be confined within soil quality standards for farmland of China in order to upset the effect of high F concentration on bioavailability of soil Cd. However, soil Cd applications showed negative effects on the content of F in water soluble fraction (Water-F), hence decreased plant F accumulation. A better understanding of the accumulation, interaction and fractionation of F and Cd in sierozem-oilseed rape system are of great importance for environmental protection and for human health. The present study may serve as a basic understanding of the accumulation, interaction and fractionation of F and Cd in sierozem-oilseed rape system, and provide a suggestion for the environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yepu Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fei Zang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongren Nan
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huiling Sun
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lili Bao
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Li Y, Wang S, Prete D, Xue S, Nan Z, Zang F, Zhang Q. Accumulation and interaction of fluoride and cadmium in the soil-wheat plant system from the wastewater irrigated soil of an oasis region in northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:344-351. [PMID: 28390313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of agricultural soil with high concentrations of fluorine (F) and cadmium (Cd) have raised significant concerns regarding their impacts on human health but the relationship between F and Cd in soil-wheat plant system in an oasis region has not been investigated. This paper aims to study the accumulation and interaction of F and total Cd in the soil-wheat plant system while considering the potential risks of F and Cd to human health. Soil samples were collected from wastewater-irrigated oasis regions, Dongdagou and Xidagou. The concentrations of total F (FT) and Cd in soils from the Dongdagou and Xidagou stream basins were higher than those in uncontaminated soils (F=270.25mgkg-1, Cd=0.10mgkg-1). Water-soluble F (FW) and FT contributed to F concentrations in underground parts of wheat when the samples were collected from Dongdagou, however, F in aboveground parts may be mainly influenced by atmospheric F. The main source of F in wheat plants collected from the Xidagou site may be mainly controlled by atmospheric F, including aboveground and underground parts. Soils in the studied region pose a potentially severe health risk for humans via bioaccumulation of toxic metals through the food chain, and therefore, are not suitable for planting wheat meant for human consumption. Cd had a significantly negative effect on F accumulation in wheat root from Dongdagou (P<0.01). This field study provided F-Cd interactions that occur in soils from an oasis region at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yepu Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Daniel Prete
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Suyin Xue
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongren Nan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Fei Zang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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Ugran V, Desai NN, Chakraborti D, Masali KA, Mantur P, Kulkarni S, Deshmukh N, Chadchan KS, Das SN, Tanksali AS, Arwikar AS, Guggarigoudar SP, Vallabha T, Patil SS, Das KK. Groundwater fluoride contamination and its possible health implications in Indi taluk of Vijayapura District (Karnataka State), India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:1017-1029. [PMID: 27591763 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater fluoride concentration and fluoride-related health problems were studied in twenty-two villages of Indi taluk of Vijayapura district, Karnataka, India. Present study (2015) was also used to compare groundwater fluoride concentration in same 22 villages with previous government report (2000). Groundwater fluoride concentrations of 62 bore wells of 22 villages were analyzed by using an ion-sensitive electrode. A total of 660 adults and 600 children were screened for fluorosis symptoms and signs. Sixty clinically suspected fluorosis patients' urine samples were further analyzed for fluoride. The mean value (1.22 ± 0.75 mg/L) of fluoride concentration of 62 bore wells and 54.83 % bore wells with ≥1.0 mg/L of fluoride concentrations in Indi taluk indicates higher than the permissible limit of drinking water fluoride concentration recommended for India. Clinical symptoms like arthritis, joint pains, gastrointestinal discomfort and lower limb deformities with high urinary fluoride concentrations in some subjects suggest fluorosis. Results also showed an increase in groundwater fluoride concentration of the same 22 villages between previous and present study. Preliminary arthritis symptom of the villagers could be due to drinking fluoride-contaminated water. Increase in fluoride concentration with time to the bore wells definitely indicates future danger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyavati Ugran
- Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Naveen N Desai
- Department of Civil Engineering, BLDE Association's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | | | - Kallappa A Masali
- Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Prakash Mantur
- Department of General Medicine, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Shreepad Kulkarni
- Department of Orthopedics, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Niranjan Deshmukh
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Kailash S Chadchan
- Department of Chemistry, BLDE Association's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Swastika N Das
- Department of Chemistry, BLDE Association's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Anuradha S Tanksali
- Department of Civil Engineering, BLDE Association's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Asha S Arwikar
- Department of Civil Engineering, BLDE Association's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Suresh P Guggarigoudar
- Department of E.N.T., BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Tejaswini Vallabha
- Department of Surgery, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Shailaja S Patil
- Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India
| | - Kusal K Das
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology & Medicine, Department of Physiology, BLDE University's Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, 586103, India.
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Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Chatterjee A, Das D, Das B, Nayak B, Pal A, Chowdhury UK, Ahmed S, Biswas BK, Sengupta MK, Lodh D, Samanta G, Chakraborty S, Roy MM, Dutta RN, Saha KC, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB. Fate of over 480 million inhabitants living in arsenic and fluoride endemic Indian districts: Magnitude, health, socio-economic effects and mitigation approaches. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:33-45. [PMID: 27238728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During our last 27 years of field survey in India, we have studied the magnitude of groundwater arsenic and fluoride contamination and its resulting health effects from numerous states. India is the worst groundwater fluoride and arsenic affected country in the world. Fluoride results the most prevalent groundwater related diseases in India. Out of a total 29 states in India, groundwater of 20 states is fluoride affected. Total population of fluoride endemic 201 districts of India is 411 million (40% of Indian population) and more than 66 million people are estimated to be suffering from fluorosis including 6 million children below 14 years of age. Fluoride may cause a crippling disease. In 6 states of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain (GB-Plain), 70.4 million people are potentially at risk from groundwater arsenic toxicity. Three additional states in the non GB-Plain are mildly arsenic affected. For arsenic with substantial cumulative exposure can aggravate the risk of cancers along with various other diseases. Clinical effects of fluoride includes abnormal tooth enamel in children; adults had joint pain and deformity of the limbs, spine etc. The affected population chronically exposed to arsenic and fluoride from groundwater is in danger and there is no available medicine for those suffering from the toxicity. Arsenic and fluoride safe water and nutritious food are suggested to prevent further aggravation of toxicity. The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that social problems arising from arsenic and fluoride toxicity eventually create pressure on the economy of the affected areas. In arsenic and fluoride affected areas in India, crisis is not always having too little safe water to satisfy our need, it is the crisis of managing the water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Amit Chatterjee
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipankar Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Chemical Engineering (SCALE), VIT-University, Vellore, India
| | - Biswajit Nayak
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Arup Pal
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Sad Ahmed
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Dilip Lodh
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Gautam Samanta
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - M M Roy
- Retired Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Rathindra Nath Dutta
- Retired Professor Department of Dermatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Shyamapada Pati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Probir Bijoy Kar
- Surgical Oncologist, Barasat Cancer Research and Welfare Centre, Kolkata, India
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