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Bocchi MB, Giuli C, Farine F, Ravaioli C, Martellini S, Farsetti P, Palmacci O. Pathological Fractures in Patients Affected by Pycnodysostosis: A Case Series. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2522. [PMID: 38731051 PMCID: PMC11084355 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Pycnodysostosis is a rare genetic disorder causing skeletal dysplasia. It is determined by a gene mutation leading to cathepsin K deficiency and predisposes a patient to osteosclerosis, resulting in increased bone fragility. The altered bone quality typical of this disease is responsible for an increased risk of fractures. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the orthopedic manifestations and potential pitfalls in the surgical treatments of pathological fractures in a series of patients treated in our institution who were affected by pycnodysostosis. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated clinical and radiographic characteristics of five patients with pycnodysostosis treated for pathological fractures at our hospital in the past 5 years. Results: Two male and three female patients were included in this study. Four patients had a family history of pycnodysostosis. All the patients were of short stature, but only two underwent growth hormone treatment. All the patients experienced fractures, mostly in their lower limbs and occurring as a result of low-energy trauma. Most of the patients experienced either consolidation delay or nonunion. Conclusions: The orthopedic management of fractures in patients with pycnodysostosis poses an ongoing challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The fact that the bone is simultaneously sclerotic and brittle makes any orthopedic surgical treatment challenging and at a high risk of nonunion in any case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatrice Bocchi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.B.B.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (O.P.)
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Giuli
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.B.B.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (O.P.)
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Farine
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.B.B.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (O.P.)
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Ravaioli
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.B.B.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (O.P.)
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Martellini
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.B.B.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (O.P.)
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Farsetti
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Palmacci
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.B.B.); (F.F.); (S.M.); (O.P.)
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Persiani P, Martini L, Calogero V, Formica VM, Giannini E, Speziale Varsamis T, Celli M, Zambrano A, De Meo D, Villani C. Challenges in surgical orthopaedic treatment in a rare case of pycnodysostosis: Sometimes you win, sometimes you learn. J Orthop Sci 2023; 28:1412-1417. [PMID: 34083087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Persiani
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Martini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calogero
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Virginia Maria Formica
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elettra Giannini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Speziale Varsamis
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Celli
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Zambrano
- Department of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele De Meo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Villani
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 3, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Taka TM, Lung B, Stepanyan H, So D, Yang S. Orthopedic Treatment of Pycnodysostosis: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e24275. [PMID: 35602818 PMCID: PMC9119195 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis (PYCD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder of the bone which leads to stereotypical abnormalities consisting of, but not limited to, sclerotic and fragile bone, shortened distal phalanges, and obtuse mandibular angle. Current literature describes the otolaryngological manifestations and treatment of this disorder; however, the treatment of orthopedic fractures in PYCD patients is seldom described and remains a controversial topic. We aim to systematically review the current evidence regarding the optimal treatment of PYCD patients with fractures. We performed a literature search using PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Eligibility criteria consisted of English-language literature of PYCD patients undergoing treatment for orthopedic surgery fractures. Non-English papers or literature focused on maxillofacial manifestations/treatment were excluded. The database search resulted in the identification of 500 articles. After removing duplicates and enforcing our inclusion criteria, 29 case reports/series (40 patients) were included. The average age was 31.25 (±18.2) years, with 57.5% of patients being female. Overall, 62.5% of patients had consanguineous parents. Additionally, 86.2% reported a history of previous fractures while 47.5% reported a spontaneous or minor trauma fracture, with most fractures occurring in the femur (60.0%) and tibia (40.0%). Radiographic features consisted of densification in the femur 45.0% (18/40), tibia 37.5% (15/40), and spine 25.0% (10/40). Overall, 84.2% of patients were treated with surgical management consisting of internal plate fixation (IPF) (48.3%), intramedullary fixation (20.7%), and Ilizarov external fixation (IEF) (13.8%). Overall, the refracture rate was 25.0% and was lowest in intramedullary fixation (0/6), compared to IPF (3/14) and IEF (3/4). Average time until refracture was 40.6 months (3-132 months). Long-term follow-up is recommended in patients with PYCD due to the propensity for fractures/refractures. While this study provides the groundwork for the treatment of PYCD patients, further research with higher-evidence studies should be conducted to establish the optimal orthopedic treatment of this disorder.
