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The posterior cortical axis as an alternative reference for femoral component placement in total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:603. [PMID: 33308249 PMCID: PMC7730782 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-02146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several reference axes have been established for determining femoral rotational alignment during total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the most accurate axis is undetermined. This study determines the relationship between the posterior cortical axis (PCA) and the trochlear anterior line (TAL) of the femur in relation to the epicondylar axis. Methods A total of 341 patients who underwent TKA for osteoarthritis were enrolled. Patients who had undergone previous bony surgery or replacement that might have changed the femoral geometry were excluded. Finally, 336 patients (200 females and 136 males) were included in the study. The angles between the transepicondylar axis (TEA) and TAL and TEA and the femoral PCA (FPCA) were evaluated. We also assessed whether there was any significant differences in variance and gender in these two angles. Student’s t tests were used to determine the significance of coronal alignment and any gender-based differences. The variances between the TAL/TEA and FPCA/TEA angles were compared using F tests. Results The FPCA was externally rotated by 2.6° ± 3.6°, and the trochlear anterior line was internally rotated by 5.2° ± 5.5°, relative to the TEA. Gender-based differences were observed in the comparisons between anatomical references and TEA. Conclusions The FPCA is a more conservative landmark than the TAL for intraoperative or postoperative approximation of the TEA. When conventional reference axes, such as the posterior condylar axis and the anteroposterior axis, are inaccurate, surgeons can refer to this alternative reference. These findings demonstrate that the FPCA may be useful for determining the rotational alignment of the femoral component before and during TKA.
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Nam JH, Koh YG, Kim PS, Kang K, Kang KT. The femoral trochlear anterior line is a better alternative intra-operative reference compared to femoral anterior tangent line for femoral rotation in both genders in total knee arthroplasty. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:43. [PMID: 32514814 PMCID: PMC7280378 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the most reliable reference axis for the femoral component rotation in TKA patients by comparing the trochlear anterior line (TAL) and the femoral anterior tangent line (FAT). To evaluate the variability of each anatomic parameter in a Korean population. Methods Magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were taken for 500 patients (400 females and 100 males) with knee joint osteoarthritis who had Kellgren and Lawrence grade 3 and 4 prior to TKA in our institution between February 2016 and September 2017. It was investigated that whether significant differences in variance and gender exist for TAL and FAT. Results TAL and the FAT were internally rotated by 5.1° ± 3.1° and 6.8° ± 6.1°, respectively, about the Transepicondylar axis (TEA). Although no gender-related differences were found for the TAL, they were found for the FAT. The variance of the TAL with respect to the TEA was significantly smaller compared with that for the FAT and thus exhibited a more consistent distribution. In addition, such a trend was found for both genders. Conclusions The results show that the TAL is a favorable index for appropriate rotational alignment of the femoral component in TKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gon Koh
- Joint Reconstruction Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei Sarang Hospital, 10 Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06698, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Shinil Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The bone hospital, 67, Dongjak-daero, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Kang
- Orthopaedic Clinic, Gaja Yonsei Hospital, A-304,7, Janggogae-ro 337 beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tak Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Jang ES, Connors-Ehlert R, LiArno S, Geller JA, Cooper HJ, Shah RP. Accuracy of Reference Axes for Femoral Component Rotation in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Computed Tomography-Based Study of 2,128 Femora. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2019; 101:e125. [PMID: 31800427 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.19.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many reference axes are used to evaluate rotation of the femoral component during total knee arthroplasty, including the Whiteside line, surgical transepicondylar axis (sTEA), anatomical transepicondylar axis (aTEA), posterior condylar axis externally rotated 3° (PCA+3°ER), sulcus line, and femoral transverse axis (FTA). There is no consensus about which of these axes is most accurate. METHODS The Stryker Orthopaedic Modeling and Analytics (SOMA) database was used to identify 2,128 entire-femur computed tomography (CT) scans. The Whiteside line, aTEA, PCA+3°ER, sulcus line, and FTA were constructed according to published guidelines. Every axis was compared with the sTEA, which is widely regarded as the gold standard reference axis for rotation of the distal part of the femur but has low intraobserver and interobserver reliability intraoperatively. RESULTS The PCA+3°ER differed from the sTEA by a mean (and standard deviation) of 0.60° ± 1.64°; it was the most accurate but also had the highest degree of intersubject variability. The mean PCA-sTEA angle was 2.40°, close to the accepted "rule of thumb" of 3°. This value was significantly higher in women (2.64° ± 1.74°) than in men (2.18° ± 1.52°; p < 0.001). The Whiteside line differed from the sTEA by a mean of 1.90° ± 1.38°, and the sulcus line differed from the sTEA by a mean of 1.94° ± 1.49°; neither of these values varied significantly with sex or ethnicity. The FTA differed from the sTEA by a mean of 2.04° ± 1.50°. Least accurate was the aTEA, which differed from the sTEA by a mean of 2.05° ± 1.33°. The combination of 3 axes that are readily available intraoperatively (the Whiteside line, aTEA, and PCA+3°ER) differed from the sTEA by a mean of 1.80° ± 0.70°. CONCLUSIONS In the largest study of its kind, analysis of CT scans of 2,128 femora revealed that no 1 axis could serve as a marker of femoral component rotation with both high accuracy and low variability. Utilizing a combination of 3 methods (PCA+3°ER, the Whiteside or sulcus line, and aTEA) to maximize accuracy and sex and ethnic generalizability when positioning the femoral component is recommended. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A large-scale study using a CT-based biomorphometric database demonstrated that use of a combination of 3 axes (PCA+3°ER, the Whiteside or sulcus line, and aTEA) was the optimal strategy for judging femoral component rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene S Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Jeffrey A Geller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - H John Cooper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Roshan P Shah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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The shape and orientation of the trochlea run more parallel to the posterior condylar line than generally believed. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:2685-2691. [PMID: 28849244 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was set up to identify the native trochlear geometry and define its relationship with the rotational landmarks of the distal femur. METHODS The rotational landmarks of the distal femur were analysed on CT-scans of 281 patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. RESULTS The anterior trochlear line (ATL) was on average 4.3° (SD 3.3°) internally rotated relative to the surgical transepicondylar axis (sTEA). The ATL was on average 2.1° (SD 3.0°) internally rotated relative to the posterior condylar line (PCL). The relationship between the ATL and the sTEA was statistically different in the different coronal alignment groups (p = 0.004): 3.9° (SD 3.0°) in varus knees, 4.0° (SD 2.9°) in neutral knees and 5.4° (SD 3.8°) in valgus knees. The lateralisation of the trochlea, represented by the distance between the perpendicular to PCL and the perpendicular to the posterior parallel line to the sTEA, was on average 2.2 mm (SD 1.8 mm). CONCLUSION The ATL was on average 4.3° (SD 3.3°) internally rotated relative to the sTEA and 2.1° (SD 3.0°) internally rotated relative to the PCL. The ATL is more externally orientated in varus knees and more internally rotated in valgus knees. The trochlear groove is lateralised by only 2.2 mm when the femoral component is externally rotated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Lee SY, Lim HC, Jang KM, Bae JH. What Factors Are Associated With Femoral Component Internal Rotation in TKA Using the Gap Balancing Technique? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:1999-2010. [PMID: 28337656 PMCID: PMC5498379 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When using the gap-balancing technique for TKA, excessive medial release and varus proximal tibial resection can be associated with internal rotation of the femoral component. Previous studies have evaluated the causes of femoral component rotational alignment with a separate factor analysis using unadjusted statistical methods, which might result in treatment effects being attributed to confounding variables. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) What pre- and intraoperative factors are associated with internal rotation of the femoral component in TKA using the gap balancing technique? (2) To what degree does femoral component rotation as defined by the navigation system differ from rotation as measured by postoperative CT? METHODS Three hundred seventy-seven knees that underwent computer-assisted primary TKA attributable to degenerative osteoarthritis with varus or mild valgus alignment in which medial soft tissue release was performed, and those with preoperative radiographs including preoperative CT between October 2007 and June 2014 were included in the study. To achieve a balanced mediolateral gap, the structures released during each medial release step were as follows: Step 1, deep medial collateral ligament (MCL); Step 2, superficial MCL (proximal, above the pes anserine tendon) and semimembranosus tendon; and Step 3, the superficial MCL (distal, below the pes anserine tendon). Knees with internal rotation of the femoral component, which was directed by navigation, to achieve a rectangular mediolateral flexion gap were considered cases, and knees without internally rotated femoral components were considered controls. Univariable analysis of the variables (age, sex, BMI, operated side, preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, preoperative medial proximal tibial angle, preoperative rotation degree of the clinical transepicondylar axis [TEA] relative to the posterior condylar axis [PCA], coronal angle of resected tibia, resection of the posterior cruciate ligament, type of prosthesis, and extent of medial release) of cases and controls was performed, followed by a multivariable logistic regression analysis on those factors where p equals 0.15 or less. For an evaluation of navigation error, 88 knees that underwent postoperative CT were analyzed. Postoperative CT scans were obtained for patients with unexplained pain or stiffness after the operations. Using the paired t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis, the postoperative TEA-PCA measured with postoperative CT was compared with theoretical TEA-PCA, which was calculated with preoperative TEA-PCA and actual femoral component rotation checked by the navigation system. RESULTS After controlling for a relevant confounding variable such as postoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, we found that the extent of medial release (Step 1 as reference; Step 2: odds ratio [OR], 5.7, [95% CI, 2.2-15]; Step 3: OR, 22, [95% CI, 7.8-62], p < 0.001) was the only factor we identified that was associated with internal rotation of the femoral component. With the numbers available, we found no difference between the mean theoretical postoperative TEA-PCA and the postoperative TEA-PCA measured using postoperative CT (4.8° ± 2.7º versus 5.0° ± 2.3º; mean difference, 0.2° ± 1.5º; p = 0.160). CONCLUSIONS Extent of medial release was the only factor we identified that was associated with internal rotation of the femoral component in gap-balancing TKA. To avoid internal rotation of the femoral component, we recommend a carefully subdivided medial-releasing technique, especially for the superficial MCL because once the superficial MCL has been completely released it cannot easily be restored. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, therapeutic study.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/methods
- Case-Control Studies
- Female
- Femur/diagnostic imaging
- Femur/physiopathology
- Femur/surgery
- Humans
- Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging
- Knee Joint/physiopathology
- Knee Joint/surgery
- Knee Prosthesis
- Male
- Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee/physiopathology
- Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee/surgery
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament/physiopathology
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery
- Postoperative Period
- Range of Motion, Articular
- Rotation
- Tibia/physiopathology
- Tibia/surgery
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yup Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul Barunsesang Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Chul Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul Barunsesang Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Mo Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Medical College, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Bae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Medical College, Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
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Lin SJ, Lee CY, Huang KC, Peng KT, Huang TW, Lee MS, Hsu RWW, Shen WJ. Improved femoral component rotation in advanced genu valgum deformity using computer-assisted measured resection total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res 2015; 10:135. [PMID: 26328925 PMCID: PMC4557226 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-015-0279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate femoral rotational alignment is of vital importance for successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The value of computer-assisted surgery TKA (CAS-TKA) in increasing the accuracy of femoral rotational alignment remains controversial. We hypothesize that outcomes are related to the severity of preoperative varus and valgus deformity and that CAS-TKA may be beneficial under certain circumstances. Methods Between January 2007 and December 2013, patients with osteoarthritis and varus angulation in the mechanical axis (MA) ≥ 15° and valgus angulation in the MA ≥ 10° (based on hip-to-ankle standing radiography) who underwent TKA were divided into four groups. CAS-TKA and conventional TKA outcomes were compared in patients who had preoperative advanced genu varum and advanced genu valgum deformities. The accuracy of component alignment and postoperative limb alignment was determined using radiographic parameters and computed tomography (CT). Results One hundred and eight patients (144 knees) were included in the analysis. For patients with preoperative advanced genu varum deformity, a significant difference was detected in the sagittal femoral angle (p < 0.001), but no significant improvement of femoral rotational alignment was noted (p = 0.127). In patients with preoperative advanced genu valgum deformity, a significant difference was found in the sagittal femoral angle (p = 0.034). The femoral rotational angle was significantly closer to the proper position in the CAS-TKA group (p < 0.001). When comparing the percentage of knees achieving the proper alignment, there was a decrease in the amount of outlier for the femoral rotational angle for CAS-TKA in advanced genu valgum deformity (p = 0.011). Conclusions Our data demonstrate that CAS-TKA is beneficial in obtaining proper femoral rotational alignment in patients with advanced genu valgum deformity (preoperative MA ≥ 10° valgus). In patients with advanced genu varum deformity (preoperative MA ≥ 15° varus), CAS-TKA did not improve the femoral rotational alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jie Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 6, West Section, Chia-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, 613, Chia-Yi Hsien, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ying Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 6, West Section, Chia-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, 613, Chia-Yi Hsien, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 6, West Section, Chia-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, 613, Chia-Yi Hsien, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 6, West Section, Chia-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, 613, Chia-Yi Hsien, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Tsan-Wen Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 6, West Section, Chia-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, 613, Chia-Yi Hsien, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Mel S Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, DAPI Rd. Niaosng Dist., Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Wen-Wei Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 6, West Section, Chia-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, 613, Chia-Yi Hsien, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Wun-Jer Shen
- Po-Cheng Orthopedic Institute, 100 Bo-ai, 2nd Road, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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