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Vincendeau M, Klein T, Groubatch F, Tran N, Kimmoun A, Levy B. Improving oxygenation in severe ARDS treated with VV-ECMO: comparative efficacy of moderate hypothermia and landiolol in a swine ARDS model. Intensive Care Med Exp 2024; 12:74. [PMID: 39190241 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-024-00655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a significant challenge in critical care, with high mortality rates despite advancements in treatment. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) is employed as salvage therapy for refractory cases. However, some patients may continue to experience persistent severe hypoxemia despite being treated with VV-ECMO. To achieve this, moderate hypothermia and short-acting selective β1-blockers have been proposed. METHODS Using a swine model of severe ARDS treated with VV-ECMO, this study investigated the efficacy of moderate hypothermia or β-blockade in improving arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) three hours after VV-ECMO initiation. Primary endpoints included the ratio of VV-ECMO flow to cardiac output and arterial oxygen saturation before VV-ECMO start (H0) and three hours after ECMO start (H3). Secondary safety criteria encompassed hemodynamics and oxygenation parameters. RESULTS Twenty-two male pigs were randomized into three groups: control (n = 6), hypothermia (n = 9) and β-blockade (n = 7). At H0, all groups demonstrated similar hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. Both moderate hypothermia and β-blockade groups exhibited a significant increase in the ratio of VV-ECMO flow to cardiac output at H3, resulting in improved SaO2. At H3, despite a decrease in oxygen delivery and consumption in the intervention groups compared to the control group, oxygen extraction ratios across groups remained unchanged and lactate levels were normal. CONCLUSIONS In a swine model of severe ARDS treated with VV-ECMO, both moderate hypothermia and β-blockade led to an increase in the ratio of VV-ECMO flow to cardiac output resulting in improved arterial oxygen saturation without any impact on tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Vincendeau
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Brabois, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Klein
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Brabois, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France.
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM U1116, Nancy, France.
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation de Chirurgie Cardiaque et Transplantation, Nancy, France.
| | | | - N'Guyen Tran
- Université de Lorraine, École de Chirurgie, Nancy, France
| | - Antoine Kimmoun
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Brabois, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM U1116, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Levy
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Brabois, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM U1116, Nancy, France
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Kimura S, Shimizu K, Matsuoka Y, Iwasaki T, Kanazawa T, Morimatsu H. An Assessment of the Practice of Neuromuscular Blockade and the Association Between Its Prophylactic Use and Outcomes Among Postoperative Pediatric Cardiac Patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2023; 37:980-987. [PMID: 36933990 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors investigated the management of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) for pediatric patients after cardiac surgery, and compared the outcomes of patients who received prophylactic NMBA (pNMBA) infusions and patients without pNMBA infusions. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. SETTING At a tertiary teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Patients younger than 18, with congenital heart disease, who underwent cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS Commencement of NMBA infusion in the first 2 hours after surgery MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary endpoint was a composite of one or more of the following major adverse events (MAEs) that occurred within 7 days after surgery: death from any cause, a circulatory collapse that needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and requirement for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The secondary endpoints included the total duration of mechanical ventilation for the first 30 days after surgery. A total of 566 patients were included in this study. The MAEs occurred in 13 patients (2.3%). An NMBA was commenced within 2 hours after surgery in 207 patients (36.6%). There were significant differences in the incidence of postoperative MAEs between the pNMBA group and the non-pNMBA group (5.3% v 0.6%; p < 0.001). In multivariate regression models, pNMBA infusion was not significantly associated with the incidence of MAEs (odds ratio: 1.79, 95% CI: 0.23-13.93, p = 0.58), but was significantly associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation by 3.85 days (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Postoperative prophylactic neuromuscular blockade after cardiac surgery can be associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation, but has no association with MAEs among pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Hospital, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kazuyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Hospital, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Hospital, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Iwasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Hospital, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kanazawa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Hospital, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morimatsu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Hospital, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Energy Balance in Critically Ill Children With Severe Sepsis Using Indirect Calorimetry: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:868-873. [PMID: 30889134 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Energy needs in critically ill children are dynamic and variable. Data on energy balance in children with severe sepsis using indirect calorimetry (IC) is lacking. Thus, we planned to study the energy needs and balance of this cohort. METHODS Prospective observational study conducted in ventilated children aged 5 to 12 years, admitted in pediatric intensive care unit with severe sepsis from May 2016 to June 2017. Measured resting energy expenditure (mREE) was measured with IC (Quark RMR, COSMED) till 7 days or pediatric intensive care unit discharge. Predicted energy expenditure (pREE) was estimated using Schofield, Harris and Benedict, and FAO/WHO/UNU equations. Primary outcome was to study the daily energy balance. Secondary outcome was to determine nitrogen balance and agreement of mREE with pREE. RESULTS Forty children (24 boys) with median age of 7 (5.2, 10) years were enrolled. All received enteral nutrition; 35 (87.5%) received inotropic support. Median ventilation-free days were 19 days and 4 children died (10%). A total of 176 IC measurements were obtained with an average of 4 per patient. The mean mREE was 51 ± 17 kcal/kg and mean respiratory quotient was 0.77 ± 0.07. There was persistent negative energy balance from days 1 to 7 and negative nitrogen balance from days 1 to 5. There was poor agreement of pREE with mREE using Bland Altman plots. None of severity of illness scores (PRISM III, daily Sequential Organ Function Assessment, daily Vasoactive Inotropic Score) showed correlation with mREE. CONCLUSIONS Persistent negative energy and nitrogen balance exist during acute phase of severe sepsis. Predictive equations are inaccurate compared with IC as the criterion standard.
