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Reis Santos EL, Silva O, de Oliveira-Lima J, Camargo-Mathias MI. Effects of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), active principle of detergents, on the liver and kidney of zebrafish ( Danio rerio). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38902975 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2369221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), a predominant component in detergents, requires an evaluation of its toxicological potential due to its hazardous environmental levels. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicological effects of SDBS on the liver and kidney of male D. rerio. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicological effects of SDBS on the liver and kidney of male D. rerio. The fish were divided into three groups: 0.0 (control), 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L of SDBS with exposure for up to 96 hours. After exposure, histopathological, histochemical (hepatic glycogen content), and biochemical analyses (SOD and CAT enzyme analysis) were performed on both organs. The results showed significant histopathological effects, such as circulatory disturbances and progressive and regressive alterations, leading to an altered histopathological alteration index. SOD and CAT enzymes exhibited prominent changes. Thus, it became clear that the surfactant SDBS can cause serious hepatic and renal problems in D. rerio fish, even with short-term exposure, necessitating more stringent control and regulation in the disposal of this surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Libanio Reis Santos
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odaiza Silva
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Izabel Camargo-Mathias
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Imade O, Ilesanmi BV, Ogunwole GO, Elekofehinti OO, Souza MCO, Barbosa F, Adedire CO, Adeyemi JA. Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenol on non-specific immunity, histopathological lesions, and redox balance in African Catfish, clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:480-495. [PMID: 38591921 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2339538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The toxic effects of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP) on aquatic organisms are well-established; however, the details regarding the mechanisms underlying the toxicity, especially immunotoxicity are poorly understood. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the histopathologic, oxidative stress and immunotoxic effects attributed to exposure to sublethal concentrations of 2,4-DCP in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 mg/L 2, 4-DCP for 28 days after which blood and head kidney were extracted for the determination of various nonspecific innate immune parameters while the liver was excised for histopathology examination and measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers. Control fish were maintained in water spiked 10 µL/L ethanol, representing the solvent control. A significant increase was noted in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase as well as in levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner, with higher adverse effects observed at the highest concentration tested (1.6 mg/L). The total white blood cells (WBC) count was significantly elevated in fish exposed to 2,4-DCP compared to control. Myeloperoxidase content was decreased significantly in fish exposed to 2,4-DCP especially at the highest concentration (1.6 mg/L) compared to controls. The respiratory burst activity did not differ markedly amongst groups. Histopathological lesions noted included edema, leucocyte infiltration, and depletion of hemopoietic tissue in the head kidney of exposed fish. There was significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) but downregulation of major histocompatibility complex 2 (MHC 2) in exposed fish. Data demonstrated that exposure to 2,4-DCP resulted in histopathological lesions, oxidative stress, and compromised immune system in C. gariepinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osayimwen Imade
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Bobola V Ilesanmi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Germaine O Ogunwole
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Elekofehinti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris O Adedire
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gu J, Guo C, Ruan J, Li K, Zhou Y, Gong X, Shi H. From ferroptosis to cuproptosis, and calcicoptosis, to find more novel metals-mediated distinct form of regulated cell death. Apoptosis 2024; 29:586-604. [PMID: 38324163 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD), also known as programmed cell death (PCD), plays a critical role in various biological processes, such as tissue injury/repair, development, and homeostasis. Dysregulation of RCD pathways can lead to the development of many human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Maintaining proper metal ion homeostasis is critical for human health. However, imbalances in metal levels within cells can result in cytotoxicity and cell death, leading to a variety of diseases and health problems. In recent years, new types of metal overload-induced cell death have been identified, including ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and calcicoptosis. This has prompted us to examine the three defined metal-dependent cell death types, and discuss other metals-induced ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis, as well as the roles of Zn2+ in metals' homeostasis and related RCD. We have reviewed the connection between metals-induced RCD and various diseases, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We believe that further research in this area will lead to the discovery of novel types of metal-dependent RCD, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and the development of new therapeutic strategies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Chuanzhi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jiacheng Ruan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Kongdong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Mohanty S, Paul A, Banerjee S, Rajendran KV, Tripathi G, Das PC, Sahoo PK. Ultrastructural, molecular and haemato-immunological changes: Multifaceted toxicological effects of microcystin-LR in rohu, Labeo rohita. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142097. [PMID: 38657687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
No water body is resilient to afflicts of algal bloom, if goes unmanaged. With the increasing trend of intensification, eutrophication and climate change, Labeo rohita (rohu) is highly anticipated to suffer from the deleterious effects of bloom and eventually its toxins. A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the toxicopathological effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in rohu following intraperitoneal injection of 96 h-LD50 dose i.e., 713 μg kg-1. Substantial changes in micro- and ultrastructural level were evident in histopathology and transmission electron microscope (TEM) study. The haematological, biochemical, cellular and humoral innate immune biomarkers were significantly altered (p < 0.05) in MC-LR treated fish. The mRNA transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IgM and IgZ in liver and kidney tissues were significantly up-regulated in 12 hpi and declined in 96 hpi MC-LR exposed fish. The relative mRNA expression of caspase 9 in the liver and kidney indicates mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis which was strongly supported by TEM study. In a nutshell, our study illustrates for the first time MC-LR induced toxicological implications in rohu displaying immunosuppression, enhanced oxidative stress, pathophysiology, modulation in mRNA transcription, genotoxicity, structural and ultrastructural alterations signifying it as a vulnerable species for MC-LR intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snatashree Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | - Anirban Paul
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India; Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671 316, India
| | | | - Pratap Chandra Das
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India.
