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Kim YK, Kameo Y, Tanaka S, Adachi T. Aging effects on osteoclast progenitor dynamics affect variability in bone turnover via feedback regulation. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziad003. [PMID: 38690125 PMCID: PMC11059999 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are commonly used in osteoporosis treatment as indicators of cell activities of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. The wide variability in their values due to multiple factors, such as aging and diseases, makes it difficult for physicians to utilize them for clinical decision-making. The progenitors of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are indispensable for a comprehensive interpretation of the variability in BTM values because these upstream progenitors strongly regulate the downstream cell activities of bone turnover. However, understanding the complex interactions among the multiple populations of bone cells is challenging. In this study, we aimed to gain a fundamental understanding of the mechanism by which the progenitor dynamics affect the variability in bone turnover through in silico experiments by exploring the cell dynamics with aging effects on osteoporosis. Negative feedback control driven by the consumptive loss of progenitors prevents rapid bone loss due to excessive bone turnover, and through feedback regulation, aging effects on osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast progenitor proliferation cause variability in the osteoclast and osteoblast activity balance and its temporal transition. By expressing the variability in the bone turnover status, our model describes the individualities of patients based on their clinical backgrounds. Therefore, our model could play a powerful role in assisting tailored treatment and has the potential to resolve the various health problems associated with osteoporosis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwan Kim
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kameo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies of women. The majority of breast cancers express estrogen and/or progesterone receptors, permitting anticancer targeting strategies to reduce estrogen signaling in the cancer cells and thereby lowering the risk of breast cancer recurrence. The development of the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen marked a significant milestone in breast cancer care that transcended older estrogen ablative strategies such as oophorectomy and ovarian irradiation. An unintended benefit of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women was bone density preservation. The third generation of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have demonstrated superior efficacy to tamoxifen in improving disease-free survival in postmenopausal women. However, the AIs significantly increase bone resorption, reduce bone mineral density, and increase the risk of fracture above that of tamoxifen. As a consequence of this, clinical oncologists have assumed a larger role in the screening and treatment of the skeletal complications of breast cancer therapies. The key features of managing bone health in women with early stage breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Clines
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,
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Zhang Y, He Y, Zong Y, Guo J, Sun L, Ma Y, Dong W, Gui L. 17β-estradiol attenuates homocysteine-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response as well as MAPKs cascade via activating PI3-K/Akt signal transduction pathway in Raw 264.7 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:65-72. [PMID: 25605419 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascade are significant pathogenic factors of osteoporosis. It has been reported that elevated homocysteine (Hcy) may activate oxidative stress and reduce bone mineral density in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Moreover, hormone replacement therapy has been widely used in clinic to prevent and treat post-menopausal women with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture, but the molecular mechanisms and relevant signal transduction pathways underlying the action of Hcy remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) on the Hcy-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and MAPKs cascade, as well as the underlying signal transduction pathway in murine Raw 264.7 cells. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by fluorospectrophotometry. The proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β were analyzed by double-immunofluorescence labeling and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay, respectively. Furthermore, phosphorylation levels of MAPKs cascade were measured by western blot analysis. A specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor, Wortmannin (1 μM) was employed to determine whether PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway mediated the 17β-E2's effect on Raw 264.7 cells. 17β-E2 markedly decreased the ROS production induced by Hcy, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β at protein and mRNA levels, and down-regulated the phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK and p38). These suppressing effects of 17β-E2 on Hcy-induced changes were reversed by pretreatment with PI3-K inhibitor Wortmannin. The results indicate that 17β-estradiol may attenuate Hcy-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and up-regulation of MAPKs in Raw 264.7 cells via PI3-K/Akt signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yi Zong
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jiazhi Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Yunbing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650011, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Li Gui
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650011, China