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Delgado González A, Morales Viaji J, López Díez M. Bilateral subtrochanteric femoral fracture due to a very rare disease: Pycnodisostosis. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recote.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Papapoulos S, Bone H, Cosman F, Dempster DW, McClung MR, Nakamura T, Restrepo JFM, Bouxsein ML, Cohn D, de Papp A, Massaad R, Santora A. Incidence of Hip and Subtrochanteric/Femoral Shaft Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis in the Phase 3 Long-Term Odanacatib Fracture Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1225-1234. [PMID: 33724542 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We prospectively assessed, with predefined criteria, the location and rates of all femur fractures (hip, subtrochanteric/femoral shaft [ST/FS], including atypical [AFF] and distal fractures) in women at increased fracture risk during treatment with the cathepsin K inhibitor, odanacatib (ODN), or placebo over 5 years in the Long-Term ODN Fracture Trial (LOFT and LOFT Extension [NCT00529373, EudraCT 2007-002693-66]). ODN was an investigational antiresorptive agent previously in development as an osteoporosis treatment that, unlike bisphosphonates, reduces bone formation only transiently. Women aged ≥65 years with a bone mineral density (BMD) T-score ≤-2.5 at the total hip (TH) or femoral neck (FN) or with a radiographic vertebral fracture and T-scores ≤-1.5 at the TH or FN were randomized (1:1) to receive ODN 50 mg/week or placebo. All patients received vitamin D3 (5600 IU/week) and calcium (total 1200 mg/d); the analysis included 16,071 women. Rates of all adjudicated low-energy femoral fractures were 0.38 versus 0.58/100 patient-years for ODN and placebo, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-0.82; nominal p < .001), and for low-energy hip fractures were 0.29 versus 0.56/100 patient-years, respectively (HR = 0.52; 95% CI 0.40-0.67; p < .001). The cumulative incidence of combined hip and ST/FS or hip fractures alone in the ODN group was consistently lower than in the placebo group (1.93% versus 3.11% for combined fractures and 1.53% versus 3.03% for hip fractures at 5 years, respectively). However, low-energy ST/FS fractures were more frequent in ODN-treated women than in placebo-treated women (24 versus 6, respectively). Among these, 12 fractures were adjudicated as AFF in 10 patients treated with ODN (0.03/100 patient-years) compared with none in the 6 placebo-treated women (estimated difference 0.03; 95% CI 0.02-0.06). These results provide insight into possible pathogeneses of AFF, suggesting that the current criteria for diagnosing these fractures may need to be reconsidered. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)..
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Bone
- Michigan Bone & Mineral Clinic, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Michael R McClung
- Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, OR, USA.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Delgado González A, Morales Viaji JJ, López Díez ME. Bilateral subtrochanteric femoral fracture due to a very rare disease: Pycnodisostosis. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2021; 65:S1888-4415(21)00073-4. [PMID: 34175234 DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the cathepsin K enzyme gene, a protease that is expressed primarily in osteoclasts and is responsible for bone matrix degradation. The presentation is usually accompanied by short stature, osteoesclerosis, craniofacial dysmorphia and bone fragility. Some papers provide surgical options for fractures of long bones in this type of patients, but none are presenten in European Caucasian patients. The case presented is of a Spanish Caucasian European male with bilateral femoral fracture treated by endomedular nailing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delgado González
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España.