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An G, Kim M, Park J, Park H, Hong T, Lim W, Song G. Embryonic exposure to chloroxylenol induces developmental defects and cardiovascular toxicity via oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 268:109617. [PMID: 36965842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroxylenol is an extensively consumed anti-microbial compound. Since its usage is on the rise due to the coronavirus pandemic and ban on other antimicrobial ingredients, recent studies have suggested the necessity of estimating its potential for ecotoxicity. The detrimental effect of chloroxylenol on zebrafish (Danio rerio) viability has been reported; however, research on the mechanisms underlying its toxicity is quite limited. Therefore, we applied the zebrafish model for elucidating responses against chloroxylenol to predict its toxicity toward human health and ecology. Zebrafish exposed to chloroxylenol (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) at the embryonic stage (from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf) showed impaired viability and hatchability, and pathological phenotypes. To address these abnormalities, cellular responses such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were confirmed via in vivo imaging of a fluorescent dye or measurement of the transcriptional changes related to each response. In particular, developmental defects in the cardiovascular system of zebrafish exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 mg/L of chloroxylenol from 6 to 96 hpf were identified by structural analyses of the system in the flk1:eGFP transgenic line. Additional experiments were conducted using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to predict the adverse impacts of chloroxylenol on the human vascular system. Chloroxylenol impairs the viability and tube formation ability of HUVECs by modulating ERK signaling. The findings obtained using the zebrafish model provide evidence of the possible risks of chloroxylenol exposure and suggest the importance of more in-depth ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Miji Kim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kamila S, Shaw P, Islam S, Chattopadhyay A. Ecotoxicology of hexavalent chromium in fish: An updated review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 890:164395. [PMID: 37257624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is prevalently found in trivalent and hexavalent forms. Though the former is toxicologically benign due to its poor cellular permeability, hexavalent chromium i.e. Cr [VI] crosses the biological membrane and induces toxic effects in organisms. While Cr [VI] toxicity in humans is a subject of occupational exposure at industries involved in ferrochrome production, leather tanning, textile dyeing etc., aquatic abundance of Cr [VI] due to discharge of Cr-laden effluents by these industries lead to extensive toxicity in piscine species. The present review aims to discuss the mode of Cr [VI] entry in fish and the several inimical effects that it imparts on fish health. Such effects have been reported in various studies through behavioral, hormonal and hematological alterations. Bio-accumulation of Cr [VI] in vital organs and subsequent perturbation of the oxidative homeostasis leads to organotoxic effects like changes in organo-somatic indices and histo-architecture. At cellular level, Cr [VI] induced genotoxicity is often found to trigger cellular demise including apoptosis. This review also highlights the stress response in fish against Cr [VI] induced toxicity that is mediated through the expressional alteration of a myriad of anti-oxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing proteins which is, in turn, a function of activated transcription programs including the Nrf2-ARE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejata Kamila
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pallab Shaw
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Shehnaz Islam
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
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Effects of Single and Combined Ciprofloxacin and Lead Treatments on Zebrafish Behavior, Oxidative Stress, and Elements Content. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054952. [PMID: 36902383 PMCID: PMC10003324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the toxic effects of antibiotics and heavy metals have been extensively studied in the last decades, their combined adverse impact on aquatic organisms is poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the acute effects of a ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and lead (Pb) mixture on the 3D swimming behavior, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lipid peroxidation level (MDA-malondialdehyde), activity of some oxidative stress markers (SOD-superoxide dismutase and GPx-glutathione peroxidase), and the essential elements content (Cu-copper, Zn-zinc, Fe-iron, Ca-calcium, Mg-magnesium, Na-sodium and K-potassium) in the body of zebrafish (Danio rerio). For this purpose, zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cipro, Pb, and a mixture for 96 h. The results revealed that acute exposure to Pb alone and in mixture with Cipro impaired zebrafish exploratory behavior by decreasing swimming activity and elevating freezing duration. Moreover, significant deficiencies of Ca, K, Mg, and Na contents, as well as an excess of Zn level, were observed in fish tissues after exposure to the binary mixture. Likewise, the combined treatment with Pb and Cipro inhibited the activity of AChE and increased the GPx activity and MDA level. The mixture produced more damage in all studied endpoints, while Cipro had no significant effect. The findings highlight that the simultaneous presence of antibiotics and heavy metals in the environment can pose a threat to the health of living organisms.
