1
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Gawel RJ, Kemler BR, Coladonato C, Freedman KB. Rehabilitation and return to activity criteria after operative management of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg: a systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:125-133. [PMID: 37191583 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2214192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endurance athletes with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) frequently require fasciotomy to return to activity, but there are no existing comprehensive evidence-based rehabilitation guidelines. We aimed to summarize rehabilitation protocols and return to activity criteria after CECS surgery. METHODS Through a systematic literature review, we identified 27 articles that explicitly defined physician-imposed restrictions or guidelines for patients to resume athletic activities following CECS surgery. RESULTS Common rehabilitation parameters included running restrictions (51.9%), postoperative leg compression (48.1%), immediate postoperative ambulation (44.4%), and early range of motion exercises (37.0%). Most studies (70.4%) reported return to activity timelines, but few (11.1%) utilized subjective criteria for guiding return to activity. No studies utilized objective functional criteria. CONCLUSIONS Rehabilitation and return to activity guidelines after CECS surgery remain poorly defined, and further investigation is needed to develop such guidelines that will enable endurance athletes to safely return to activities and minimize recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Gawel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryson R Kemler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlo Coladonato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin B Freedman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Rothman R, Berke C, Jivanelli B, Casey E, Cheng J. Sex and gender differences in lower limb chronic exertional compartment syndrome: a systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:1-11. [PMID: 36698053 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2173489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a cause of exertional leg pain and has been reported in varying frequencies in males and females. Currently, it is unclear whether there are significant sex and gender differences in lower-limb CECS. Delineating sex and gender differences is vital in determining the causes of CECS and best treatments. This systematic review aimed to determine the sex/gender distribution of CECS and to assess for sex and gender differences in CECS diagnosis and outcomes. METHODS PubMed (Medline), Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were searched for studies that were published from January 2000-March 2022 and reported lower-limb CECS data in males and/or females. Data on CECS diagnosis (intracompartmental pressures) and outcomes (e.g. post-surgical return-to-sport, need for re-operation) with sex/gender breakdowns were extracted. The sex/gender distribution of CECS and prevalence of CECS by sex/gender were calculated. RESULTS Forty-one studies were included in the systematic review; there were 27 retrospective reviews, 8 prospective studies, and 6 retrospective studies with prospective follow-ups. Thirty studies involved surgical populations. Sex/gender distribution of CECS was calculated using data from 24 studies; 51% were female. Prevalence of CECS was available in five studies and ranged widely for males (54%-73%) and females (43%-65%). Intracompartmental pressure data varied by sex/gender. Male athletes were more likely than female athletes to return to sport following surgery for CECS, but variations in all other post-surgical outcomes were observed between sexes and genders in the general population. CONCLUSION Females represented 51% of the patients who were diagnosed with CECS among studies. Most CECS diagnosis and outcomes data varied by sex/gender, except for post-surgical outcomes data in athletes, which demonstrated that males had higher rates of return to sport than females. Future studies are needed to examine factors contributing to sex and gender differences in CECS diagnosis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rothman
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chandler Berke
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bridget Jivanelli
- Kim Barrett Memorial Library, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Casey
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Cheng
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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3