| | - J J Morales Viaji
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España
| | - M E López Díez
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España
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El-Mahallawy Y, Sweedan AO, Al-Mahalawy H. Pycnodysostosis: a case report and literature review concerning oral and maxillofacial complications and their management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 132:e127-e138. [PMID: 34148846 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of knowledge regarding pycnodysostosis (PYCD), which is commonly misdiagnosed as other, similar malformations. This study aims to report a patient with PYCD and conjointly present a comprehensive literature review regarding oral complications after oral surgery procedures. STUDY DESIGN This study aims to report a noteworthy case of a 40-year-old woman with PYCD who suffered from a midface defect after iatrogenic fracture during extraction of the upper right molars. A comprehensive electronic search was carried out in January 2020 for detection and analysis of the most commonly encountered dentoalveolar PYCD-related complications. The study was granted an exemption from the local institutional review board. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 35 articles reporting 41 PYCD cases with 62 various reported dentoalveolar complications. The survey reported a prevalence of osteomyelitis (n = 39) followed by pathologic fracture (n = 17), iatrogenic fracture (n = 5), and oronasal communication (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS This study advocates handling patients with PYCD with care through the use of extensive clinical and radiographic examinations, giving priority to any conservative treatment modalities, atraumatic surgical procedures, prophylactic antibiotic prescriptions, and a regular follow-up schedule to tackle any anticipated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia El-Mahallawy
- Assistant Lecturer, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Ossama Sweedan
- Lecturer, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Haytham Al-Mahalawy
- Associate Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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8
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Jansen ID, Papapoulos SE, Bravenboer N, de Vries TJ, Appelman-Dijkstra NM. Increased Bone Resorption during Lactation in Pycnodysostosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041810. [PMID: 33670411 PMCID: PMC7918824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis, a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia, is caused by a deficiency of cathepsin K. Patients have impaired bone resorption in the presence of normal or increased numbers of multinucleated, but dysfunctional, osteoclasts. Cathepsin K degrades collagen type I and generates N-telopeptide (NTX) and the C-telopeptide (CTX) that can be quantified. Levels of these telopeptides are increased in lactating women and are associated with increased bone resorption. Nothing is known about the consequences of cathepsin K deficiency in lactating women. Here we present for the first time normalized blood and CTX measurements in a patient with pycnodysostosis, exclusively related to the lactation period. In vitro studies using osteoclasts derived from blood monocytes during lactation and after weaning further show consistent bone resorption before and after lactation. Increased expression of cathepsins L and S in osteoclasts derived from the lactating patient suggests that other proteinases could compensate for the lack of cathepsin K during the lactation period of pycnodysostosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke D.C. Jansen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.D.C.J.); (T.J.d.V.)
| | - Socrates E. Papapoulos
- Center for Bone Quality Department of Internal Medicine division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.D.C.J.); (T.J.d.V.)
| | - Natasha M. Appelman-Dijkstra
- Center for Bone Quality Department of Internal Medicine division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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Zitouna K, Jrad M, Miladi M, Barsaoui M, Drissi G, Kanoun ML. Traumatic cervical spine injuries in a patient with pycnodysostosis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2018; 28:1231-1233. [PMID: 29480369 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-018-2165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis is a rare hereditary disease, characterized by systemic bone sclerosis. Susceptibility to long bone fractures is characteristic, whereas vertebral fractures are extremely rare. We report a case of a 21-year-old man with a past history of pycnodysostosis and spontaneous leg fractures who was admitted in hospital for a neck pain after a banal fall. Radiological examination revealed C1-C2-C3 posterior arch fractures with a C3-C4 left articular fracture dislocation. A surgical stabilization was decided but refused by the patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication that reports pycnodysostosis with cervical spine traumatic staged injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Zitouna
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Departement, La Rabta Hospital, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdhar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis Medical School, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Myriam Jrad
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis Medical School, Tunis, Tunisia
