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Zhang H, Han X, Wang G, Mao H, Chen X, Zhou L, Huang D, Zhang F, Yan X. Spatial distribution and driving factors of groundwater chemistry and pollution in an oil production region in the Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162635. [PMID: 36889386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised on the deterioration of groundwater quality associated with anthropogenic impacts such as oil extraction and overuse of fertilizers. However, it is still difficult to identify groundwater chemistry/pollution and driving forces in regional scale since both natural and anthropogenic factors are spatially complex. This study, combining self-organizing map (SOM, combined with K-means algorithm) and principal component analysis (PCA), attempted to characterize the spatial variability and driving factors of shallow groundwater hydrochemistry in Yan'an area of Northwest China where diverse land use types (e.g., various oil production sites and agriculture lands) coexist. Based on the major and trace elements (e.g., Ba, Sr, Br, Li) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), groundwater samples were classified into four clusters with obvious geographical and hydrochemical characteristics by using SOM - K-means clustering: heavily oil-contaminated groundwater (Cluster 1), slightly oil-contaminated groundwater (Cluster 2), least-polluted groundwater (Cluster 3) and NO3- contaminated groundwater (Cluster 4). Noteworthily, Cluster 1, located in a river valley with long-term oil exploitation, had the highest levels of TPH and potentially toxic elements (Ba, Sr). Multivariate analysis combined with ion ratios analysis were used to determine the causes of these clusters. The results revealed that the hydrochemical compositions in Cluster 1 were mainly caused by the oil-related produced water intrusion into the upper aquifer. The elevated NO3- concentrations in Cluster 4 were induced by agricultural activities. Water-rock interactions (e.g., carbonate as well as silicate dissolution and precipitation) also shaped the chemical constituents of groundwater in clusters 2, 3, and 4. In addition, SO42--related processes (redox, precipitation of sulfate minerals) also affected groundwater chemical compositions in Cluster 1. This work provides the insight into the driving factors of groundwater chemistry and pollution which could contribute to groundwater sustainable management and protection in this area and other oil extraction areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- Geology Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Guangcai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Hairu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xianglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Dandan Huang
- School of Water Resources & Environment Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Solcova O, Krystynik P, Dytrych P, Bumba J, Kastanek F. Typical groundwater contamination in the vicinity of industrial brownfields and basic methods of their treatment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113325. [PMID: 35182798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The article deals with simple methods of decontamination of groundwater from the vicinity of brownfields contaminated with organic and inorganic substances. In the literature, thousands of articles on this issue at various sophisticated levels of knowledge can be found. The articles are mostly suitable as an extension of scientific knowledge; however, regarding potential costs and respectively scale-up problems, the applications are limited. It turns out that the vast majority of contaminated water can be effectively decontaminated by simple methods, in a coagulation-sedimentation sequence → simple oxidation and reduction methods for separated water (Fenton reaction, photocatalysis, ozonation, reductive dehalogenation with zero metals) → adsorption of remaining pollutants on simple sorbents, eg on biochar → (possibly bioremediation or advanced physical methods such as membrane filtration) → final purification on activated carbon. Due to the usually limited volume loads of soils with pollutants in the vicinity of brownfields, it is not economically advantageous to build demanding decontamination units for water purification. Usually, the simplest solution is the system to pump-and-treat around the source of contamination, with the main emphasis on highly effective removal of pollutants from water that returns underground. Groundwater was taken from boreholes leading to the saturated zone in the vicinity of several selected industrial brownfields. The solutions are shown on individual typical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Solcova
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krystynik
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environment, University of J. E. Purkyne, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Dytrych
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Bumba
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Kastanek
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Assessment of Physicochemical Groundwater Quality and Hydrogeochemical Processes in an Area near a Municipal Landfill Site: A Case Study of the Toluca Valley. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111195. [PMID: 34769713 PMCID: PMC8582930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sanitary landfills are considered one of the main sources of contamination of water resources due to the generation of leachate with a high content of dissolved organic matter (DOM), inorganic material, and toxic elements. This study aimed to determine the influence of leachate on the physicochemical quality and hydrogeochemical processes which determine the chemical composition of groundwater in an area near a municipal sanitary landfill site. In situ parameters (pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ORP), physicochemical parameters (HCO3−, PO43−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and dissolved organic matter were analyzed. The content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was determined by 3D fluorescence microscopy. The presence of Cl−, NO3−, NH4+, PO43−, BOD, and COD indicated the presence of contamination. The significant correlation between NO3− and PO43− ions (r = 0.940) and DOM of anthropogenic origin in the 3D fluorescence spectra confirm that its presence in the water is associated with the municipal landfill site in question. The type of water in the area is Mg-HCO3, with a tendency to Na-HCO3 and Na-SO+-Cl. The water-rock interaction process predominates in the chemical composition of water; however, significant correlations between Na+ and Ca2+ (r = 0.876), and between K+ and Mg2+ (r = 0.980) showed that an ion exchange process had taken place. Likewise, there is enrichment by HCO3− and SO42− ions due to the mineralization of the organic matter from the leachate. The groundwater quality that supplies the study area is being affected by leachate infiltration from the sanitary landfill.
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Fuentes-Rivas RM, Martínez-Alva G, Ramos-Leal JA, de León GSC, Moran-Ramírez J, de Oca RMGFM. Assessment of contamination by anthropogenic dissolved organic matter in the aquifer that underlies the agricultural area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45859-45873. [PMID: 32803610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of wastewater for agricultural irrigation is a common practice worldwide; long-term use of wastewater can have adverse effects, such as the migration of the anthropogenic dissolved organic matter into the aquifer. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM) was used to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in groundwater and irrigation wastewater, to establish the effect of intensive irrigation on the water quality from the aquifer that underlies the area. The fluorescence spectra showed the presence of humic and fulvic acids and anthropogenic organic compounds similar to aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products in wastewater resources. The significant fraction of DOM in groundwater samples are aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products, identical to wastewater. Chlorides and nitrate ion concentrations suggest a local flow system. High levels of TDS are associated with intensive irrigation with residual water and the return irrigation associated with a gradual increase in salts of CO32-, NO3-, HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42-. The anthropogenic DOM is a useful indicator of water quality management in groundwater based on origin tracking of DOM and changes in organic pollutants. Fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to investigate groundwater pollution characteristics and monitor DOM dynamics in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Fuentes-Rivas
- Geography Department, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Cerro de Coatepec s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 50110, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
- Applied Geosciences Division, Potosin Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, C.A. (IPICYT), Camino a la Presa San José # 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosi, San Luís Potosí, Mexico
| | - Germán Martínez-Alva
- Medicine Department, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Tollocan esquina Jesús Carranza S/N, 50180, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Alfredo Ramos-Leal
- Applied Geosciences Division, Potosin Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, C.A. (IPICYT), Camino a la Presa San José # 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosi, San Luís Potosí, Mexico
| | - German Santa Cruz de León
- Water and Society Program, College of San Luis C. A. (COLSAN), Parque de Macul 155, Colinas del Parque, C.P. 78294, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Janete Moran-Ramírez
- Institute of Geophysics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Cd. Mx, 04150, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Reyna María Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes de Oca
- Inter-American Institute of Technology and Water Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Carretera Toluca Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano, 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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