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van Zantvoort APM, de Bruijn JA, Hundscheid HPH, Teijink JAW, Scheltinga MR. Lower Leg Lateral Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: Prospective Surgical Treatment Outcomes for Isolated or Combined Lateral Fasciotomy. Foot Ankle Int 2023; 44:1097-1104. [PMID: 37724857 DOI: 10.1177/10711007231192076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exertional compartment syndrome involving the lower leg lateral compartment (lat-CECS) seldom occurs isolated but is usually combined with CECS of the anterior (ant-CECS) or deep posterior compartment (dp-CECS). Patient characteristics in lat-CECS and outcome after surgery are largely unknown. The aim of this prospective case series was to describe patient characteristics and symptoms and to report on outcome following a fasciotomy. METHODS All patients diagnosed with lat-CECS based on exertional lateral lower leg symptoms and elevated intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measurements according to the Pedowitz criteria (ICP ≥ 15 mm Hg at rest, and/or ≥30 mm Hg after 1 minute, and/or ≥20 mm Hg 5 minutes after exercise) were eligible for this study. A standard intake questionnaire scoring symptom patterns was completed by all patients. Patients who were operated for lat-CECS were asked to complete a 3-month and 12-month postoperative questionnaire scoring symptoms and surgical outcome. Patients with a history of CECS surgery, recent lower leg trauma, or peripheral neurovascular disease were excluded. RESULTS A total of 881 patients with possible lower leg CECS completed an intake questionnaire and 88 (10%) were diagnosed with lat-CECS according to the Pedowitz criteria (isolated lat-CECS n = 10; lat/ant CECS n = 54, lat/ant/dp CECS n = 19, lat/dp CECS n = 5). Severe pain during exercise and moderate tightness during rest were frequently reported. A group of 28 patients (49 legs; isolated lat-CECS n = 2; lat/ant CECS n = 22, lat/ant/dp CECS n = 3, lat/dp CECS n = 1) was analyzed after fasciotomy. Complications were minor (wound infection requiring antibiotics, n = 3; temporary complex regional pain syndrome with spontaneous recovery, n = 1). Superficial peroneal nerve damage was not observed. One year after surgery, 64% rated outcome as excellent or good, whereas 71% had resumed sports activities. CONCLUSION One in 10 patients with anterolateral exertional lower leg pain evaluated in a tertiary referral center met diagnostic criteria for lat-CECS. Pain and tightness were present during exertion and were often reported occurring during rest and at night. In this series, we found fasciotomy-either an isolated (lateral) or a multiple (combined with anterior and/or deep posterior) compartment fasciotomy-is safe and beneficial in most patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniek P M van Zantvoort
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven/Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Caphri Research School, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan A de Bruijn
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven/Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Caphri Research School, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joep A W Teijink
- Caphri Research School, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marc R Scheltinga
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven/Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Caphri Research School, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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4
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Williams S, Chen S, Todd NW. Compartment Syndrome in the Foot and Leg. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2023; 40:1-21. [PMID: 36368837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is a common cause of exercise-related leg pain that can be debilitating to many athletes. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on patient history and clinical examination in correlation with intracompartmental pressure measurement or other advanced diagnostic tests. Treatments include initial nonsurgical management, such as modification of causative activity and gait retraining with physical therapy. If symptoms persist, surgical fasciotomy may be warranted via an open or minimally invasive approach. In this article, we review the anatomy, pathophysiology, history and physical examination, diagnostic modalities, treatment, and complications of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Williams
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group, 701 East El Camino Real, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA.