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Lee DG, Park SY, Chung WS, Park JH, Shin HS, Hwang E, Kim IH, Yi TH. The bone regenerative effects of fucosterol in in vitro and in vivo models of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1249-57. [PMID: 24604889 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study was to investigate the bone regenerative effects of fucosterol in estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Bone regeneration was assessed in fucosterol-treated MG63 cells in vitro via assays for osteoblast proliferation, alkaline phosphatase, and osteoclast differentiation. Osteoblast proliferation rates, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were increased in the fucosterol-treated group. Moreover, differentiation of osteoclasts was decreased in the fucosterol-treated group. In the in vivo assay, female rats were OVX. Twelve weeks after ovariectomy, rats were divided into seven groups, each oral administrate everyday for 7 weeks. The bone mineral density of femoral bones was higher in fucosterol groups than in OVX control, and body weight was lower in fucosterol groups. Among bone-quality parameters, bone volume/total volume increased and trabecular separation decreased in fucosterol groups relative to the OVX control. Bone formation and resorption were evaluated using the serum biomarkers osteocalcin and CTx. Fucosterol tripled the level of serum osteocalcin relative to the OVX group and reduced the serum level of CTx. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fucosterol has the dual potentials to activate osteoblasts to stimulate bone formation and suppress differentiation of osteoclasts so as to reduce bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don-Gil Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Arboleya L, Castañeda S. Osteoimmunology: The Study of the Relationship Between the Immune System and Bone Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Arboleya L, Castañeda S. Osteoimmunology: the study of the relationship between the immune system and bone tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 9:303-15. [PMID: 23727459 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue is a highly regulated structure, which plays an essential role in various physiological functions. Through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, bone tissue is involved in hematopoiesis, influencing the fate of hematopoietic stem cells. There are a number of molecules shared by bone cells and immune system cells indicating that there are multiple connections between the immune system and bone tissue. In order to pool all the knowledge concerning both systems, a new discipline known under the term «osteoimmunology» has been developed. Their progress in recent years has been exponential and allowed us to connect and increase our knowledge in areas not seemingly related such as rheumatoid erosion, postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone metastases or periodontal disease. In this review, we have tried to summarize the most important advances that have occurred in the last decade, especially in those areas of interest related to rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Arboleya
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
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Kronqvist C, Ferneborg S, Emanuelson U, Holtenius K. Effects of pre-partum milking of dairy cows on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:191-6. [PMID: 23347321 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment studied the effect of pre-partal milk removal on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving. Nine cows of the Swedish Red breed were milked for 1-7 days pre-partum. The average milk yield at the first milking was 4.8 l, and the average yield the last day prior to calving was 13.4 l. Five cows were used as control cows and were only milked post-partum. Samples of plasma and urine were taken to determine the effect of pre-partum milking and calving on levels of calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and plasma C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1-collagen (CTx), used as a marker of bone resorption. Pre-partum milking resulted in a decrease in plasma calcium that was evident 2 days after the first milking. Parathyroid hormone increased at the same time, and CTx started to increase from 24 h after the first milking. There were no effects on plasma magnesium or urinary output of calcium or magnesium. The first week after calving, there were no differences between pre-partum milked cows and control cows in plasma or urine variables, or in milk yield. In conclusion, pre-partum milking activated the calcium-restoring mechanisms but did not improve calcium status at calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kronqvist
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hadji P, Coleman R, Gnant M, Green J. The impact of menopause on bone, zoledronic acid, and implications for breast cancer growth and metastasis. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2782-2790. [PMID: 22730099 PMCID: PMC3477882 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data from the AZURE, ABCSG-12, and ZO-FAST clinical trials have challenged our understanding of the potential anticancer activity of zoledronic acid (ZOL). Although the results of these studies may appear to be conflicting on the surface, a deeper look into commonalities among the patient populations suggest that some host factors (i.e. patient age and endocrine status) may contribute to the anticancer activity of ZOL. Indeed, data from these large clinical trials suggest that the potential anticancer activity of ZOL may be most robust in a low-estrogen environment. However, this may be only part of the story and many questions remain to be answered to fully explain the phenomenon. Does estrogen override the anticancer activity of ZOL seen in postmenopausal women? Are hormones other than estrogen involved that contribute to this effect? Does the role of bone turnover in breast cancer (BC) growth and progression differ in the presence of various estrogen levels? Here, we present a review of the multitude of factors affected by different endocrine environments in women with BC that may influence the potential anticancer activity of ZOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hadji
- Department of Gynecology, Endocrinology, and Oncology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Gnant
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Green
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although data from rodent systems are extremely useful in providing insights into possible mechanisms of age-related bone loss, concepts evolving from animal models need to ultimately be tested in humans. METHODS This review provides an update on mechanisms of age-related bone loss in humans based on the author's knowledge of the field and focused literature reviews. RESULTS Novel imaging, experimental models, biomarkers, and analytic techniques applied directly to human studies are providing new insights into the patterns of bone mass acquisition and loss as well as the role of sex steroids, in particular estrogen, on bone metabolism and bone loss with aging in women and men. These studies have identified the onset of trabecular bone loss at multiple sites that begins in young adulthood and remains unexplained, at least based on current paradigms of the mechanisms of bone loss. In addition, estrogen appears to be a major regulator of bone metabolism not only in women but also in men. Studies assessing mechanisms of estrogen action on bone in humans have identified effects of estrogen on RANKL expression by several different cell types in the bone microenvironment, a role for TNF-α and IL-1β in mediating effects of estrogen deficiency on bone, and possible regulation of the Wnt inhibitor, sclerostin, by estrogen. CONCLUSIONS There have been considerable advances in our understanding of age-related bone loss in humans. However, there are also significant gaps in knowledge, particularly in defining cell autonomous changes in bone in human studies to test or validate concepts emerging from studies in rodents. Decision Editor: Luigi Ferrucci, MD, PhD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Khosla
