1
|
Turan H, Sebilo M, Pigot T, Monperrus M. Photodegradation of the main synthetic musk (HHCB) in water: kinetic study and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 39092617 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Galaxolide (HHCB) is the most common synthetic musk compound detected in numerous daily products. Despite its persistence in the aquatic environment, the photodegradation of HHCB remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the direct and indirect photolysis kinetics of HHCB under simulated sunlight and UVC light. Our aim was to determine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for HHCB degradation in the aquatic environment and to identify its transformation products. The influence of environmental factors on indirect photolysis was investigated by testing both synthetic waters (containing humic acid, carbonate (CO32-), and nitrate (NO3-)) and real waters (riverine and effluent). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/UVC) was tested to simulate the wastewater treatment process. Quencher experiments were conducted to identify the role of ROS in HHCB photodegradation, including hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), carbonate radicals (CO3˙-), triplet states of dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), and singlet oxygen (1O2). The results clearly indicated that HHCB was efficiently degraded by direct photolysis under both light conditions. The presence of H2O2 led to the most efficient HHCB degradation due to the high production of ˙OH induced under UVC. Indirect photolysis contribution was observed, induced by ˙OH, CO3˙-, 3DOM*, and 1O2 to different extents depending on the light and matrix composition. The experiments led to the detection of transformation products: HHCB lactone, a well-known transformation product, and two other substances with proposed structures. This study provides a comprehensive identification of the processes involved in the direct and indirect photodegradation of HHCB, which could serve as the basis for evaluating and modeling the fate of HHCB in aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Turan
- University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM-MIRA, UMR 5254, 64600, Anglet, France.
| | - Mathieu Sebilo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, UPD, UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, IEES, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM-MIRA, UMR 5254, 64600, Anglet, France.
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM-MIRA, UMR 5254, 64600, Anglet, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park J, Kim Y, Jeon HJ, Kim K, Kim C, Lee S, Son J, Lee SE. Acute and developmental toxic effects of mono-halogenated and halomethyl naphthalenes on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: Cardiac malformation after 2-bromomethyl naphthalene exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118786. [PMID: 34990738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) represent a major environmental concern due to their persistency and toxicity. Among them, mono-halogenated (HNs) and halomethyl naphthalenes (HMNs) are not well-studied, and the toxicity of many HNs to fishes has not been reported. In this study, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to naphthalene and five HNs at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 mg L-1 to assess acute toxicities and developmental effects. Among them, 2-bromomethyl naphthalene (2-BMN) produced moderate lethal effects (96-h LC50 = 1.4 mg L-1) and significantly reduced hatchability. Abnormal phenotypes, including pericardial edema, spine curvature, and shortened body length, were also induced by 2-BMN (96-h EC50 = 0.45 mg L-1). Treatments of 0.5-2.0 mg L-1 2-BMN evoked cardiac malformations via significant down-regulation of the cacna1c gene, which codes the voltage-dependent calcium channel, at 72 hpf and up-regulation of the nppa gene, responsible for the expression of natriuretic peptides, at 96 hpf in zebrafish. One presumable toxic photo-dissociated metabolite of 2-BMN, the 2-naphthylmethyl radical, may be responsible for the toxic effect on zebrafish embryos. HPAHs must be monitored and managed due to their adverse effects on living organisms at low concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Park
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Ju Jeon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongnam Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeeun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino Son
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang Q, Bao S, Chen B. Photoconversion of polychlorinated naphthalenes in organic solvents under simulated sunlight: Solvent effect and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129887. [PMID: 33592517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the organic solvent effect on the photoconversion of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) under the simulated sunlight, as well as the mechanism and influence factor were studied. Eight organic solvents were selected to demonstrate the solvent effect on the photoconversion by the theoretical calculation method. It was found that the photoconversion rates of 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1) in different organic solvents were in the order of dimethyl sulfoxide > methanol > acetonitrile > ethanol > dichloromethane > toluene > n-hexane > acetone. The result, obtained by the density functional theory (DFT) computation and the polarized continuum model (PCM) analysis in the framework of self-consistent reaction field (SCRF), indicated that the photoconversion was affected by the hydrogen-donating ability and electron-withdrawing potential of the solvents, as well as non-specific solute-solvent interactions. The photoconversion in acetonitrile for the five PCNs (1-chloronaphthalene, 2-chloronaphthalene, 2,3-dichloronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene, and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8- octachloronaphthalene) all fitted well with the first-order kinetic equation; and the reaction rate decreased with the increasing of number of chlorine atoms of the PCNs. Products analysis proved that the photoconversion process of PCNs went through two stages, namely the initial stage of dechlorination and the later stage of oxidative ring opening. It was found that inorganic ions (NO3-, Cl-, Fe3+, and Fe2+) promoted or inhibited the photoconversion by generating or quenching of the reactive oxygen species, and chlorophyll a promoted the photoconversion through the generation of singlet oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Siqi Bao
- College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang Q, Bao S, Chen B. Phototransformation of three polychlorinated naphthalenes on surface of atmospheric particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124895. [PMID: 33418299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants. Photoconversion is an important pathway for their transformation in the environment. In this work, silica gel was used to simulate atmospheric mineral particles, and the photochemical reaction of three PCNs 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1), 2-chloronaphthalene (CN-2) and 2,3-dichloronaphthalene (CN-10)) on silica gel surface was studied under the irradiation of high-pressure mercury lamp, the phototransformation intermediates and pathways of PCNs were investigated, effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS, ·OH, 1O2 and O2-·) were proved by free radical scavenging method and the effects of co-existing components (water, inorganic ions and fulvic acid) were examined. The results showed that all the three PCNs could be photochemical degraded on silica gel surface. The order of the apparent rate constants was CN-2 ≈ CN-1 > CN-10. ROS accelerated the photochemical reaction. The three PCNs didn't produce completely identical photoproducts, but all underwent a series of reactions such as reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, oxidation, decarboxylation and ring opening. In addition, for the photoconversion of CN-1, the presence of water, NO3- or fulvic acid all promoted the photochemical transformation, while the presence of Cu2+ had an inhibitory effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Siqi Bao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kang C, Bao S, Wang Y, Xiao K, Zhu L, Liu F, Tian T. Comparison of the photoconversion of 1-chloronaphthalene and 2,3-dichlornaphthalene in water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:1946-1955. [PMID: 30566098 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photoconversion of 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1) and 2,3-dichlornaphthalene (CN-10) under the simulated sunlight had been studied. The results showed that the photoconversion of CN-1 and CN-10 obeyed the first-order kinetics model. NO2 -, NO3 -, Fe3+ and Fe2+ extensively present in natural water can accelerate CN-1 photoconversion via generating ·OH, which may induce indirect photooxidation of CN-1. The photoproducts were treated by the derivatization method and analyzed by GC-MS after being irradiated for 6 h. Ten products were characterized for CN-1 and CN-10, and there were six common products. On this basis, the photoconversion pathways of CN-10 and CN-1 were proposed, and both of them have a similar conversion mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Siqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Kunkun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Tao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|