| | - Shirley Chen
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group, 701 East El Camino Real, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA
| | - Nicholas W Todd
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group, 701 East El Camino Real, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA
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5
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Vogels S, Ritchie ED, van der Burg BLSB, Scheltinga MRM, Zimmermann WO, Hoencamp R. Clinical Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Leg: A Delphi Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:3055-3064. [PMID: 35904751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Defining universally accepted guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is hampered by the absence of high-quality scientific research. The aim of this Delphi study was to establish consensus on practical issues guiding diagnosis and treatment of CECS of the leg in civilian and military patient populations. METHODS An international expert group was queried using the Delphi technique with a traditional three-round electronic consultation. Results of previous rounds were anonymously disclosed in the questionnaire of rounds 2 and 3, if relevant. Consensus was defined as > 70% positive or negative agreement for a question or statement. RESULTS The panel consisted of 27 civilian and military healthcare providers. Consensus was reached on five essential key characteristics of lower leg CECS. The panel achieved partial agreement regarding standardization of the diagnostic protocol, including muscle tissue pressure measurements. Consensus was reached on conservative and surgical treatment regimens. However, the experts did not attain consensus on their approach of postoperative rehabilitation and preferred treatment approach of recurrent or residual disease. A summary of best clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of CECS was formulated by experts working in civilian and military healthcare facilities. CONCLUSION The Delphi panel reached consensus on key criteria for signs and symptoms of CECS and several aspects for conservative and surgical treatment. The panel did not agree on the role of ICP values in the diagnostic process, postoperative rehabilitation guidelines protocol, or the preferred treatment approach for recurrent or residual disease. These aspects serve as a first attempt to initiate simple guidelines for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Vogels
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Simon Smitweg 1, 2353 GA, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands. .,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E D Ritchie
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Simon Smitweg 1, 2353 GA, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - W O Zimmermann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Hoencamp
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Simon Smitweg 1, 2353 GA, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Defense Healthcare Organization, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Symeonidis PD, Stavrou P. Single incision, minimally invasive fasciotomy of the anterior and lateral leg compartments with decompression of the superficial peroneal nerve. Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 28:30-36. [PMID: 33632658 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a considerable overlap of symptoms between chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the anterior and lateral compartments of the lower leg and entrapment neuropathy of the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN). We describe a minimally invasive, single incision surgical technique for release of both the compartments and the SPN in the same setting. The operative technique involves a minimal anterolateral approach at the level where the SPN pierces the subcutaneous fascia. METHODS Nineteen patients were operated with the method and 24 anterolateral compartments (5 cases with bilateral CECS) were released. Anterior and lateral, proximal and distal fasciotomies were performed sequentially with the use of a specific instrument designed for carpal tunnel release (KnifeLight®, Stryker). This is a modification of a fasciotome with an intergrated light source which allows for transillumination of the subcutaneous tissues. The SPN and its main branches with their anatomical variations were explored and decompressed at the same setting. RESULTS Patients who met the inclusion criteria were reviewed at one year postoperatively with a Numeric Analog Pain Scale (NAS) and the Linkert satisfaction scale. There were 5 men and 10 women, aged 35.7 (21-60) years. The NAS scores improved by a mean 6 points (p<0.0001) postoperatively and 86.6% (13/15) of the patients were either satisfied or very satisfied with the operation. There were no intraoperative complications. There were two patients with SPN neuropathy symptoms postoperatively, one of whom required revision surgery. One patient had recurrence of less intense symptoms in the first postoperative year with no need for reoperation. CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous release of the anterolateral compartment of the leg and decompression of the SPN with the described technique was safe and effective. It combined the advantages of a single, minimally invasive approach with the subcutaneous transillumination, and had a high patient satisfaction and a low recurrence rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Retrospective case series, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Stavrou
- Private Practice, 215 Hutt Street, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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7
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Oliver WM, Rhatigan D, Mackenzie SP, White TO, Duckworth AD, Molyneux SG. Outcome following mini-open lower limb fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2021; 32:27-36. [PMID: 33675406 PMCID: PMC8741684 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-021-02919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to report outcomes following mini-open lower limb fasciotomy (MLLF) in active adults with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Methods From 2013–2018, 38 consecutive patients (mean age 31 years [16–60], 71% [n = 27/38] male) underwent MLLF. There were 21 unilateral procedures, 10 simultaneous bilateral and 7 staged bilateral. There were 22 anterior fasciotomies, five posterior and 11 four-compartment. Early complications were determined from medical records of 37/38 patients (97%) at a mean of four months (1–19). Patient-reported outcomes (including EuroQol scores [EQ-5D/EQ-VAS], return to sport and satisfaction) were obtained via postal survey from 27/38 respondents (71%) at a mean of 3.7 years (0.3–6.4).