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Nie M, Zou C, Peng L, Wu Z, You F. Establishment and application of four long-term culture cell lines of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus blastocysts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 265:109536. [PMID: 36584834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Four new embryonic cell lines derived from blastocysts of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, an important commercial marine fish, were established and characterized. They were designated as PoEFCI, PoEFCII, PoEFCIII, and PoEFCIV and were all fibroblastic cells. The cells were cultured in DMEM/F-12 medium supplemented with antibiotics, FBS, and growth factors at temperature of 25 °C and subcultured for >100 passages over 18 months. The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by examining the partial sequences of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene of the flounder mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The four cell lines showed different growth curve patterns. According to the results of gene and protein expression and enzyme activity, the cell lines PoEFCI, PoEFCII, and PoEFC III could be pluripotent. The cells of all four cell lines were also successfully transfected with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, suggesting that they could be used to study gene function in the flounder or other fish. More importantly, PoEFCI-III were sensitive to chromium (Cr) and red sea bream Pagrus major iridovirus (RSIV), so they could be used as a powerful tool for the study of the toxicological investigation of heavy metals and RSIV in fish. Therefore, these cell lines would be useful for biotechnological and toxicological research on marine fish as an in vitro biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Nie
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xining 810016, PR China
| | - Congcong Zou
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Limin Peng
- Shandong Open University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Feng You
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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In silico studies, X-ray diffraction analysis and biological investigation of fluorinated pyrrolylated-chalcones in zebrafish epilepsy models. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13685. [PMID: 36852036 PMCID: PMC9958447 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the third most common known brain disease worldwide. Several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are available to improve seizure control. However, the associated side effects limit their practical use and highlight the ongoing search for safer and effective AEDs. Eighteen newly designed fluorine-containing pyrrolylated chalcones were extensively studied in silico, synthesized, structurally analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and biologically and toxicologically tested as potential new AEDs in zebrafish epilepsy in vivo models. The results predicted that 3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (compound 8) had a good drug-like profile with binding affinity to γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type-A (GABAA, -8.0 kcal/mol). This predicted active compound 8 was effective in reducing convulsive behaviour in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced larvae and hyperactive movements in zc4h2 knockout (KO) zebrafish, experimentally. Moreover, no cardiotoxic effect of compound 8 was observed in zebrafish. Overall, pyrrolylated chalcones could serve as alternative AEDs and warrant further in-depth pharmacological studies to uncover their mechanism of action.
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Singh V, Singh N, Verma M, Kamal R, Tiwari R, Sanjay Chivate M, Rai SN, Kumar A, Singh A, Singh MP, Vamanu E, Mishra V. Hexavalent-Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Protective Role of Antioxidants against Cellular Toxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122375. [PMID: 36552581 PMCID: PMC9774749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a highly soluble environmental contaminant. It is a widespread anthropogenic chromium species that is 100 times more toxic than trivalent chromium. Leather, chrome plating, coal mining and paint industries are the major sources of hexavalent chromium in water. Hexavalent chromium is widely recognised as a carcinogen and mutagen in humans and other animals. It is also responsible for multiorgan damage, such as kidney damage, liver failure, heart failure, skin disease and lung dysfunction. The fate of the toxicity of hexavalent chromium depends on its oxidation state. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chromium intermediate species, such as Cr (V) and Cr (IV). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for oxidative tissue damage and the disruption of cell organelles, such as mitochondria, DNA, RNA and protein molecules. Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress can be neutralised by the antioxidant system in human and animal cells. In this review, the authors summarise the Cr (VI) source, toxicity and antioxidant defence mechanism against Cr (VI)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Manisha Verma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rashmi Kamal
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ritesh Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Mahesh Sanjay Chivate
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna 801106, India
| | - Mohan P. Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (V.M.)
| | - Vishal Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (V.M.)
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