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Geethan I, HarriVishnu M, Sindhanai V, Subashankar A, KanniRaj M. In Vitro Study of Gentamicin Elution from Tendon Grafts. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1118-1125. [PMID: 37384018 PMCID: PMC10293150 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-00897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Though vancomycin-soaked graft reduces the infection rate after ACL reconstruction, concerns exist regarding this usage. Gentamicin has been used for graft soakage with satisfactory clinical results but gentamicin's elution characteristics are unknown. Methods Thirty Bovine tendon grafts were harvested from ten limbs under sterile conditions. Three tendons from each of the limbs were allotted into three groups and soaked in either saline, gentamicin or vancomycin. Pre-soakage and post-soakage swabs were cultured. Soaked grafts were immersed in a 10 ml saline solution for 5 min (initial washout) and then in another 10 ml saline solution (sustained release) for 10 min. No 1 Whatman filter paper was immersed in the solutions and placed on culture plates streaked with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (CONS) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and inhibition was noted. The difference between the two proportions was assessed by two proportion t-test for p < 0.05. Results No organism was cultured in the pre-soakage or post-soakage swab in any specimen. Specimens from one limb were excluded since saline-soakage showed inhibition. Elution from gentamicin-soaked graft inhibited CONS in eight out of nine samples in initial washout and all samples in sustained release solution but inhibited MRSA only in one sample in sustained release solution and the initial washout solution. Vancomycin elution inhibited both organisms in all samples. Conclusions Gentamicin elution from tendon graft achieves minimal inhibitory concentration against susceptible organisms. Though its clinical utility is restricted by limited antimicrobial spectrum, and it could be used where the risk of contamination by MRSA is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Geethan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Perambalur, 620021 India
- 20-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, K K Nagar Post, Trichy, 620021 India
- Knee and Shoulder Surgery, Arthroscopy Centre Trichy, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - M. HarriVishnu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Perambalur, 620021 India
| | - V. Sindhanai
- Department of Microbiology, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Perambalur, India
| | - A. Subashankar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Perambalur, 620021 India
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Pfeiffer TR, Althoff A, Krombholz S, Dautert M, Naendrup JH, Guenther D, Bouillon B, Thevis M. Vancomycin Concentrations in Synovial Fluid Do Not Reach Chondrotoxic Thresholds After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Vancomycin-Soaked Autologous Soft Tissue Grafts: An In Vivo Prospective Observational Study in Humans. Am J Sports Med 2023:3635465231169040. [PMID: 37161935 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231169040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have revealed that vancomycin soaking of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft can drastically reduce the incidence of postoperative infections after ACL reconstruction. However, it remains unknown whether the chondrotoxic threshold of vancomycin in synovial fluid is exceeded during this process. Several studies investigated the chondrotoxic properties of vancomycin in in vitro experiments and described a concentration of 1000 µg/mL as the critical threshold. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of the study was to measure the vancomycin concentration in synovial fluid after ACL reconstruction with vancomycin-soaked autografts. It was hypothesized that intra-articular vancomycin concentrations in the synovial fluid would not reach the chondrotoxic threshold of 1000 µg/mL after vancomycin soaking of autologous semitendinosus tendon and soft tissue quadriceps tendon grafts for ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS The study enrolled 10 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction using 4-strand semitendinosus tendon autografts and 10 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction using soft tissue quadriceps tendon autografts. Before implantation, each harvested graft was intraoperatively wrapped in gauze swabs that had been soaked in a 5-mg/mL vancomycin solution. After wound closure, an aspirate of 5 mL of synovial fluid was taken from each patient. The vancomycin concentration of the aspirate was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Spearman rho correlation coefficients were used to identify relationships between the parameters, and the t test was used to test for differences between graft types. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The study included 20 patients (14 women and 6 men; age, 29.35 ± 11.3 years). The mean vancomycin concentration measured in the synovial fluid was 23.23 ± 21.68 µg/mL, with a minimum concentration of 2.32 µg/mL and a maximum concentration of 71.56 µg/mL. No significant difference was found between the 2 graft types (P = .911). Significant positive correlation (r = 0.644; P < .05) was observed only between the vancomycin concentration and the mean duration from initiation of vancomycin soaking of semitendinosus tendon grafts to implantation (13.4 ± 6 minutes). No correlations were observed between the vancomycin concentration and the duration from implantation to fluid aspiration or between the vancomycin concentration and the graft diameter (median, 8.5 mm; range, 6.0-10.0 mm) for both graft types. CONCLUSION Chondrotoxic vancomycin concentrations ≥1000 µg/mL were not reached in any aspiration of synovial fluid after ACL reconstruction using soft tissue autografts that were intraoperatively soaked in a 5-mg/mL vancomycin solution. Against the backdrop of multiple studies that showed significantly reduced infection rates after ACL reconstruction when vancomycin soaking was used, this study suggests that the chondrotoxic properties of this method are negligible because of its submarginal intra-articular concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Pfeiffer
- Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arne Althoff
- Department of Experimental Sports Traumatology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Sophia Krombholz
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Dautert
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Naendrup
- Department of Experimental Sports Traumatology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Daniel Guenther
- Department of Experimental Sports Traumatology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Bertil Bouillon
- Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Hu M, Zhang Y, Shang G, Guo J, Xu H, Ma X, Yang X, Xiang S. Vancomycin presoak reduces infection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:267. [PMID: 37020216 PMCID: PMC10074692 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of vancomycin presoak treatment of grafts during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the incidence of postoperative infection or septic arthritis. METHODS Studies published before May 3, 2022 investigating vancomycin presoak of grafts during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were searched in the PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies were screened, and data on the incidence of postoperative infection or septic arthritis were extracted and included in the analysis. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included for analysis after search screening, yielding a total of 31,150 participants for analysis, of whom 11,437 received graft vancomycin presoak treatment, and 19,713 did not receive treatment. Participants who received vancomycin treatment had significantly lower infection rates (0.09% versus 0.74%; OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.10, 0.30; P < 0.00001). CONCLUSION Pre-soaking of the graft with vancomycin during ACL reconstruction reduced the incidence of postoperative infection and septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Hu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guangqian Shang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Operation Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Dyer OL, Wheatley BB, Seeley MA. Short-term vancomycin and buffer soaking does not change rabbit achilles tendon tensile material properties. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 102:105874. [PMID: 36621306 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allograft tendons are commonly used during orthopedic surgery to reconstruct tissue that is severely damaged. Soaking the tendon in an antibiotic solution, specifically vancomycin, has been shown to lower the risk of post-operative infections. While some material properties of tendon and ligament after antibiotic soaking have previously been characterized, extensive sub-failure allograft tendon material properties after soaking in antibiotic solutions have not. METHODS Forty tendons were dissected from rabbits and soaked in either a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) only solution or vancomycin and PBS solution for five or 30 min. Immediately after soaking, quasi-static tensile experiments were performed in a materials testing system. FINDINGS Tissue nominal stress, Lagrange strain, toe-region properties and elastic modulus were characterized. For all forty tendons, the average elastic modulus was found to be 455 ± 37 MPa, the average transition strain (from toe-region to linear elastic region) was 0.0487 ± 0.0035, and the average transition stress was 9.71 ± 0.79 MPa. No statistically significant differences in any of these material properties were found across soaking medium or soaking time. INTERPRETATION From these results, we conclude that soaking an allograft tendon in antibiotic solution for up to 30 min prior to implantation does not change the tensile material properties of tendons, supporting current clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Dyer
- Musculoskeletal Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America.
| | - Benjamin B Wheatley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United States of America.
| | - Mark A Seeley
- Musculoskeletal Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America.