Results Complications occurred in 16% (n = 6/37): superficial infection (11%, n = 4/37), deep infection (3%, n = 1/37) and wound dehiscence (3%, n = 1/37). Eight per cent (n = 3/37) required revision fasciotomy for recurrent leg pain. At longer-term follow-up, 30% (n = 8/27) were asymptomatic and another 56% (n = 15/27) reported improved symptoms. The mean pain score improved from 6.1 to 2.5 during normal activity and 9.1 to 4.7 during sport (both p < 0.001). The mean EQ-5D was 0.781 (0.130–1) and EQ-VAS 77 (33–95). Of 25 patients playing sport preoperatively, 64% (n = 16/25) returned, 75% (n = 12/16) reporting improved exercise tolerance. Seventy-four per cent (n = 20/27) were satisfied and 81% (n = 22/27) would recommend the procedure. Conclusion MLLF is safe and effective for active adults with CECS. The revision rate is low, and although recurrent symptoms are common most achieve symptomatic improvement, with reduced activity-related leg pain and good health-related quality of life. The majority return to sport and are satisfied with their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Oliver
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Dominic Rhatigan
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Samuel P Mackenzie
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Timothy O White
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Andrew D Duckworth
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK.,Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Samuel G Molyneux
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
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8
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Broderick JM, Synnott KA, Mulhall KJ. Minimally invasive fasciotomy using a lighted retractor in the treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 28:2309499019892800. [PMID: 31876241 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019892800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome can be a debilitating cause of lower leg pain that typically affects young, healthy people during a variety of aerobic activities. Conservative management has produced a poor success rate and numerous techniques for surgical decompression have been described. Many of these, however, involve blind fascial dissection which increases the risk of direct nerve injury or insufficient fascial release. We describe a novel technique of mini-open fasciotomy using a lighted retractor which enables direct visualization of the fascia and the superficial peroneal nerve using a single, small incision. By the use of a 3- to 4-cm laterally based incision, a lighted retractor with fiber-optic illumination is introduced into the subcutaneous plane and advanced distally and proximally. The retractor gently elevates the subcutaneous tissues while focusing light directly into the surgical area and a long Metzenbaum scissors is then used to release the fascia under direct vision. Fasciotomy using this technique avoids the risks of blind fascial release and is a straightforward, safe, and effective method for compartment decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Broderick
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith A Synnott
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- The Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin J Mulhall
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- The Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Vogels S, Ritchie ED, van Dongen TTCF, Scheltinga MRM, Zimmermann WO, Hoencamp R. Systematic review of outcome parameters following treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the lower leg. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1827-1845. [PMID: 32526086 PMCID: PMC7540008 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Surgery is the gold standard in the management of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the lower extremity, although recent studies also reported success following gait retraining. Outcome parameters are diverse, and reporting is not standardized. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the current evidence regarding treatment outcome of CECS in the lower leg. Material and Methods A literature search and systematic analysis were performed according to the PRISMA criteria. Studies reporting on outcome following treatment of lower leg CECS were included. Results A total of 68 reports fulfilled study criteria (n =; 3783; age range 12‐70 year; 7:4 male‐to‐female ratio). Conservative interventions such as gait retraining (n =; 2) and botulinum injection (n =; 1) decreased ICP (x- =; 68 mm Hg tox- =; 32 mm Hg) and resulted in a 47% (±42%) rate of satisfaction and a 50% (±45%) rate of return to physical activity. Fasciotomy significantly decreased ICP (x- =; 76 mm Hg to x- =; 24 mm Hg) and was associated with an 85% (±13%) rate of satisfaction and an 80% (±17%) rate of return to activity. Return to activity was significantly more often achieved (P < .01) in surgically treated patients, except in one study favoring gait retraining in army personnel. Conclusion Surgical treatment of CECS in the lower leg results in higher rates of satisfaction and return to activity, compared to conservative treatment. However, the number of studies is limited and the level of evidence is low. Randomized controlled trials with multiple treatment arms and standardized outcome parameters are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Vogels
