Digital technologies and artificial intelligence’s present and foreseeable impact on lawyering, judging, policing and law enforcement

An artificial intelligence data mining technology based evaluation model of education on political and ideological strategy of students

The student’s political and ideological practices is a vital portion of education, and it is related to optimization of task based on fundamental scenario in establishing morality. In order to establish a scientific, reasonable and operable evaluation model for students’ ideological education, and evaluate the status of college students’ ideological education. In this paper, firstly, in view of the shortcomings of evaluation objectives, single evaluation methods, lack of pertinence of evaluation indicators and subjectivity of evaluation standards in the current evaluation system of university students’ ideological and political education, the basic principles for constructing evaluation models of university students’ ideological and political education are put forward. Secondly, in case to meet changing needs of the times, an artificial neural network algorithm based on artificial intelligence data mining and a traditional multi-layer fuzzy evaluation model are designed to evaluate the ideological and political education of college students. This newly proposed model integrates learning, association, recognition, self-adaptive and fuzzy information processing, and at the same time, it overcomes their respective shortcomings. Finally, an example analysis is carried out with a nearby university as an example. The evaluation results display that the evaluation model of students’ ideological education established in this paper is in good agreement with the previous evaluation results. It fully shows that the comprehensive evaluation model of fuzzy neural network for college students’ ideological and political education established in this paper is scientific and effective.

Rapid Trust Calibration through Interpretable and Uncertainty-Aware AI

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems hold great promise as decision-support tools, but we must be able to identify and understand their inevitable mistakes if they are to fulfill this potential. This is particularly true in domains where the decisions are high-stakes, such as law, medicine, and the military. In this Perspective, we describe the particular challenges for AI decision support posed in military coalition operations. These include having to deal with limited, low-quality data, which inevitably compromises AI performance. We suggest that these problems can be mitigated by taking steps that allow rapid trust calibration so that decision makers understand the AI system's limitations and likely failures and can calibrate their trust in its outputs appropriately. We propose that AI services can achieve this by being both interpretable and uncertainty-aware. Creating such AI systems poses various technical and human factors challenges. We review these challenges and recommend directions for future research.

A model of policing strategy choice

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for the discovery of knowledge in emergency response databases based on police incident reports, generating information that identifies local criminal demands that allow the selection of the appropriate policing strategies portfolio to solve the problem.

Design/methodology/approach

The developed model uses a methodology for the discovery of knowledge involving text mining techniques using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) integrated with the ELECTRE I multicriteria method.

Findings

The developed method allowed the identification of the most common criminal demands that occurred from January 1 to December 31, 2016, in the policing areas studied. One of the crimes does not occur homogeneously in a particular locality. In this study, it was initially observed that 40 per cent of the crimes identified in the Integrated Public Safety Area 5, or AISP-5, (historical city center of RJ) had no correlation with AISP-19 (Copacabana - RJ), and 33 per cent of crimes crimes in AISP-19 were not identified in AISP-5. This finding guided the second part of the method that sought to identify which portfolio of policing strategies would be most appropriate for the identified demands. In this sense, using the ELECTRE I method, eight different scenarios were constructed where it can be identified that for each specific criminal demand set there is a set of policing strategies to be applied.

Research limitations/implications

The collected data represent the social dynamics of neighbourhoods in the central and southern zones of the city of Rio de Janeiro during the specific period from January 2013 to December 2016. This limitation implies that the results cannot be generalised to areas with different characteristics.

Practical implications

The developed methodology contributes in a complementary way to the identification of criminal practices and their characteristics based on reports of police occurrences stored in emergency response databases. The knowledge generated through the identification of criminal demands allows law enforcement decision makers to evaluate and choose among the available policing strategies, which best suit the reality they study, and produce the reduction of criminal indices.

Social implications

It is possible to infer that by choosing appropriate strategies to combat local crime, the proposed model will increase the population’s sense of safety through an effective reduction in crime.

Originality/value

The originality of the study lies in the integration of text mining techniques, LDA and the ELECTRE I method for detecting crime in a given location based on crime reports stored in emergency response databases, enabling identification and choice, from customized policing strategies to particular criminal demands.

An e-government crowdsourcing framework: suspect investigation and identification

Purpose

The pervasiveness of mobile devices has led to the permanent use of their new features by the crowd to perform different tasks. The purpose of this paper is to exploit this massive consumption of new information technologies supported by the concept of crowdsourcing in a governmental context to access citizens as a source of ideas and support. The aim is to find out how crowdsourcing combined with the new technologies can constitute a great force to enhance the performance of the suspect investigation process.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides a structured view of a suspect investigation framework, especially based on the image processing techniques, including the automatic face analysis. This crowdsourcing framework is mainly based on the personal description as an identification technique to facilitate the suspect investigation and the use of MongoDB as a document-oriented database to store the information.

Findings

The case study demonstrates that the proposed framework provides satisfying results in each step of the identification process. The experimental results show how the combination between the crowdsourcing concept and the mobile devices pervasiveness has fruitfully strengthened the identification process with the use of automatic face analysis techniques.

Originality/value

A review of the literature has shown that previous work has focused mainly on the presentation of forensic techniques that can be used in the investigation process steps. However, this paper implements a complete framework whose whole strength is based on the crowdsourcing concept as a new paradigm used by institutions to solve many organizational problems.

Identification of operational demand in law enforcement agencies

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for knowledge discovery in emergency response service databases based on police occurrence reports, generating information to help law enforcement agencies plan actions to investigate and combat criminal activities.

Design/methodology/approach

The developed model employs a methodology for knowledge discovery involving text mining techniques and uses latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) with collapsed Gibbs sampling to obtain topics related to crime.

Findings

The method used in this study enabled identification of the most common crimes that occurred in the period from 1 January to 31 December of 2016. An analysis of the identified topics reaffirmed that crimes do not occur in a linear manner in a given locality. In this study, 40 per cent of the crimes identified in integrated public safety area 5, or AISP 5 (the historic centre of the city of RJ), had no correlation with AISP 19 (Copacabana – RJ), and 33 per cent of the crimes in AISP 19 were not identified in AISP 5.

Research limitations/implications

The collected data represent the social dynamics of neighbourhoods in the central and southern zones of the city of Rio de Janeiro during the specific period from January 2013 to December 2016. This limitation implies that the results cannot be generalised to areas with different characteristics.

Practical implications

The developed methodology contributes in a complementary manner to the identification of criminal practices and their characteristics based on police occurrence reports stored in emergency response databases. The generated knowledge enables law enforcement experts to assess, reformulate and construct differentiated strategies for combating crimes in a given locality.

Social implications

The production of knowledge from the emergency service database contributes to the government integrating information with other databases, thus enabling the improvement of strategies to combat local crime. The proposed model contributes to research on big data, on the innovation aspect and on decision support, for it breaks with a paradigm of analysis of criminal information.

Originality/value

The originality of the study lies in the integration of text mining techniques and LDA to detect crimes in a given locality on the basis of the criminal occurrence reports stored in emergency response service databases.