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Tian Z, Li Q, Wang X, Sun Z. The difference in extracellular matrix metabolism in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2024; 131:1029-1041. [PMID: 38291948 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the changes of extracellular matrix (ECM) in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) are still controversial. OBJECTIVE To identify the changes in the ECM in POP patients. SEARCH STRATEGY Comprehensive searching in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library was carried out until 23 February 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies comparing the protein levels of ECM-related components between women with and without POP. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality assessment. Indicators were pooled with random or fixed effect meta-analysis based on heterogeneity and sub-grouped analysed by the biopsy site. MAIN RESULTS Thirty cross-sectional studies were included, comprising 840 POP cases and 755 controls. Overall results showed that the expression of type III collagen (COLIII) and several matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -2 and -9) were increased, whereas those of type I collagen (COLI), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were decreased in patients with POP. Subgroup analysis showed that the expression of COLIII in the anterior vaginal wall (AVW) and COLIII, MMP-2 and -9 in the uterosacral ligament (USL) were consistent with the overall results. However, the expression of COLI and MMP-1 in the AVW showed no difference and the expression of COLI and MMP-1 in the USL is still controversial based on current studies. CONCLUSIONS Patients with POP have lower expression of COLI and TIMP-1 and higher expression of COLIII and MMPs compared with non-POP cases, but further studies are required to investigate in specified anatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetric & Gynaecological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qiutong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetric & Gynaecological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetric & Gynaecological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetric & Gynaecological Diseases, Beijing, China
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Saputra AND, Rizal DM, Ayuandari S, Pangastuti N. The difference in collagen type-1 expression in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J 2022; 33:1803-1812. [PMID: 35596801 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-022-05229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS This study was aimed at identifying the difference in collagen type-1 expression in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse (POP). METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out women with and without pelvic organ prolapse. This meta-analysis was conducted on research articles describing the evaluation of collagen type-1 expression between patients with and without POP. The articles were obtained from PubMed, EBSCO, and ProQuest, and were published between January 2000 and June 2021. Pooled mean difference (MD) and pooled odds ratio (OR) were calculated using fixed effect models. Review Manager (RevMan 5.4) was used to analyze the data. The main outcome measures were pooled MD and pooled OR of collagen type-1 expression in patients with and without POP. RESULTS A total of seven case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis using the effect size of the MD and two case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis using the effect size of the OR. A total of 247 POP cases and 132 non-POP cases were identified from the studies. Our study indicated that patients with POP had a lower level of collagen type-1 expression than non-POP patients (MD = -6.77; 95% CI: -8.37, -5.17, p < 0.00001). Patients with low expression of collagen type-1 in pelvic support tissue are at a more than 3 times higher risk of suffering from pelvic organ prolapse (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.52 to 6.87, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that patients with pelvic organ prolapse have lower expression of collagen type-1 than nonpelvic organ prolapse patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Novan Dwi Saputra
- Doctorate Program of Medical and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Dicky Moch Rizal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sarrah Ayuandari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nuring Pangastuti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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The role of ADAMTS-2, collagen type-1, TIMP-3 and papilin levels of uterosacral and cardinal ligaments in the etiopathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse among women without stress urinary incontinence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 231:158-163. [PMID: 30388611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) To investigate the potential role of 'a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type motifs-2 (ADAMTS-2), collagen type-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) and papilin' levels in the uterosacral ligament (USL) and cardinal ligament (CL) of the uterus on the etiopathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) among postmenopausal women without stress urinary incontinence (SUI). STUDY DESIGN A total of 45 postmenopausal women, 22 diagnosed as POP stage III-IV and 23 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls referred for hysterectomy due to POP or benign gynecological disease, respectively, were recruited prospectively for our study. The biopsies of the USL and CL were obtained during hysterectomy. ADAMTS-2, collagen type-1, TIMP-3 and papilin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method after tissue homogenization. We excluded patients who smoked or presented with SUI. RESULTS There were no differences in terms of demographic features including age, BMI, obesity, duration of menopause, gravidity, parity, delivery modes and family history for POP between the POP and non-POP groups. Significant differences in the levels of ADAMTS-2, collagen type-1, TIMP-3 and papilin of USL were noted among the groups. Females with POP had lower levels of ADAMTS-2, collagen type-1, TIMP-3 and papilin in the USL compared to non-POP females. All investigated markers in the CL were also decreased in the POP group, but this relationship was not statistically significant. When age, duration of menopause, gravidity, parity and obesity were taken as covariates, only the USL papilin levels were negatively predictive for the development of POP. CONCLUSION(S) ADAMTS-2, collagen type-1, TIMP-3 and papilin levels of the USL play essential roles in the etiopathogenesis of POP among postmenopausal women without SUI. Moreover, significantly decreased USL papilin levels in females with POP suggest the importance of the USL and the impact of papilin on the development of POP.