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5
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A Review of Evidence for Infection Reduction With Vancomycin-treated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:e1571-e1579. [PMID: 36476465 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-22-00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a rare but devastating complication. Several risk factors and known sources of infection have been identified in the literature. There is growing interest and supportive evidence for a targeted invention aimed at graft decontamination, which has led some surgeons to adopt the use of antibiotic solution soaks and/or wraps applied to ACL grafts before graft implantation in an attempt to reduce the risk of postoperative infection. Despite this, adoption of this technique remains relatively low among surgeons because of a variety of factors: (1) lack of awareness, (2) confusion over optimal protocols, (3) concern for graft viability and clinical outcomes, and (4) efforts to minimize the cost of surgery. However, recently published literature demonstrates notable risk reduction for infection, acceptable safety, no detrimental effect on clinical outcomes, and overall cost-effectiveness with the use of vancomycin graft soaks and wraps. Currently, there is a lack of consensus for clinical protocols, and the protocol that is most efficacious remains unclear. The purpose of this review article was to present the current evidence for ACL graft treatment with vancomycin for the prevention of postoperative infection.
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Bouguennec N, Thaunat M, Barth J, Cavaignac E, Gunepin FX, Letartre R, Netten A, Pujol N, Rousseau T, Sbihi J, Mouton C, Sfa TFAS. Consensus statement on data to be entered in the ACL tear registry: SFA-DataLake. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2022; 108:103392. [PMID: 36064107 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a frequent procedure, with room for improvement by rehabilitation measures and associated peripheral and meniscal surgeries that are currently under assessment, requiring follow-up. Outside France, there have been ACL registries for 20 years now. The French Arthroscopy Society (SFA) decided to set up an ACL tear registry within its SFA DataLake registry platform. MATERIAL AND METHOD This article presents the methodology underlying the ACL Tear Registry: i.e., identification, definition and coding of essential and relevant data. A test phase comprised an initial assessment to improve data quality and overall coherence, to optimize data-entry time for patients and practitioners, who are the guarantors of the registry's use and efficacy. RESULTS The SFA DataLake ACL Tear Registry was made available to SFA members in December 2021. It aims to enable a review of practices for surgeons, early detection of failure of procedures and implants, with rates of failure and abnormal complications, and identification of prognostic factors for outcome, especially regarding original items that do not figure in previous registries. CONCLUSION SFA DataLake strikes a balance between "indispensable" and "original" items. The choice of contents and data quality is founded on a robust methodology with overall coherence, enabling analysis of large cohorts and comparisons with the literature and other registries. However, it remains to assess rates of data entry and item relevance as the Registry progresses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu Thaunat
- Ramsay santé, centre orthopédique Santy, hôpital privé Jean-Mermoz, 24, avenue Paul-Santy, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Johannes Barth
- Clinique des Cèdres, 21, avenue Albert-Londres, 38130 Échirolles, France
| | - Etienne Cavaignac
- Clinique universitaire du sport, 1, place du Docteur Joseph-Baylac, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - François-Xavier Gunepin
- Clinique mutualiste de la porte de l'Orient, 3 rue Robert-de-La-Croix, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Romain Letartre
- Ramsay santé, hôpital privé la Louvière, 126, rue de la Louvière, 59800 Lille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pujol
- Centre hospitalier de Versailles, 177, rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - Thomas Rousseau
- Clinique mutualiste catalane, 60, rue Louis-Mouillard, 66000 Perpignan, France
| | - Jaafar Sbihi
- Clinique Juge, 116, rue J.-Mermoz, 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Mouton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Science, centre hospitalier Luxembourg, clinique d'Eich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Figueroa F, Figueroa D, Calvo R, Nuñez M, Serrano G, Barrera J, Putnis S. Vancomycin Presoaking of Hamstring Autografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Is Associated With Higher Magnetic Resonance Imaging Graft Signal Without Influencing Clinical Outcome. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:1528-1534. [PMID: 34600069 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the clinical and imaging results of a series of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with vancomycin presoaking of the hamstring autograft compared with patients in the immediate period prior, when no vancomycin was used. METHODS This was a retrospective sequential series of patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using either a graft protocol with no vancomycin presoaking (group 1, January 2013 to October 2015) or a graft protocol with vancomycin presoaking (group 2, November 2015 to December 2018). Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores were obtained at a minimum 24-month follow-up. Graft ruptures were recorded. Between 6 and 12 months' follow-up, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained to evaluate graft healing and integration. RESULTS There were 102 patients (72% male patients), with 40 in group 1 (mean age, 32.2 years) and 62 in group 2 (mean age, 32.3 years). A graft rupture occurred in 5 patients (13%) in group 1 and 6 patients (10%) in group 2 (P = .65). The median Lysholm score was 95 points (interquartile range [IQR], 86-100 points) in group 1 and 95 points (IQR, 90-100 points) in group 2 (P = .37). The median International Knee Documentation Committee score was 93 points (IQR, 82-99 points) in group 1 and 94 points (IQR, 86-99 points) in group 2 (P = .22). MRI evaluation of integration showed that 87 patients (90%) had no synovial fluid at the tunnel-graft interface, without a difference between groups (P = .24). On the basis of graft signal appearance, hyperintense grafts were found in 45 patients (46%); isointense, 45 (46%); and hypointense, 7 (7%). Group 1 had a higher prevalence of hypointense grafts, whereas group 2 had a higher prevalence of hyperintense and isointense grafts (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS Vancomycin presoaking of hamstring grafts increased the number of hyperintense and isointense grafts on MRI. Additionally, more hypointense grafts were noted when vancomycin was not used, suggesting the presence of more mature grafts in the non-vancomycin group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Calvo
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Javier Barrera
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Xiao M, Abrams GD. Editorial Commentary: Soaking Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts in Vancomycin Solution Lowers Infection Rates Without Lowering Functional Outcomes. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:1535-1536. [PMID: 35501018 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soaking anterior cruciate ligament grafts in vancomycin solution is done by many surgeons. Research has indicated decreased infection rates and similar anterior cruciate ligament retear rates between grafts soaked in vancomycin solution before implantation versus those without. In addition, there has been basic science evidence for tenocyte survival and viability even when exposed to vancomycin solution. The next frontier, investigating the maturation of vancomycin-soaked grafts with advanced imaging, may cause some surgeons to reconsider the practice but should not stop it, based on the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Stanford University School of Medicine (M.X.)
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9
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Pullen WM, Money AJ, Ray TE, Freehill MT, Sherman SL. Postoperative Infection: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment Guidelines for the Sports Surgeon. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2022; 30:17-23. [PMID: 35113838 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative infection remains a potentially devastating complication facing the sports medicine surgeon. Infection prevention begins with a thorough history and physical examination to identify patient specific risk factors and aid in risk stratification. Perioperative steroid injections should be used cautiously, with increased time prior to or following surgery being associated with lower infection risk. Sterile preparation with an alcohol containing solution is typically preferred, though there is limited evidence to identify which product is superior. Diagnosis can be challenging with a high index of suspicion needed to identify and appropriately manage patients. Treatment involves prompt irrigation and debridement with deep cultures. Antibiotic coverage should begin with empiric broad treatment and be tailored based on culture results. Early consultation with an infectious disease specialist is recommended to ensure appropriate antibiotic coverage and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Pullen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Adam J Money
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Taylor E Ray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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10
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Truong AP, Pérez-Prieto D, Byrnes J, Monllau JC, Vertullo CJ. Vancomycin Soaking Is Highly Cost-Effective in Primary ACLR Infection Prevention: A Cost-Effectiveness Study. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:922-931. [PMID: 35180008 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211073338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although presoaking grafts in vancomycin has been demonstrated to be effective in observational studies for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) infection prevention, the economic benefit of the technique is uncertain. PURPOSE To 1) determine the cost-effectiveness of vancomycin presoaking during primary ACLR to prevent postoperative joint infections and 2) to establish the break-even cost-effectiveness threshold of the technique and determine its cost-effectiveness across various international health care settings. STUDY DESIGN Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A Markov model was used to determine cost-effectiveness and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of additional vancomycin presoaking compared with intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis alone. A repeated search of the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, using the same criteria as a recent meta-analysis, was completed. A repeated meta-analysis of 9 cohort studies (level 3 evidence) was completed to determine the odds ratio of infection with vancomycin presoaking compared with intravenous antibiotics alone. Estimated costs of the vancomycin technique, treatment of infection, and further surgery were sourced from local hospitals and literature. Transitional probabilities for further surgery, including revision reconstruction and primary arthroplasty, were obtained from the literature. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses and a 1-way sensitivity analysis were performed to evaluate the ACLR infection rate break-even threshold for which the vancomycin technique would be no longer cost-effective. RESULTS The vancomycin soaking technique provides expected cost savings of $660 (USA), A$581 (Australia), and €226 (Spain) per patient. There was an improvement in the quality-adjusted life-years of 0.007 compared with intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis alone (4.297 vs 4.290). If the infection rate is below 0.014% with intravenous antibiotics alone, the vancomycin wrap would no longer be cost-effective. CONCLUSION The vancomycin presoaking technique is a highly cost-effective method to prevent postoperative septic arthritis after primary ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Truong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Toowoomba Base Hospital & Gold Coast University Hospital, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Pérez-Prieto
- ICATKNEE, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joan C Monllau
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital del Mar ICATKNEE, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher J Vertullo
- Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine Centre, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Knee Research Australia, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Knee Society.,Australian Orthopaedic Association.,AOA Continuing Orthopaedic Education
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11
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Carrozzo A, Saithna A, Ferreira A, Guy S, Chadli L, Monaco E, Pérez-Prieto D, Bohu Y, Vieira TD, Sonnery-Cottet B. Presoaking ACL Grafts in Vancomycin Decreases the Frequency of Postoperative Septic Arthritis: A Cohort Study of 29,659 Patients, Systematic Review, and Meta-analysis From the SANTI Study Group. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671211073928. [PMID: 35155711 PMCID: PMC8832611 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211073928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Presoaking anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts in vancomycin has been reported to reduce the occurrence of septic arthritis (SA). However, strong recommendations for its universal use have been precluded by concerns regarding the fragility of previous meta-analyses. Purpose: The primary objective was to investigate whether presoaking ACL grafts in vancomycin was associated with a reduction in the rate of SA in a large series of patients. The secondary objective was to perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of vancomycin in reducing the rate of SA. Study Design: Cohort study and systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR) at our institution was undertaken. Rates of postoperative SA were determined and analyzed according to whether patients had received grafts presoaked in vancomycin. A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of SA were calculated according to the inverse variance approach. Results were presented using forest plots, funnel plots, and the fragility index. Results: A total of 5300 patients underwent primary ACLR during the study period. The rate of SA was 0.34% (11/3228) in the control group and 0.05% (1/2072) in the presoaked group. There was a 5-fold greater risk of SA in patients who did not receive grafts presoaked in vancomycin (OR, 5.13 [95% CI, 1.16-48.30]; P = .04). Overall, 11 studies were included in the systematic review (29,659 ACLR procedures). The meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly greater risk of SA in those patients who did not receive grafts presoaked in vancomycin (OR, 14.39 [95% CI, 5.90-35.10]; fragility index = 23). This finding held true for the subpopulation receiving hamstring tendon grafts (fragility index = 16), but only a trend was demonstrated for bone–patellar tendon–bone grafts. Conclusion: The meta-analysis demonstrated that presoaking ACL grafts in vancomycin was associated with significant reductions in the rates of SA when all graft types were analyzed together. This finding held true specifically for hamstring tendon autografts. The fragility index of these findings allows for a strong recommendation for the universal use of vancomycin presoaking. However, it should be noted that only a trend toward reduced SA rates was demonstrated with presoaking bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts in vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edoardo Monaco