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Ledowski T, Nißler S, Wenk M, Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Segelcke D. Effects of muscle relaxants on ischaemia damage in skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5794. [PMID: 29643396 PMCID: PMC5895809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle ischaemia is frequently induced intraoperatively by i.e. a surgical tourniquet or during the re-grafting phase of a free muscle transplant. The resulting muscle cell damage may impact on postoperative recovery. Neuromuscular paralysis may mitigate the effects of ischaemia. After ethics approval, 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: Sham operation, treatment with normal saline, treatment with rocuronium (muscle relaxant) 0.6 or 1 mg kg−1, respectively. In the non-sham groups, ischaemia of one hind leg was achieved by ligation of the femoral vessels. Muscle biopsies were taken at 30 and 90 min, respectively. Cell damage was assessed in the biopsies via the expression of dystrophin, free calcium, as well as the assessment of cell viability. Pre-ischaemia muscle relaxation led to a reduction in ischaemia-induced muscle cell damage when measured by the expression of dystrophin, cell viability and the expression of free calcium even after 90 min of ischaemia (i.e. ratio control/ischaemic site for dystrophin expression after saline 0.58 ± 0.12 vs. after 1 mg/kg rocuronium 1.08 ± 0.29; P < 0.05). Muscle relaxation decreased the degree of ischaemia-induced muscle cell damage. The results may have significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ledowski
- Anaesthesiology Unit, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, UK.
| | - Simone Nißler
- Department for Anaesthesiology, operative Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Manuel Wenk
- Department for Anaesthesiology, operative Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Esther M Pogatzki-Zahn
- Department for Anaesthesiology, operative Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Daniel Segelcke
- Department for Anaesthesiology, operative Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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Wilsterman MEF, de Jager P, Blokpoel R, Frerichs I, Dijkstra SK, Albers MJIJ, Burgerhof JGM, Markhorst DG, Kneyber MCJ. Short-term effects of neuromuscular blockade on global and regional lung mechanics, oxygenation and ventilation in pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:103. [PMID: 27783382 PMCID: PMC5081313 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) has been shown to improve outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults, challenging maintaining spontaneous breathing when there is severe lung injury. We tested in a prospective physiological study the hypothesis that continuous administration of NMB agents in mechanically ventilated children with severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) improves the oxygenation index without a redistribution of tidal volume VT toward non-dependent lung zones. Methods Oxygenation index, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, lung mechanics (plateau pressure, mean airway pressure, respiratory system compliance and resistance), hemodynamics (heart rate, central venous and arterial blood pressures), oxygenation [oxygenation index (OI), PaO2/FiO2 and SpO2/FiO2], ventilation (physiological dead space-to-VT ratio) and electrical impedance tomography measured changes in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), and VT distribution was measured before and 15 min after the start of continuous infusion of rocuronium 1 mg/kg. Patients were ventilated in a time-cycled, pressure-limited mode with pre-set VT. All ventilator settings were not changed during the study. Results Twenty-two patients were studied (N = 18 met the criteria for pediatric ARDS). Median age (25–75 interquartile range) was 15 (7.8–77.5) weeks. Pulmonary pathology was present in 77.3%. The median lung injury score was 9 (8–10). The overall median CoV and regional lung filling characteristics were not affected by NMB, indicating no ventilation shift toward the non-dependent lung zones. Regional analysis showed a homogeneous time course of lung inflation during inspiration, indicating no tendency to atelectasis after the introduction of NMB. NMB decreased the mean airway pressure (p = 0.039) and OI (p = 0.039) in all patients. There were no significant changes in lung mechanics, hemodynamics and EELV. Subgroup analysis showed that OI decreased (p = 0.01) and PaO2/FiO2 increased (p = 0.02) in patients with moderate or severe PARDS. Conclusions NMB resulted in an improved oxygenation index in pediatric patients with AHRF. Distribution of VT and regional lung filling characteristics were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon E F Wilsterman
- Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Paediatrics, Nij Smellinghe Hospital, Drachten, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline de Jager
- Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Blokpoel
- Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Frerichs
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra K Dijkstra
- Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J I J Albers
- Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G M Burgerhof
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick G Markhorst
- Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C J Kneyber
- Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Critical Care, Anaesthesia, Peri-operative Medicine and Emergency Medicine (CAPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wong JJM, Cheifetz IM, Ong C, Nakao M, Lee JH. Nutrition Support for Children Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgeries: A Narrative Review. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2016; 6:443-54. [PMID: 26180163 DOI: 10.1177/2150135115576929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Energy imbalance in infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD) is common and influenced by age, underlying cardiac diagnoses, and presence or absence of congestive heart failure. During the surgical hospitalization period, these children are prone to nutritional deterioration due to stress of surgery, anesthetic/perfusion techniques, and postoperative care. Poor nutrition is associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. This review aims to examine various aspects of nutrition in critically ill children with CHD, including (1) energy expenditure, (2) perioperative factors that contribute to energy metabolism, (3) bedside practices that are potentially able to optimize nutrient delivery, and (4) medium- to long-term impact of energy balance on clinical outcomes. We propose a nutrition algorithm to optimize nutrition of these children in the perioperative period where improvements in nutrition status will likely impact surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J M Wong