- Guggenheim 7 , College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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Chen H, Gilbert LC, Lu X, Liu Z, You S, Weitzmann MN, Nanes MS, Adams J. A new regulator of osteoclastogenesis: estrogen response element-binding protein in bone. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2537-47. [PMID: 21773989 PMCID: PMC3417837 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like estrogen response element-binding protein (ERE-BP) competes with estrogen receptor α (ERα) for occupancy of estrogen response elements (EREs). Here we report that ERE-BP potently stimulates osteoclastogenesis. ERE-BP mRNA and protein were found to be expressed ubiquitously in bone. Overexpression of ERE-BP in cultured osteoblasts stimulated expression of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and decreased osteoprotegerin (OPG). The effect of ERE-BP on RANKL was shown to be transcriptional in transient transfection assay and competed with via the ER. Constitutive expression of ERE-BP increased the sensitivity of cells toward 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) stimulation of RANKL expression. In contrast, knockdown of ERE-BP in stromal ST-2 cells decreased basal RANKL promoter activity. Cocultures of ERE-BP lentivirus-transduced ST-2 cells with spleen monocytes induced formation of multinucleated osteoclasts (OCs) characterized by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, calcitonin receptors, and functional calcium resorption from bone slices. Although ERα competed with ERE-BP for an ERE in a dose-dependent manner, ERE-BP was an independent and potent regulator of RANKL and osteoclastogenesis. In preosteoclastic RAW cells, overexpression of ERE-BP increased RANK, upregulated NF-κB signaling, and enhanced differentiation toward a mature OC phenotype independent of RANKL. These results identify ERE-BP as a potent modulator of osteoclastogenesis. We hypothesize that ERE-BP may play a critical role in the regulation of bone homeostasis as a modulator of estrogen sensitivity as well as by direct action on the transcription of critical osteoclastogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Veterans Administration Medical Center and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Henriksen K, Bollerslev J, Everts V, Karsdal MA. Osteoclast activity and subtypes as a function of physiology and pathology--implications for future treatments of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:31-63. [PMID: 20851921 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts have traditionally been associated exclusively with catabolic functions that are a prerequisite for bone resorption. However, emerging data suggest that osteoclasts also carry out functions that are important for optimal bone formation and bone quality. Moreover, recent findings indicate that osteoclasts have different subtypes depending on their location, genotype, and possibly in response to drug intervention. The aim of the current review is to describe the subtypes of osteoclasts in four different settings: 1) physiological, in relation to turnover of different bone types; 2) pathological, as exemplified by monogenomic disorders; 3) pathological, as identified by different disorders; and 4) in drug-induced situations. The profiles of these subtypes strongly suggest that these osteoclasts belong to a heterogeneous cell population, namely, a diverse macrophage-associated cell type with bone catabolic and anabolic functions that are dependent on both local and systemic parameters. Further insight into these osteoclast subtypes may be important for understanding cell-cell communication in the bone microenvironment, treatment effects, and ultimately bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Mödder UI, Clowes JA, Hoey K, Peterson JM, McCready L, Oursler MJ, Riggs BL, Khosla S. Regulation of circulating sclerostin levels by sex steroids in women and in men. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:27-34. [PMID: 20499362 PMCID: PMC3132405 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids are important regulators of bone turnover, but the mechanisms of their effects on bone remain unclear. Sclerostin is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, and circulating estrogen (E) levels are inversely associated with sclerostin levels in postmenopausal women. To directly test for sex steroid regulation of sclerostin levels, we examined effects of E treatment of postmenopausal women or selective withdrawal of E versus testosterone (T) in elderly men on circulating sclerostin levels. E treatment of postmenopausal women (n = 17) for 4 weeks led to a 27% decrease in serum sclerostin levels [versus +1% in controls (n = 18), p < .001]. Similarly, in 59 elderly men, we eliminated endogenous E and T production and studied them under conditions of physiologic T and E replacement, and then following withdrawal of T or E, we found that E, but not T, prevented increases in sclerostin levels following induction of sex steroid deficiency. In both sexes, changes in sclerostin levels correlated with changes in bone-resorption, but not bone-formation, markers (r = 0.62, p < .001, and r = 0.33, p = .009, for correlations with changes in serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen in the women and men, respectively). Our studies thus establish that in humans, circulating sclerostin levels are reduced by E but not by T. Moreover, consistent with recent data indicating important effects of Wnts on osteoclastic cells, our findings suggest that in humans, changes in sclerostin production may contribute to effects of E on bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Il Mödder
- Endocrine Research Unit, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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