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Pérez-Prieto
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Traumatology and Sports Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoann Bohu
- Clinique du Sport, Paris, France
- Institut de l’Appareil Locomoteur Nollet, Paris, France
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Figueroa F, Figueroa D, Calvo R, Vaisman A, Nuñez M, Putnis S. Vancomycin Presoaking of the Graft Appears to Prevent Infection After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. HSS J 2022; 18:138-144. [PMID: 35087344 PMCID: PMC8753556 DOI: 10.1177/15563316211011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Vancomycin presoaking of the graft has been shown to decrease infection rates in some case series of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Purpose: We sought to substantiate the efficacy of vancomycin presoaked grafts for the prevention of infection after ACL reconstruction. Methods: We performed a systematic review of Medline and OVID to assess the incidence of postoperative infection in studies comparing patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with the use of vancomycin presoaked ACL grafts and a control group of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction without the use of presoaked grafts. The efficacy of vancomycin presoaking was calculated using the Agresti-Coull confidence interval. Relative risk (RR) was calculated for every study and the total sample. Results: The 11 studies that met inclusion criteria comprised 24,298 patients. In patients with vancomycin presoaking of the graft, 1 infection was reported in 8764 cases (0.01% rate). In the studies with control groups that did not have vancomycin presoaked grafts, there were 125 infections in 15,534 ACL reconstructions (0.8% rate). The efficacy of vancomycin presoaking in preventing infection after ACL reconstruction was 99.9% (0.999%-1.000% CI). The overall RR obtained was 0.07 (0.03-0.16 CI). All included studies were retrospective cohort studies (level III). Conclusions: Vancomycin presoaking of the graft has been shown to decrease infection rates after ACL reconstruction in studies of low evidence level. This suggests the need for prospective randomized controlled trials addressing this issue so that recommendations on the routine use of vancomycin presoaking of ACL grafts can be made with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana and Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura, Chile,Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile,Francisco Figueroa, MD, Clinica Alemana and Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura, Santiago, MD, Chile.
| | - David Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana and Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura, Chile
| | - Rafael Calvo
- Clinica Alemana and Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura, Chile
| | - Alex Vaisman
- Clinica Alemana and Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura, Chile,Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marilaura Nuñez
- Clinica Alemana and Universidad del Desarrollo, Vitacura, Chile
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13
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A Current Concepts Review The role of vancomycin-soaking of the graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J ISAKOS 2022; 7:94-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Xiao M, Sherman SL, Safran MR, Abrams GD. Surgeon practice patterns for pre-soaking ACL tendon grafts in vancomycin: a survey of the ACL study group. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:1920-1926. [PMID: 32902684 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To survey members of The ACL study group to determine the current practice patterns surrounding the technique of pre-soaking ACL grafts in vancomycin. METHODS A web-based questionnaire was distributed to members of the ACL Study Group. Questions included the use of vancomycin solution for graft soaking during ACL reconstruction, their protocol for soaking the graft, vancomycin concentration utilized, graft choices, and concerns with the technique. RESULTS Sixty-six (57%) ACL surgeons completed the survey. Approximately one-third (37.9%) of respondents currently pre-soak their ACL grafts in vancomycin prior to implantation, with 60% of these surgeons being from Europe. Seventy-six percent have adopted this practice within the past 5 years. The majority of surgeons wrap the graft in a vancomycin-soaked gauze prior to implantation (56%), soak for a variable amount of time before implantation (56%), use a concentration of 5 mg/mL (68%), and soak hamstring grafts (92%). Concerns included the mechanical properties of the graft (35%), cost of vancomycin (23%), availability (12%), and antibiotic resistance (9%). CONCLUSION This survey demonstrates that 37.9% of ACL study group members currently utilize vancomycin to pre-soak ACL tendon grafts as a means to decrease post-operative infection risk, with the majority of surgeons having implemented this practice within the past 5 years. The biggest concern towards using vancomycin was the mechanical properties of the graft after soaking. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 341 Galvez St, Mail Code 6175, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 341 Galvez St, Mail Code 6175, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marc R Safran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 341 Galvez St, Mail Code 6175, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Abrams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 341 Galvez St, Mail Code 6175, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Significantly Lower Infection Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts Presoaked in Vancomycin Compared With Unsoaked Grafts: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:1683-1690. [PMID: 33359822 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.12.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare postoperative infection rates following ACL reconstruction performed with grafts presoaked in vancomycin versus those without vancomycin. METHODS A systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for therapeutic level I to III studies that compared outcomes of presoaking ACL grafts with vancomycin versus without vancomycin in human patients. Included graft types were tendon autografts or allografts, and included studies documented infection with a minimum follow-up of 30 days. Postoperative infection rates and knee-specific patient-reported outcome scores were extracted from each study and compared between groups. Study methodological quality was analyzed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) and Modified Coleman Methodology Score (MCMS). Infection rates and retear rates were pooled and weighted for meta-analysis using a random-effects model. All P values were reported with an α level of 0.05 set as significant. RESULTS The initial search yielded 144 articles (44 duplicates, 100 screened, 29 full-text review). Ten articles (21,368 subjects [7,507 vancomycin and 13,861 no vancomycin], 67% males, mean ± standard deviation age 29.5 ± 1.5 years) were included and analyzed. Eight of the 10 studies included only autografts, with 94.5% of grafts being hamstring autografts. Soaking grafts in vancomycin resulted in significantly fewer infections (0.013% versus 0.77%; odds ratio 0.07; 95% confidence interval 0.03, 0.18; P < .001). Only 2 studies included patient-reported outcomes, and both demonstrated no difference in International Knee Documentation Committee scores 1 year after surgery for patients with grafts presoaked in vancomycin versus without vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS Soaking ACL tendon grafts with vancomycin before implantation is associated with a nearly 15 times decrease in odds of infection compared with grafts not soaked in vancomycin. Few studies investigated patient-reported outcomes and retear rates after soaking ACL grafts in vancomycin. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, systematic review of level III studies.
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Geethan I, Easwaran R, Sahanand S, Sivaraman A, Gupta A, Devgan A, Ashok S, Bhasin VB, Joseph C, Chaudhary D, Pardiwala DN, Gopinathan P, John JT, Maheshwari J, Basumallick MN, Antao N, Shah N, Rajan P, Sancheti P, Dey PC, Ayyadurai P, Gupta PK, Reddy KR, Gupta R, Mittal R, Tapasvi S, Jos ST, Sinha S, Sundararajan SR, Kumar V, Pandey V, Rajan DV. Management Guidelines for Infection After ACL Reconstruction: Expert Opinion Statement Based on the Modified Delphi Survey of Indian Arthroscopy Surgeons. Indian J Orthop 2021; 55:342-351. [PMID: 33927812 PMCID: PMC8046894 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-021-00363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Infection after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, though rare, is a potentially devastating complication and the evidence-based recommendation on the various topics in its management is limited. The purpose of this study was to develop recommendations for the prevention and management of infections in ACL reconstruction surgery by performing a structured expert consensus survey using Delphi methodology. MATERIALS AND METHODS 22 topics of relevance in the prevention and management of infection following ACL reconstruction were chosen from an extensive literature review. 30 panelists were requested to respond to a three-round survey, with feedback, to develop a consensus statement on the topics. RESULTS Consensus statements could be prepared in eleven out of twenty-two topics including: the graft is retained at the first arthroscopic debridement, the graft is removed when repeated debridement are needed, and revision ACL reconstruction is needed only if the patient develops instability. Concurrence could be obtained in the topics including: longer duration of antibiotics is needed in immunocompromised patients, soaking graft in antibiotic solution reduces infection risk, and knee swelling without warmth does not suggest infection. CONCLUSIONS A proper skin preparation, a longer course of antibiotics in immunocompromised patients, and soaking the graft in antibiotics reduces the risk of infection. In case of infection, a healthy-looking graft must be retained at the first debridement and if the graft must be removed, revision ACL reconstruction is advised only if the patient develops instability. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-021-00363-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Geethan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Siruvachur, Perambalur, 621113 India
| | - Raju Easwaran