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewan D Ritchie
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs T C F van Dongen
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Defense Healthcare Organization, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wes O Zimmermann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rigo Hoencamp
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Defense Healthcare Organization, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Gatenby G, Haysom S, Twaddle B, Walsh S. Functional Outcomes After the Surgical Management of Isolated Anterolateral Leg Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117737020. [PMID: 29164162 PMCID: PMC5682587 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117737020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Failure rates of up to 20% have been reported after fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). There is some evidence that postoperative failure and complication rates are higher in the posterior compartments of the lower leg than the anterolateral compartments. Isolated compartment surgery may put patients at risk of requiring revision surgery because of the risk of developing posterior compartment disease. Hypothesis: Isolated anterolateral fasciotomy for CECS, in the absence of posterior compartment symptoms, produces satisfactory functional outcomes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Between 2006 and 2012, patients who had positive intracompartment pressure-testing findings and who underwent isolated anterolateral fasciotomy release for CECS were given a self-administered questionnaire. The minimum follow-up was 3 years. The questionnaire addressed time to return to sport and ongoing symptoms. A visual analog scale was used to assess pain during exercise before and after surgery (score: 0, no pain; 10, worst pain imaginable); overall satisfaction with the procedure was assessed as well. Of 31 eligible patients, 20 patients (36 legs operated on) were assessed. Results: Postoperatively, 90% of participants returned to the same or higher level of sport. The mean pain score during exercise before surgery was 8.17, whereas it was 1.74 after surgery. The overall mean patient satisfaction score was 8.64. Only 1 leg (2.8%) went on to develop posterior compartment syndrome. Conclusion: Isolated anterolateral fasciotomy for CECS produced excellent functional outcomes. Our rate of recurrence was low compared with those found in the literature, and 90% of participants returned to their same or higher level of sport postoperatively.
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11
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Ultrasound-Guided Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Cadaveric Investigation. PM R 2016; 9:683-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Zimmermann WO, Helmhout PH, Beutler A. Prevention and treatment of exercise related leg pain in young soldiers; a review of the literature and current practice in the Dutch Armed Forces. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2016; 163:94-103. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2016-000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Maffulli N, Loppini M, Spiezia F, D'Addona A, Maffulli GD. Single minimal incision fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg. J Orthop Surg Res 2016; 11:61. [PMID: 27221671 PMCID: PMC4878063 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-016-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) involves a painful increase in compartment pressure caused by exercise and relieved by rest, common in athletes. The most common site for CECS in the lower limbs is the anterior leg compartment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of a single minimal incision fasciotomy in athletes and their capability to return to high level sport activity. METHODS The study reports mid-term results in a series of 18 consecutive athletes with chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg who had undergone minimally invasive fasciotomy. Between 2000 and 2007, we prospectively enrolled 18 consecutive athletes (12 males and six females, median age 27 years) with unilateral or bilateral chronic exertional compartment syndrome undergoing unilateral or bilateral minimally invasive fasciotomy. Clinical outcomes were assessed with Short-Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36) and European Quality of Life-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) scale. The ability to participate in sport before and after surgery and the time to return to training (RTT) and to sport (RTS) were recorded. RESULTS The median follow-up after surgery was 36 months. Both questionnaires showed a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.0001) after surgery. At the time of the latest follow-up, 17 of 18 patients (94 %) had returned to pre-injury or higher levels of sport. Only one patient (6 %) returned to sport at lower levels than those of pre-injury status. The median time to return to training and to return to sport was 8 and 13 weeks, respectively. No severe complications or recurrence of the symptoms were recorded. CONCLUSIONS Minimally invasive fasciotomy is effective and safe for athletes suffering from unilateral or bilateral chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg with good results in the mid-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, England.