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ira M Cheifetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chengsi Ong
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Masakazu Nakao
- Department of Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jan Hau Lee
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate School of Medicine, Singapore
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Vet NJ, Kleiber N, Ista E, de Hoog M, de Wildt SN. Sedation in Critically Ill Children with Respiratory Failure. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:89. [PMID: 27606309 PMCID: PMC4995367 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the rationale of sedation in respiratory failure, sedation goals, how to assess the need for sedation as well as effectiveness of interventions in critically ill children, with validated observational sedation scales. The drugs and non-pharmacological approaches used for optimal sedation in ventilated children are reviewed, and specifically the rationale for drug selection, including short- and long-term efficacy and safety aspects of the selected drugs. The specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of sedative drugs in the critically ill child and consequences for dosing are presented. Furthermore, we discuss different sedation strategies and their adverse events, such as iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome and delirium. These principles can guide clinicians in the choice of sedative drugs in pediatric respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke J Vet
- Intensive Care, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niina Kleiber
- Intensive Care, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erwin Ista
- Intensive Care, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs de Hoog
- Intensive Care, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Intensive Care, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Defining adequate pain control in the child with Down syndrome: are we treating perception or reality? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14:899-900. [PMID: 24226557 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e3182a54dd3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Osuka A, Uno T, Nakanishi J, Hinokiyama H, Takahashi Y, Matsuoka T. Energy expenditure in patients with severe head injury: controlled normothermia with sedation and neuromuscular blockade. J Crit Care 2012; 28:218.e9-13. [PMID: 22835423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Providing optimal caloric intake is important for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Insufficient nutrition worsens prognosis, and excessive nutrition may lead to complications such as weaning delay from mechanical ventilation. However, using controlled normothermia with sedation and neuromuscular blockade for patients with anticipated severe brain edema, the optimal caloric intake is still unclear. METHODS Ten patients with severe traumatic brain injury were studied. All patients received midazolam and vecuronium or pancuronium to control body temperature to 36.0°C. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. Age, body height, body weight, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and minute ventilation volume were evaluated at the time of the study. Differences between the mean measured energy expenditures (MEEs) and predicted basal energy expenditures (PEEs from the Harris-Benedict equation) were analyzed using paired t test. Furthermore, the relationships between these variables and MEEs were analyzed with multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The result of MEE was 1279±244 kcal/d. When compared with PEE, MEE/PEE was 87.2% ± 10%. Multiple regression analysis showed that age, body height, body weight, heart rate, and minute ventilation volume were related with MEE. CONCLUSIONS Energy expenditure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury who need mechanical ventilation and have received controlled normothermia with sedation and neuromuscular blockade was 13% less than predicted basal levels. Energy expenditure might be obtained from age, body height, body weight, heart rate, and minute ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Osuka
- Osaka Prefectural Senshu Critical Care Medical Centre, Izumisano, Osaka 598-0048, Japan.
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Lamas A, López-Herce J, Sancho L, Mencía S, Carrillo A, Santiago MJ, Martínez V. Assessment of the level of sedation in children after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:144-50. [PMID: 19559213 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no reference method for the evaluation of the level of sedation in children after cardiac surgery. The utility of the bispectral index and middle latency auditory evoked potentials has not been evaluated. METHODS The bispectral index, middle latency auditory evoked potentials, Ramsay scale, and COMFORT scale were used for assessment of the level of sedation in critically ill children after cardiac surgery and other surgical procedures. The measurements with these four methods were recorded simultaneously once a day for five days. The level of sedation was categorized in two levels, moderate or deep, according to the values obtained from each method. Correlations and agreements among the methods and the best bispectral index and middle latency auditory evoked potential values that discriminated between the two levels of sedation were calculated. RESULTS Thirty-two children after cardiac surgery were included in the study, together with eighteen children after other surgical procedures who formed the control group. In each group, the correlation and agreement between the four methods varied between moderate and good. In the cardiac surgery patients, when the level of sedation was determined by the Ramsay scale, the best values of bispectral index and middle latency auditory evoked potentials that discriminated between the two levels of sedation were 63.5 and 37.5, respectively, and these values predicted the level of sedation correctly in 84.4% of the patients with each method. CONCLUSIONS Bispectral index and middle latency auditory evoked potentials could be useful to assess the level of sedation in children after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Lamas
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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