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Ugulu I, Sahin I, Khan ZI, Akcicek E. Source Identification of Potentially Toxic Metals in Plants of Alpine Ecosystems of Mt. Madra by Positive Matrix Factorization. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 113:29. [PMID: 39152315 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in plants sampled from Mt. Madra were investigated. Furthermore, the distribution characteristics and source identification of potentially toxic metals were investigated with the application of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modelling. Samples of 26 different plant species were taken from Mt. Madra at elevations ranging from 177 to 1347 m using the multi-point sampling approach. The metal quantities measured by ICP-OES are the following sequences (mean ± SD) (mg/kg): Fe (974.96 ± 29.6) > Mn (111.81 ± 2.6) > Zn (27.28 ± 0.2) > Ni (2.17 ± 0.03) > Pb (0.77 ± 0.01) > Cd (0.12 ± 0.01). According to the plant samples in which the highest values were determined, the metals are as follows: Cd (Lathyrus laxiflorus, 0.401 mg/kg), Fe (Ajuga orientalis, 7621.207 mg/kg), Mn (Castanea sativa, 724.927 mg/kg), Ni (Prunella laciniata, 6.947 mg/kg), Pb (Crataegus stevenii, 3.955 mg/kg) and Zn (Prunella laciniata, 50.802 mg/kg). The results of the PMF model showed that Cd had an atmospheric transport factor originated and transported from industrial activites, Ni had a substrate factor, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were influenced by different anthropogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ugulu
- Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Sahin
- Necatibey Faculty of Education, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ekrem Akcicek
- Faculty of Education, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey
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Ugulu I, Khan ZI, Mumtaz M, Ahmad K, Memona H, Akhtar S, Ashfaq A. Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Citrus Limetta & Citrus Sinensis Irrigated by Wastewater. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 113:5. [PMID: 38980525 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation sources on the levels of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn) in the edibles of citrus fruits (Citrus sinensis and Citrus limetta). The samples of fruit, soil and water were collected from two locations (fresh water irrigated-FW I and sewage water irrigated-SW II) within the city of Sargodha. The samples utilized in the study for metal analysis were prepared utilizing the wet acid digestion method. Metal determination was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The potentially toxic metal values in the citrus samples ranged from 0.010 to 0.063, 0.015 to 0.293, 6.691 to 11.342 and 0.366 to 0.667 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn, respectively. Analysis of Citrus limetta and Citrus sinensis indicated that the highest concentration of Cr, Fe and Mn is observed at the sewage water irrigation site (SW-II), whilst the minimum levels of Cr, Fe and Mn were observed at the fresh water irrigation site (FW-I). The results show that the levels of these metals in soil and fruit samples meet the acceptable guidelines outlined by USEPA and WHO. It was found that the metal pollution constitutes a potential threat to human health due to the HRI values for Cd, Cr, and Fe being above 1, despite the DIM values being below 1. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is highly recommended in order to minimise health risks to individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ugulu
- Special Education Department, Usak University, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mahrukh Mumtaz
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Memona
- Department of Zoology, Queen Marry College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shehzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Ugulu I, Khan ZI, Bibi S, Ahmad K, Munir M, Memona H. Evaluation of the Effects of Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Vegetables and Human Health in the Cauliflower Example : Heavy Metal Accumulation in Cauliflower. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:44. [PMID: 38416161 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The goals of the present research were to determine the heavy metal contents in the water-soil-cauliflower samples in industrial wastewater irrigated areas and to assess the health risks of these metals to the people. Metal analyses were carried out using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace. The metal readings in the cauliflower specimens ranged from 1.153 to 1.389, 0.037 to 0.095, 0.61 to 0.892, 0.625 to 0.921, 1.165 to 2.399, 0.561 to 0.652, 0.565 to 0.585, 0.159 to 0.218 and 1.268 to 1.816 mg/kg for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn, respectively. Statistics revealed that, with the exception of Pb and Co (p > 0.05), there was no statistically significant variation in the metal concentrations in the cauliflower samples according to the irrigation type. Pb, Ni, and Cr had HRI values below 1.0 and did not seem to be a hazard to human health, in contrast to Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn, which glanced to constitute a health risk. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is strongly advised to reduce health hazards to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ugulu
- Special Education Department, Usak University, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Zafar I Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shehnaz Bibi
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mudasra Munir
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Memona
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ugulu I, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Bashir H, Mehmood N, Zafar A. Arsenic Levels and Seasonal Variation in Pasture Soil, Forage and Horse Blood Plasma in Central Punjab, Pakistan. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:64. [PMID: 37904063 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the accumulation levels of arsenic in pasture soil, forage and animals. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of metals in the samples of soil, forage and blood plasma of horses. The level of arsenic ranged between 4.26 mg/kg (summer) and 4.66 mg/kg (winter) in soil samples and 2.67 mg/kg (summer) and 2.94 mg/kg (winter) in forage samples. In blood plasma samples, the mean arsenic (As) values varied between 1.38 and 1.52 mg/L. In the blood plasma samples, the mean As values varied between 1.38 and 1.52 mg/L. No statistically significant changes were observed for arsenic concentrations in plasma samples of horses for sampling seasons (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was observed for forage and blood plasma to a certain degree for arsenic but for other media, arsenic correlations were negative and insignificant. It is therefore suggested that regular monitoring of heavy metals in soils/plants/animals is essential to prevent excessive build-up of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ugulu
- Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Humayun Bashir