| | - Mattia Loppini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Biomedico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Trigoria, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Spiezia
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Biomedico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Trigoria, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio D'Addona
- Department of Public Health, Section of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", School of Medicine and Surgery, Naples, Italy
| | - Gayle D Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, England
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Balius R, Bong DA, Ardèvol J, Pedret C, Codina D, Dalmau A. Ultrasound-Guided Fasciotomy for Anterior Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Leg. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2016; 35:823-829. [PMID: 26960800 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.15.04058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is characterized by exertional pain and elevated intracompartmental pressures affecting the leg in physically active young people. In patients who have failed conservative measures, fasciotomy is the treatment of choice. This study presents a new method for performing fasciotomy using high-resolution ultrasound (US) guidance and reports on the clinical outcomes in a group of these patients. Over a 3-year period, 7 consecutive patients with a total of 9 involved legs presented clinically with anterior compartment chronic exertional compartment syndrome, which was confirmed by intracompartmental pressure measurements before and after exercise. After a US examination, fasciotomy under US guidance was performed. Preoperative and postoperative pain and activity levels were assessed as well as number of days needed to “return to play.” All patients had a decrease in pain, and all except 1 returned to presymptomatic exercise levels with a median return to play of 35 days.
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15
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Lohrer H, Nauck T, Lohrer L. Endoscopic-assisted Release of Lower Leg Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndromes. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2016; 24:19-23. [DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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van Zantvoort APM, de Bruijn JA, Winkes MB, Dielemans JP, van der Cruijsen-Raaijmakers M, Hoogeveen AR, Scheltinga MR. Isolated Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Lateral Lower Leg: A Case Series. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 3:2325967115617728. [PMID: 26740955 PMCID: PMC4687834 DOI: 10.1177/2325967115617728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise-induced lower leg pain may be caused by chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). The anterior (ant-CECS) or deep posterior compartment (dp-CECS) is usually affected. Knowledge regarding CECS of the lateral compartment (lat-CECS) is limited. Purpose: To describe demographic characteristics and symptoms in a consecutive series of patients with isolated CECS of the lateral compartment of the leg. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Since 2001, patients undergoing dynamic intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measurements for suspected CECS in a single institution were prospectively monitored. Individuals with a history possibly associated with lat-CECS and elevated ICP measurements (Pedowitz criteria) were identified. Exclusion criteria were concomitant ipsilateral ant-CECS/dp-CECS, acute compartment syndrome, recent significant trauma, peroneal nerve entrapment, or vascular claudication. Results: During an 11-year time period, a total of 26 patients with isolated lat-CECS fulfilled study criteria (15 females; median age, 21 years; range, 14-48 years). Frequently identified provocative sports were running (n = 4), walking (n = 4), field hockey (n = 3), soccer (n = 3), and volleyball (n = 2). Exercise-induced lateral lower leg pain (92%) and tightness (42%) were often reported. The syndrome was bilateral in almost two-thirds (62%, n = 16). Delay in diagnosis averaged 24 months (range, 2 months to 10 years). Conclusion: Young patients with exercise-induced pain in the lateral portions of the lower leg may suffer from isolated CECS of the lateral compartment. ICP measurements in the lateral compartment in these patients are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan A de Bruijn
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel B Winkes
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanne P Dielemans
- Máxima Medical Center Academy, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Adwin R Hoogeveen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marc R Scheltinga
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
Compartment syndrome is a fairly common condition noted in patients with fractures or crush injuries to the extremities (acute compartment syndrome) and in athletes (chronic compartment syndrome). Compartments bound by fascia are found in the extremities, buttocks, and abdomen; conditions that cause intracompartmental swelling and hypertension can lead to ischemia and limb loss. This article reviews diagnosis of the problem, monitoring of compartment pressure, and appropriate treatment.