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Book Review. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13224-017-1018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Jin M, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Mei Y, Liu W, Pan C, Hua X. Transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing elastin alleviates pelvic floor dysfunction. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:51. [PMID: 27048404 PMCID: PMC4822266 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a group of clinical conditions including stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The abnormality of collagen and elastin metabolism in pelvic connective tissues is implicated in SUI and POP. Methods To reconstitute the connective tissues with normal distribution of collagen and elastin, we transduced elastin to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC). Elastin-expressing BMSCs were then differentiated to fibroblasts using bFGF, which produced collagen and elastin. To achieve the sustained release of bFGF, we formulated bFGF in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP). Results In an in vitro cell culture system of 7 days, when no additional bFGF was administrated, the initial PLGA-loaded bFGF NP induced prolonged production of collagen and elastin from elastin-expressing BMSCs. In vivo, co-injection of PLGA-loaded bFGF NP and elastin-expressing BMSCs into the PFD rats significantly improved the outcome of urodynamic tests. Together, these results provided an efficient model of connective tissue engineering using BMSC and injectable PLGA-loaded growth factors. Conclusions Our results provided the first instance of a multidisciplinary approach, combining both stem cell and nanoparticle technologies, for the treatment of PFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfei Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chenhao Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaolin Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Litvinenko GI, Shurlygina AV, Dergacheva TI, Mel'nikova EV, Trufakin VA. Chrono- and Immunocorrection of Inflammatory Disorders of Internal Reproductive Organs in Women of Reproductive Age. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:62-5. [PMID: 26033592 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effectiveness of immunomodulators used in the treatment of patients with chronic salpingitis and oophoritis with or without changes in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in blood lymphocytes at incubation with the drug. Diurnal variations in individual reaction of SDH in blood lymphocytes to thymalin or ridostin were revealed. In the groups of women receiving ridostin or thymalin during the reaction of lymphocyte SDH to it, improvement of clinical laboratory and immunological parameters was observed in the majority of the patients and no effect was found in a lesser group of patients than in the groups treated with drugs during the absence of lymphocyte SDH reaction thereto. The timing of the presence of SDH reaction to drugs in the immunocompetent cells makes it possible to set the optimal daily regime of their application and to select a drug that would be most effective in each particular case.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Litvinenko
- Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia,
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Alteration of apoptosis-related genes in postmenopausal women with uterine prolapse. Int Urogynecol J 2014; 25:971-7. [PMID: 24614958 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-014-2347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS We aimed to compare expression levels of antiapoptotic and proapoptotic genes in parametrial and vaginal tissues from postmenopausal women with and without pelvic organ prolapse (POP). We hypothesized that the expression of genes that induce apoptosis may be altered in vaginal and parametrial tissues in postmenopausal women with POP. METHODS Samples of vaginal and parametrial tissues were obtained from postmenopausal women with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) POP who underwent vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. Expression levels of antiapoptotic (BCL-2, BCL-XL) and proapoptotic (BAX, BAD) genes were studied by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Gene expression levels of BCL-2 (P < 0.001), BCL-XL (P < 0.001), BAX (p = 0.001), and BAD (p = 0.004) were all higher in vaginal tissues from the POP group compared with the non-POP group. Similarly, gene expression levels of BCL-2 (p < 0.001), BCL-XL (p < 0.001), BAX (p < 0.001), and BAD (p < 0.001) in parametrial tissues were also significantly higher in the POP group compared with the non-POP group. Additionally, expression levels of BCL-2 (p = 0.05), BCL-XL (p < 0.05), BAX (p = 0.05), and BAD (p = 0.07) in the POP group were higher in parametrial tissue than in vaginal tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS Antiapoptotic and proapoptotic gene expression levels differed significantly between postmenopausal women with and without POP. Bcl-2 family genes were overexpressed in the parametrium of patients with POP compared with vaginal tissue, suggesting that the processes responsible for POP have a greater effect on parametrial tissue than vaginal tissue during the development of POP.
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Xie M, Zhang X, Zhan J, Ren Y, Wang W. Potential role of strain elastography for detection of the extent of large-scar endometriosis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2013; 32:1635-1642. [PMID: 23980226 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.32.9.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of strain elastography for detection of the lesion extent of large-scar endometriosis and compare it to conventional sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Eight patients suspected of having large-scar endometriosis underwent transabdominal sonography, strain elastography, and MRI. The mass was located and assessed for its size, imaging appearance, and, especially, widest boundary and vertical extent. After wide surgical excision and pathologic diagnosis, lesions in the central area shown on conventional sonography and the extended area shown on strain elastography underwent immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS Nodules were always deep in the subcutaneous plane, in contact with the fascia or muscle. Horizontally, the mean lesion size shown on conventional sonography was mainly consistent with the size on MRI in all cases, but it was obviously smaller on sonography than on strain elastography in 7 cases. Vertically, the lesion depth was mainly consistent with the depth on MRI in 7 cases, but it was more infiltrative on strain elastography in 6 cases. The vertical and horizontal infiltration scales of the postoperative specimens were consistent with strain elastography in all cases. All 8 patients showed strong collagen type I expression in the central area of the lesions; 6 patients showed strong collagen type I expression and the other 2 showed moderate expression in the extended area. CONCLUSIONS Strain elastography can elevate the diagnostic accuracy of large-scar endometriosis, the extent of which may be evaluated insufficiently by transabdominal sonography and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Shen Yang Rd, 200090 Shanghai, China
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Type I collagen and matrix metalloproteinase 1, 3 and 9 gene polymorphisms in the predisposition to pelvic organ prolapse. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 285:1581-6. [PMID: 22210296 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-2199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether the presence of specific polymorphism in the gene promoter of collagen and some matrix metalloproteinases was associated with the risk of developing pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS A case-control study was carried on 233 women: 137 were cases with ≥ stage II pelvic organ prolapse and 96 were matched controls without pelvic pathologies. Allele and genotype frequencies related to polymorphisms at the Sp1 site of type I collagen and some functional polymorphisms in the promoters of metalloproteinases-1, -3 and -9 have been compared between groups. It has been shown that these single-insertions/deletions polymorphisms located in the promoter region of the genes have a functional significance in the regulation of their transcriptional level and local expression. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analysis. SPSS 14.0 software was used for data analysis. Probability values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS No difference between groups was found in the genotype distribution polymorphisms for COL1A1, metalloproteinases-9 and -3, while the distribution of the polymorphism of metalloproteinases-1 was significantly increased in the cases when compared with controls (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the polymorphism of metalloproteinases-1 might have a role in mediating susceptibility to pelvic organ prolapse.