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Asma Zafar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Ugulu I, Khan ZI, Alrefaei AF, Bibi S, Ahmad K, Memona H, Mahpara S, Mehmood N, Almutairi MH, Batool AI, Ashfaq A, Noorka IR. Influence of Industrial Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Content in Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.): Ecological and Health Risk Assessment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3652. [PMID: 37896115 PMCID: PMC10609805 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to determine the heavy metal contents in the water-soil-coriander samples in an industrial wastewater irrigated area and to assess the health risks of these metals to consumers. Sampling was done from areas adjoining the Chistian sugar mill district Sargodha and two separate sites irrigated with groundwater (Site 1), and sugar mill effluents (Site 2) were checked for possible metal contamination. The water-soil-coriander continuum was tested for the presence of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The mean concentrations of all metals were higher than the permissible limits for all studied metals except for Mn in the sugar mill wastewater, with Fe (8.861 mg/L) and Zn (9.761 mg/L) exhibiting the highest values. The mean levels of Fe (4.023 mg/kg), Cd (2.101 mg/kg), Cr (2.135 mg/kg), Cu (2.180 mg/kg), and Ni (1.523 mg/kg) were high in the soil at Site 2 in comparison to the groundwater irrigated site where Fe (3.232 mg/kg) and Cd (1.845 mg/kg) manifested high elemental levels. For coriander specimens, only Cd had a higher mean level in both the groundwater (1.245 mg/kg) and the sugar mill wastewater (1.245 mg/kg) irrigated sites. An estimation of the pollution indices yielded a high risk from Cd (health risk index (HRI): 173.2), Zn (HRI: 7.012), Mn (HRI: 6.276), Fe (HRI: 1.709), Cu (HRI: 1.282), and Ni (HRI: 1.009), as all values are above 1.0 indicating a hazard to human health from consuming coriander irrigated with wastewater. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is strongly advised to reduce health hazards to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ugulu
- Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak 64000, Turkey
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan (A.A.)
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.H.A.)
| | - Shehnaz Bibi
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan (A.A.)
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan (A.A.)
| | - Hafsa Memona
- Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzadi Mahpara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan
| | - Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mikhlid Hammad Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.H.A.)
| | - Aima Iram Batool
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan (A.A.)
| | - Ijaz Rasool Noorka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
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Ugulu I, Bibi S, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Munir M, Malik IS. Does Industrial Wastewater Irrigation Cause Potentially Toxic Metal Contamination and Risk to Human Health? Sugar Industry Wastewater and Radish Examples. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:109. [PMID: 37301784 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to appraise potentially toxic metal contents in the soil-radish system in industrial wastewater irrigated areas. The analysis of metals in water, soil and radish samples were performed with spectrophotometric method. The potentially toxic metal values in the wastewater irrigated radish samples were ranged from 1.25 to 1.41, 0.02 to 0.10, 0.77 to 0.81, 0.72 to 0.80, 0.92 to 1.19, 0.69 to 0.78, 0.08 to 0.11, 1.64 to 1.67 and 0.49 to 0.63 mg/kg for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn, respectively. The potentially toxic metal values in the soil and radish samples irrigated with wastewater were lower than the maximum allowable limits, except for Cd. The results of the Health Risk Index evaluation conducted in this study also showed that the accumulations of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, and Zn, especially Cd, pose a health risk in terms of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ugulu
- Special Education Department, Usak University, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Shehnaz Bibi
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Zafar I Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mudasra Munir
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ifra S Malik
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Rashid UA, Bhutto S, Jalbani N, Perveen F, Ismail S, Nazir F. Health Risk and Metal Contamination Assessment in Orange (Citrus aurantium) of Pakistan: a Multivariate Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03515-w. [PMID: 36477658 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxic metals (TMs) are serious health hazard and are known to accumulate in fruits, which are consumed by people, owning to their distinct sweet flavor and potential health benefits. In the present study, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) techniques in orange samples from 11 farmhouses of Sargodha, Pakistan. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a very useful analysis and data-reducing tool. This technique was used to explore the relationship between different metal levels in the oranges. The conventional wet acid digestion method was validated and assured with two (02) certified reference materials NIST-SRM 1515-Apple and (CRM) NIST-1570a Spinach Leaves by recovery test coupled with standard addition procedure. The results showed that Cd and Cr average daily intakes are 0.084 and 0.15 mg slightly higher than World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO) recommended tolerable daily intake respectively. The assessment of health risk was also carried out in form of total hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI), indicating three heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr) have significant human health risk potential to consumers while Cu, As, Hg, and Ni have non-significant (THQ < 1) health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Asghar Rashid
- Centre for Environmental Studies, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Shahra-E-Saleem-Uz-Zaman Siddiqui, Road, KarachiKarachi, 75280, Pakistan
- PCSIR Laboratories Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Bhutto
- Centre for Environmental Studies, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Shahra-E-Saleem-Uz-Zaman Siddiqui, Road, KarachiKarachi, 75280, Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Jalbani
- Centre for Environmental Studies, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Shahra-E-Saleem-Uz-Zaman Siddiqui, Road, KarachiKarachi, 75280, Pakistan
| | - Fahmida Perveen
- Centre for Environmental Studies, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Shahra-E-Saleem-Uz-Zaman Siddiqui, Road, KarachiKarachi, 75280, Pakistan
| | | | - Farzana Nazir
- PCSIR Laboratories Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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