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18
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Van der Wal WA, Heesterbeek PJC, Van den Brand JGH, Verleisdonk EJMM. The natural course of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:2136-41. [PMID: 24474581 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-2847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the natural course of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) in the lower leg. METHODS Twelve military men [mean age 30 (SD 4)] diagnosed with CECS after intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measurements immediately post-exercise in 21 legs, who did not undergo a fasciotomy, were reviewed and participated in a repeat pressure measurement after a mean time of 50 months (SD 15). RESULTS Sixteen of 21 legs still showed an ICP of 35 mm Hg or more (the cut-off point) at the second visit. All twelve patients still had typical complaints. Mean ICP at index measurement was 58 (SD 15) mm Hg. At the second visit, it was 51 (SD 15) mm Hg. Six patients chose to undergo a subcutaneous fasciotomy, and these six patients all benefited in the short term. CONCLUSION The natural course of CECS seems to be persistent symptoms over time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Case series with no comparative group, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Van der Wal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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19
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McCallum JR, Cook JB, Hines AC, Shaha JS, Jex JW, Orchowski JR. Return to duty after elective fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Foot Ankle Int 2014; 35:871-5. [PMID: 25049368 DOI: 10.1177/1071100714539661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Civilian literature has reported excellent outcomes after elective fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Our study's purpose was to objectively investigate the functional outcome of fasciotomies performed for CECS in a high demand military population. METHODS A retrospective review of all fasciotomies performed for CECS at a single tertiary military medical center was performed. The primary outcome measure was the ability to return to full active duty. Diagnosis, operative technique, and number of compartments addressed were collected and analyzed. Patients were contacted and the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, functional single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE) score, as well as overall satisfaction were reported. Return to duty status was collected on 70 of 70 (100%) consecutive operative extremities in 46 patients with an average follow-up of 26 months. RESULTS Only 19 patients (41.3%) were able to return to full active duty. Ten patients (21.7%) underwent a medical separation from the military and 17 patients (37%) remained in the military but were on restricted duty secondary to persistent leg pain. Thirty-five of 46 (76%) of the patients were contacted and provided subjective feedback. The average SANE score was 72.3, and there was a mean improvement of 4.4 points in VAS score postoperatively. Overall, 71% of patients were satisfied and would undergo the procedure again. Outcomes were correlated to operative technique, patient rank, and branch of military service. CONCLUSION Our study showed a return to full military duty in 41% of patients who underwent elective fasciotomy for CECS. Overall 78% of patients remained in the military, which is consistent with previous military literature. Subjective satisfaction rate was 71%. Both the return to activity and subjective outcomes in our study population were substantially lower than reported results in civilian populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay B Cook
- Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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20
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Sivaloganathan S, Sarraf KM, Vedi V. Compartment syndrome of the lower limb: how to diagnose it, assess it and not to miss it. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2012; 73:C137-40. [PMID: 23124368 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2012.73.sup9.c137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Lohrer H. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Letter to the editor. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38:NP1; author reply NP1-2. [PMID: 21123837 DOI: 10.1177/0363546510388597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is an underdiagnosed cause of chronic exertional leg pain. The syndrome most commonly occurs in young adult recreational runners, elite athletes, and military recruits. CECS is caused by increased intracompartmental pressure within a fascial space; however, the mechanism of why pain occurs is unknown. Symptoms are classically pain in the affected compartment at the same time, distance, or intensity of exercise. CECS is a clinical diagnosis; however, it is confirmed by intracompartmental pressure testing. Fasciotomy is the treatment of choice for athletes who would like to maintain the same level of activity. Athletes who have a release of the anterior and lateral compartments have a high success rate.