- Radiology Departement, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Miladi
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Departement, La Rabta Hospital, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdhar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis Medical School, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maher Barsaoui
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Departement, La Rabta Hospital, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdhar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis Medical School, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghassen Drissi
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Departement, La Rabta Hospital, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdhar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis Medical School, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Lassaad Kanoun
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Departement, La Rabta Hospital, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdhar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Tunis Medical School, Tunis, Tunisia
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Otaify GA, Abdel-Hamid MS, Mehrez MI, Aboul-Ezz E, Zaki MS, Aglan MS, Temtamy SA. Genetic study of eight Egyptian patients with pycnodysostosis: identification of novel CTSK mutations and founder effect. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:1833-1841. [PMID: 29796728 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This is the first Egyptian study with detailed clinical and orodental evaluation of eight patients with pycnodysostosis and identification of four mutations in CTSK gene with two novel ones and a founder effect. INTRODUCTION Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia due to mutations in the CTSK gene encoding for cathepsin K, a lysosomal cysteine protease. METHODS We report on the clinical, orodental, radiological, and molecular findings of eight patients, from seven unrelated Egyptian families with pycnodysostosis. RESULTS All patients were offspring of consanguineous parents and presented with the typical clinical picture of the disorder including short stature, delayed closure of fontanels, hypoplastic premaxilla, obtuse mandibular angle, and drum stick terminal phalanges with dysplastic nails. Their radiological findings showed increased bone density, acro-osteolysis, and open cranial sutures. Mutational analysis of CTSK gene revealed four distinct homozygous missense mutations including two novel ones, c.164A>C (p. K55T) and c.433G>A (p.V145M). The c.164A>C (p. K55T) mutation was recurrent in three unrelated patients who also shared similar haplotype, suggesting a founder effect. CONCLUSION Our findings expand the mutational spectrum of CTSK gene and emphasize the importance of full clinical examination of all body systems including thorough orodental evaluation in patients with pycnodysostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Otaify
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - M S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M I Mehrez
- Orodental Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E Aboul-Ezz
- Dental Basic Science Department, Dental and Oral Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M S Aglan
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S A Temtamy
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Nguyen HH, van de Laarschot DM, Verkerk AJMH, Milat F, Zillikens MC, Ebeling PR. Genetic Risk Factors for Atypical Femoral Fractures (AFFs): A Systematic Review. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:1-11. [PMID: 30283886 PMCID: PMC6124156 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are uncommon and have been associated particularly with long‐term antiresorptive therapy, including bisphosphonates. Although the pathogenesis of AFFs is unknown, their identification in bisphosphonate‐naïve individuals and in monogenetic bone disorders has led to the hypothesis that genetic factors predispose to AFF. Our aim was to review and summarize the evidence for genetic factors in individuals with AFF. We conducted structured literature searches and hand‐searching of conference abstracts/reference lists for key words relating to AFF and identified 2566 citations. Two individuals independently reviewed citations for (i) cases of AFF in monogenetic bone diseases and (ii) genetic studies in individuals with AFF. AFFs were reported in 23 individuals with the following 7 monogenetic bone disorders (gene): osteogenesis imperfecta (COL1A1/COL1A2), pycnodysostosis (CTSK), hypophosphatasia (ALPL), X‐linked osteoporosis (PLS3), osteopetrosis, X‐linked hypophosphatemia (PHEX), and osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome (LRP5). In 8 cases (35%), the monogenetic bone disorder was uncovered after the AFF occurred. Cases of bisphosphonate‐naïve AFF were reported in pycnodysostosis, hypophosphatasia, osteopetrosis, X‐linked hypophosphatemia, and osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome. A pilot study in 13 AFF patients and 268 controls identified a greater number of rare variants in AFF cases using exon array analysis. A whole‐exome sequencing study in 3 sisters with AFFs showed, among 37 shared genetic variants, a p.Asp188Tyr mutation in the GGPS1 gene in the mevalonate pathway, critical to osteoclast function, which is also inhibited by bisphosphonates. Two studies completed targeted ALPL gene sequencing, an ALPL heterozygous mutation was found in 1 case of a cohort of 11 AFFs, whereas the second study comprising 10 AFF cases did not find mutations in ALPL. Targeted sequencing of ALPL, COL1A1, COL1A2, and SOX9 genes in 5 cases of AFF identified a variant in COL1A2 in 1 case. These findings suggest a genetic susceptibility for AFFs. A large multicenter collaborative study of well‐phenotyped AFF cases and controls is needed to understand the role of genetics in this uncommon condition. © 2017 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh H Nguyen