- Shree Meenakshi Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Clinic, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Arun Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedics, Pushpanjali Hospital and Research Center, Agra, Uttarpradesh India
| | - Ashish Devgan
- Department of Orthopaedics, BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, India
| | | | - V. B. Bhasin
- Department of Orthopaedic Sir Ganga Ram, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Deepak Chaudhary
- Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine Centre, BLK Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinshaw N. Pardiwala
- Arthroscopy Service, Centre for Sports Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospitals, Mumbai, 400053 India
| | - P. Gopinathan
- GMC Foundation Ortho Hospital, Nadakkave Calicut, 11, Kozhikode, India
| | | | - J. Maheshwari
- Knee and Shoulder Clinic, Max Superspeciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Nicholas Antao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Holy Spirit Hospital Andheri(E), Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Parag Sancheti
- Sancheti Institute for Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pune, India
| | | | - Prakash Ayyadurai
- Centre for Sports Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Prateek Kr Gupta
- Head Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - K. Raghuveer Reddy
- Sai Institute of Sports Injury and Arthroscopy, Erramanzil Colony, 6-3-252/B/8, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Sports Injury Center, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, 160047 India
| | - Ravi Mittal
- Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002 India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Department of Orthopaedics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, KMC, Manipal, India
| | - David V. Rajan
- Ortho One Orthopaedic Speciality Centre, Coimbatore, India
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Figueroa F, Figueroa D, Calvo R, Vaisman A, Espregueira-Mendes J. Vancomycin presoaking of hamstring autografts to prevent infection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev 2021; 6:211-216. [PMID: 33841920 PMCID: PMC8025705 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring autograft use has been linked to an increased risk of infection after anterior cruciate (ACL) reconstruction compared to other grafts. The absolute reason for this remains unclear, with contamination after harvesting and preparation of the graft being the most accepted hypothesis. Using the rationale that a contaminated graft could be the main factor in postoperative septic arthritis and in an effort to maximize the antibiotic efficacy of the graft, the Vancomycin presoaking technique was developed. It has shown success in decreasing the infection rate in ACL reconstruction. In recent years, an important number of research articles using this protocol have appeared, but the technique is still not widely implemented. Recent literature shows that Vancomycin presoaking of the graft has shown a successful decrease in the infection rate after hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction. It has also shown efficacy decreasing the infection rate in other types of grafts (patellar tendon, quadriceps tendon, allograft) and also in patients with concomitant ligament procedures or open surgeries. Despite the positive effects of Vancomycin presoaking reducing the infection rate after ACL reconstruction, the lack of prospective randomized control trials and the heterogeneity of the different studies mean it is not feasible to recommend Vancomycin presoaking of the graft universally for every ACL reconstruction patient.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:211-216. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200059
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Figueroa
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Calvo
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Vaisman
- Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | - João Espregueira-Mendes
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal; Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal; 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal; Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal
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18
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Pfeiffer TR. Editorial Commentary: Vancomycin Soaking of the Graft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Concept on the Way to Becoming the New Gold Standard. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:961-963. [PMID: 33673974 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.12.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of surgeons adopt the concept of vancomycin soaking of the graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and report drastically reduced numbers of postoperative septic knee arthritis. This reduction of incidence is supported by in vitro data, showing no influence of vancomycin on tendon material properties. Although the applied antibiotic concentration has reported to be potent in eradicating graft contamination, no evidence of chondrotoxicity has been shown. Based on the increasing evidence, the call for randomized controlled trials stands in ethical contrast with the medical responsibility not to withhold patients an infection prophylaxis that has already been proven to be safe and effective.
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