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24
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Frink M, Hildebrand F, Krettek C, Brand J, Hankemeier S. Compartment syndrome of the lower leg and foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468:940-50. [PMID: 19472025 PMCID: PMC2835588 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Compartment syndrome of the lower leg or foot, a severe complication with a low incidence, is mostly caused by high-energy deceleration trauma. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and intracompartmental pressure measurement. The most sensitive clinical symptom of compartment syndrome is severe pain. Clinical findings must be documented carefully. A fasciotomy should be performed when the difference between compartment pressure and diastolic blood pressure is less than 30 mm Hg or when clinical symptoms are obvious. Once the diagnosis is made, immediate fasciotomy of all compartments is required. Fasciotomy of the lower leg can be performed either by one lateral incision or by medial and lateral incisions. The compartment syndrome of the foot requires thorough examination of all compartments with special focus on the calcaneal compartment. Depending on the injury, clinical examination, and compartment pressure, fasciotomy is recommended via a dorsal and/or medial plantar approach. Surgical management does not eliminate the risk of developing nerve and muscle dysfunction. When left untreated, poor outcomes with contractures, toe deformities, paralysis, and sensory neuropathy can be expected. In severe cases, amputation may be necessary. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frink
- Department of Traumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Traumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Krettek
- Department of Traumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jurgen Brand
- Praxisklinik Uelzen, Celler Str. 26A, 29525 Uelzen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hankemeier
- Department of Traumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Single-incision endoscopically-assisted compartment releases for exertional compartment syndrome in pediatric patients. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e3181bb46d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Sebik A, Doğan A. A technique for arthroscopic fasciotomy for the chronic exertional tibialis anterior compartment syndrome. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2008; 16:531-4. [PMID: 18043906 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-007-0454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome (CECS) is a condition that causes pain over the front of the shin bone that usually occurs in physically active people, especially runners. It may require sometimes an immediate fasciotomy. A longitudinal incision just over the fibula has used as surgical treatment bad cosmetic appearance. Although nowadays mini surgical incisions are preferred. The aim of this study to evaluate a simple fasciotomy technique with a minimal incision by using arthroscope. Nine legs of six patients that diagnosed as CECS has underwent fasciotomy operation with a 1 cm incision. Complaints had disappeared after operation. The mean follow-up time is 2 years. The results were good all of the patients and they never experienced exertional pain episodes. The arthroscopic assisted mini incisional fasciotomy technique has advantage such as early rehabilitation and good cosmetic appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Sebik
- Orthopaedics and Trauma Department, School of Medicine, Yüzüncü Yil University, Kazim Karabekir Cad, 65100 Van, Turkey.
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27
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Lohrer H, Nauck T. Endoscopically assisted release for exertional compartment syndromes of the lower leg. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2007; 127:827-34. [PMID: 17279369 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-006-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic treatment of intractable chronic anterior and lateral exertional compartment syndromes of the lower leg in athletes is reported anecdotically only in six patients. HYPOTHESIS H(0) = There is no difference between preoperative and postoperative status after endoscopic release of chronic exertional compartment syndromes of the lower leg. STUDY DESIGN Case series; level of evidence, 4. METHODS We developed a minimally invasive, endoscopically assisted technique for release of chronic exertional compartment syndromes of the lower leg. All patients were investigated by telephone interview 47 months (range 5 months-7 years) after surgery. RESULTS This investigation comprises release of 19 deep posterior, 16 anterior, and 3 lateral compartments in 17 athletes. No complications were seen following endoscopic anterior and lateral compartment decompression, while two patients following deep posterior compartment release underwent open revision surgery due to hemorrhage. Initial endoscopic surgery in these two patients was performed under tourniquet. There were no postoperative complications due to vascular injuries in all further patients who were operated without tourniquet. Ten patients returned to previous sport activity. At follow-up, results were good or excellent in 10 out of 17 patients. Visual analogue pain scale ranged from 5 to 9 (mean 7.4) before surgery and from 1 to 8 (mean 2.4) at follow up (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms feasibility of endoscopic release for chronic exertional compartment syndromes of the lower leg on a larger scale. At least for the deep posterior compartment its safety and effectiveness cannot be recommended without stint as results are inferior as compared to data obtained from literature for open surgery. To avoid vascular complications, especially during deep posterior compartment fasciotomy it is most important to perform the procedure without tourniquet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Lohrer
- Institute for Sports Medicine Frankfurt/Main, Otto-Fleck-Schneise 10, 60528, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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28
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Cebesoy O, Kose K. Is the diagnosis as simple as the treatment? Diagnostic pitfalls in chronic exertional compartment syndrome? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007; 15:109; author reply 110. [PMID: 17177053 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-006-0240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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