- Department of Medicine School of Clinical Sciences Monash University Clayton Australia.,Department of Endocrinology Monash Health Clayton Australia
| | | | | | - Frances Milat
- Department of Medicine School of Clinical Sciences Monash University Clayton Australia.,Department of Endocrinology Monash Health Clayton Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research Clayton Australia
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine School of Clinical Sciences Monash University Clayton Australia.,Department of Endocrinology Monash Health Clayton Australia
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12
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Drake MT, Clarke BL, Oursler MJ, Khosla S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors for Osteoporosis: Biology, Potential Clinical Utility, and Lessons Learned. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:325-350. [PMID: 28651365 PMCID: PMC5546879 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family. Although cathepsin K is highly expressed in osteoclasts, lower levels of cathepsin K are also found in a variety of other tissues. Secretion of cathepsin K from the osteoclast into the sealed osteoclast-bone cell interface results in efficient degradation of type I collagen. The absence of cathepsin K activity in humans results in pycnodysostosis, characterized by increased bone mineral density and fractures. Pharmacologic cathepsin K inhibition leads to continuous increases in bone mineral density for ≤5 years of treatment and improves bone strength at the spine and hip. Compared with other antiresorptive agents, cathepsin K inhibition is nearly equally efficacious for reducing biochemical markers of bone resorption but comparatively less active for reducing bone formation markers. Despite multiple efforts to develop cathepsin K inhibitors, potential concerns related to off-target effects of the inhibitors against other cathepsins and cathepsin K inhibition at nonbone sites, including skin and perhaps cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sites, prolonged the regulatory approval process. A large multinational randomized, double-blind phase III study of odanacatib in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was recently completed. Although that study demonstrated clinically relevant reductions in fractures at multiple sites, odanacatib was ultimately withdrawn from the regulatory approval process after it was found to be associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular accidents. Nonetheless, the underlying biology and clinical effects of cathepsin K inhibition remain of considerable interest and could guide future therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Drake
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Bart L. Clarke
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Song HK, Sohn YB, Choi YJ, Chung YS, Jang JH. A case report of pycnodysostosis with atypical femur fracture diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of candidate genes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6367. [PMID: 28328823 PMCID: PMC5371460 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism, acro-osteolysis, osteosclerosis, and brittle bone with poor healing. Pycnodysostosis results from the deficient activity of cathepsin K, a lysosomal cysteine protease that is encoded by CTSK. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a Korean adult patient with pycnodysostosis and atypical femur fracture whose diagnosis was confirmed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of candidate genes. A 41-year-old female patient was presented with a left femur fracture after falling down. Underlying sclerotic bone disease was suspected as a radiographic skeletal survey showed thickened cortical bones, and the total body bone density was increased (T score was 5.3, and Z score was 4.9). DIAGNOSES We performed candidate gene sequencing of various sclerotic bone diseases for the differential molecular diagnosis of underlying sclerosing bone disease. Two heterozygous variants of CTSK were detected. One was a frameshift variant in exon 5, c.426delT (p.Phe142Leufs*19), which was previously reported, and the other was a novel missense variant in exon 6, c.755G>A (p.Ser252Asn). Sanger sequencing of CTSK confirmed the 2 heterozygous variants and thus the patient was diagnosed with pycnodysostosis. INTERVENTIONS The patient had emergency surgery for subtrochantic femoral fracture. OUTCOMES After 4 months of surgery, the patient had almost a full range of hip and knee movements and radiographs show the substantial bridging callus across the fracture. LESSONS Candidate gene sequencing could be a useful diagnostic tool for the genetically heterogeneous skeletal dysplasia group, especially in cases with a mild or atypical clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Jun Choi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon
| | - Yoon-Sok Chung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon
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