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Vulic M, Strinic T, Tomic S, Capkun V, Jakus IA, Ivica S. Difference in expression of collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase-1 in uterosacral ligaments of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 155:225-8. [PMID: 21251748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the expression of collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in uterosacral ligament biopsies from women with and without pelvic organ prolapse (POP). STUDY DESIGN Uterosacral ligament biopsies were obtained from women with POP (n=46) and control subjects (n=49). Immunohistochemistry for collagen type I and MMP-1 was performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. The two groups were matched for age, body mass index, parity and postmenopausal status. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The expression of collagen type I (p=0.034) and MMP-1 (p=0.038) differed between women with POP and control subjects. There was increased expression of MMP-1 and decreased expression of collagen type 1 in uterosacral ligaments of women with POP compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS This difference indicates a possible relationship between POP and the immunohistochemical expression of collagen type I and MMP-1 in uterosacral ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vulic
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, Spincica 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
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Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3) in women with uterine prolapse but without urinary incontinence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 153:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sartori MGF, Feldner PC, Jarmy-Di Bella ZIK, Aquino Castro R, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Castello Girão MJB. Sexual steroids in urogynecology. Climacteric 2010; 14:5-14. [PMID: 20839956 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2010.508542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The decline in sex hormone levels that accompanies the menopause has substantial effects on the tissues of the urogenital system, leading to atrophic changes. These changes can have negative effects on sexual and urinary function. The authors evaluate the repercussion of hypoestrogenism and sexual steroids on some elements of the pelvic floor and lower urinary tract. They summarize their research work and review significant published papers. They emphasize the changes in urinary mucosae, periurethral vessels, muscular layer, connective tissue, gene expression, autonomic nervous system receptors, as well as the main clinical aspects involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G F Sartori
- Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua dos Otonis 601 (Vila Clementino), São Paulo, Brazil
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Ragni E, Haab F, Delmas V, Costa P. Physiopathologie des prolapsus génito-urinaires. Prog Urol 2009; 19:926-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Light and electron microscopic evaluation of cardinal ligaments in women with or without uterine prolapse. Int Urogynecol J 2009; 21:235-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-009-1006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kerkhof MH, Hendriks L, Brölmann HAM. Changes in connective tissue in patients with pelvic organ prolapse—a review of the current literature. Int Urogynecol J 2008; 20:461-74. [PMID: 18854909 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-008-0737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Kerkhof
- Kennemer Gasthuis Haarlem, Haarlem, The Netherlands.
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Moalli PA, Howden NS, Lowder JL, Navarro J, Debes KM, Abramowitch SD, Woo SLY. A rat model to study the structural properties of the vagina and its supportive tissues. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192:80-8. [PMID: 15672007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the rat as a model for evaluating the structural properties of the vagina and its supportive tissues. STUDY DESIGN The in situ relationships between the vagina and its supportive tissues were studied grossly (n = 10), and in serial cross sections (n = 4). For biomechanical testing (n = 10), the lumbar spine was fixed to a testing machine while the distal vagina was gripped with a soft-tissue clamp mounted to a load-cell on the crosshead of the machine. The vagina was systematically pulled through the pelvis until failure of the supportive tissues occurred. Parameters describing the structural properties of the tissues (linear stiffness, ultimate load, ultimate elongation, and energy absorbed to failure) were determined from the resulting load-elongation curve. A coefficient of correlation (R) was used to determine experimental reproducibility. RESULTS The rat vagina is supported by structures analogous to those in humans. The parameters describing the structural properties of these tissues were highly correlated among specimens (R = 0.95). The mechanism of failure was similar for all specimens. CONCLUSION We have developed a mechanical testing protocol in which the structural properties of the vagina-supportive tissue complex can be measured. This will be a powerful tool for testing the impact of life events on vaginal support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Moalli
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Magee Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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