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Cavalier E. Role of the Clinical Laboratory in the Assessment of Metabolic Musculoskeletal Diseases. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:123-125. [PMID: 36574025 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liege, CIRM, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
- The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, IFCC, Milan, Italy.
- The International Osteoporosis Foundation, IOF, Nyon, Switzerland.
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Diemar SS, Dahl SS, West AS, Simonsen SA, Iversen HK, Jørgensen NR. A Systematic Review of the Circadian Rhythm of Bone Markers in Blood. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:126-147. [PMID: 35305134 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There exists a marked circadian variation for several bone markers (BM), which is influenced by endogenous as well as exogenous factors including hormones, physical activity, and fasting. Consequently, was the aim of this review to provide an overview of the knowledge of the circadian variation of BM and which factors influence this rhythmicity. A systematic search of PubMed was performed for studies evaluating the circadian variation of BM and which factors influence this rhythmicity. The studies were screened for eligibility by a set of predetermined criteria including a list of relevant BM and a minimum study duration of 24 h with at least 3 blood samples of which two should be at least 6 h apart. In total were 29 papers included. There exists a marked circadian variation for most BM including Carboxy-terminal Cross-Linked Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX) and osteocalcin (OC) with nighttime or early morning peak. Pro-collagen Type I N-terminal Propeptide (PINP) and PTH also showed circadian rhythm but with less amplitude. The inter-osteoblast-osteoclast regulatory markers such as OPG, RANKL, FGF23, and sclerostin showed no circadian rhythm. The markers were differently affected by exogenous factors like fasting, which greatly reduced the circadian variation of CTX but did not affect PINP or OC. The marked circadian variation and the factors which influence the rhythmicity, e.g., fasting are of great consequence when measuring BM. To reduce variation and heighten validity should circadian variation and fasting be kept in mind when measuring BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Seberg Diemar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens vej 1-23, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stig Søgaard Dahl
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Sode West
- Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens vej 1-23, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sofie Amalie Simonsen
- Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens vej 1-23, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Helle Klingenberg Iversen
- Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens vej 1-23, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens vej 1-23, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 13, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Ladang A, Rauch F, Delvin E, Cavalier E. Bone Turnover Markers in Children: From Laboratory Challenges to Clinical Interpretation. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:218-232. [PMID: 35243530 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone turnover markers (BTMs) have been developed many years ago to study, in combination with imaging techniques, bone remodeling in adults. In children and adolescents, bone metabolism differs from adults since it implies both growth and bone remodeling, suggesting an age- and gender-dependent BTM concentration. Therefore, specific studies have evaluated BTMs in not only physiological but also pathological conditions. However, in pediatrics, the use of BTMs in clinical practice is still limited due to these many children-related specificities. This review will discuss about physiological levels of BTMs as well as their modifications under pathological conditions in children and adolescents. A focus is also given on analytical and clinical challenges that restrain BTM usefulness in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ladang
- Clinical Chemistry Department, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Centre & Department of Biochemistry, Ste-Justine University Hospital Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Zaninotto M, Graziani MS, Plebani M. The harmonization issue in laboratory medicine: the commitment of CCLM. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 61:721-731. [PMID: 36383396 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The analytical quality of the clinical laboratory results has shown a significant improvement over the past decades, thanks to the joint efforts of different stakeholders, while the comparability among the results produced by different laboratories and methods still presents some critical issues. During these years, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) published several papers on the harmonization issue over all steps in the Total Testing Process, training an important number of laboratory professionals in evaluating and monitoring all the criticisms inherent to the pre-analytical, as well as analytical and post analytical phases: from the consensus statement on the most informative testing in emergency setting, to the prevention and detection of hemolysis or to patients identification and tube labeling procedures, as far as to different approaches to harmonize hormones measurements or to describe new reference methods or to harmonize the laboratory report. During these years the commitment of the journal, devoted to the harmonization processes has allowed to improve the awareness on the topic and to provide specific instruments to monitor the rate of errors and to improve patients safety.
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Intra-Individual Changes in Total Procollagen-Type 1 N-terminal Propeptide in a Korean Adult Population. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102399. [PMID: 36292087 PMCID: PMC9601271 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate intra-individual changes in total procollagen-type 1 N-terminal pro-peptide (P1NP), a biochemical marker of bone turnover, to understand patient populations and test utilization in a Korean adult population while considering different definitions of least significant changes by sex, age, and medical institution type. Overall, 31,501 P1NP tests were performed on 24,644 Korean adults (3389 men and 21,255 women) with a median age of 68.9 years (interquartile range, IQR, 61.2–77.2) for osteoporosis evaluation. Among these, 1331 (5.4%) patients (127 men and 1204 women) underwent ≥3 follow-up P1NP measurements. The median follow-up period was 12.5 months (IQR, 11.7–15.9). Among 1331 patients, 64.4% experienced a decrease in P1NP and 35.6% experienced an increase in P1NP during follow-up. Among these, the proportion of patients who experienced serum P1NP changes ≥14.4% from baseline was 92.3%, and the proportion of patients who achieved ≤40 ng/mL (a median level of premenopausal Korean women) during follow-up was 31.8%. The overall proportion of patients that experienced a serum P1NP change exceeding the least significant change during follow-up was not significantly different by the type of medical institution.
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Jørgensen NR, Diemar SS, Christensen GL, Kimer N, Danielsen KV, Møller S. Patients With Cirrhosis Have Elevated Bone Turnover but Normal Hepatic Production of Osteoprotegerin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e980-e995. [PMID: 34718621 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Severe osteodystrophy is common in patients with liver dysfunction. Markers of bone metabolism may help in early diagnosis of osteodystrophy and in understanding underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To elucidate changes in bone metabolism associated with cirrhosis and to determine the route of elimination for the markers. METHODS Case-control study at a public university hospital. Fifty-nine patients with cirrhosis (47 alcoholic and 12 nonalcoholic cirrhosis) and 20 controls were included. Participants underwent catheterization of the femoral artery, and the hepatic, renal, and femoral veins with collection of blood from all 4 sites. Regional arteriovenous differences in concentrations of bone metabolism markers were determined: procollagen of type I collagen propeptide (PINP), C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), osteocalcin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAcP5b), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and sclerostin and correlated with degree of disease (Child-Pugh classification). RESULTS PINP concentration was higher (median: 87.9 µg/L) in patients with cirrhosis than in controls (52.6 µg/L) (P = .001), while hepatic extraction was lower (4.3% vs 14.5%) (P < .001). Both CTX and TRAcP5b were higher in patients with cirrhosis (340 ng/L and 3.20 U/L) than in controls (215 ng/L and 1.60 U/L) (P < .001 and P < .0001). Hepatic sclerostin extraction was lower in patients with cirrhosis (14.6%) than in controls (28.7%) (P < .0001). In both groups OPG showed a hepatic release rate (production) of 6%. CONCLUSION Patients with cirrhosis have increased bone resorption, but unaltered bone formation. Sclerostin is eliminated through the liver while OPG is produced in the liver. Bone markers may prove useful in evaluating bone turnover in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Nina Kimer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Karen Vagner Danielsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Tridimas A, Milan A, Marks E. Assessing bone formation in patients with chronic kidney disease using procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP): The choice of assay makes a difference. Ann Clin Biochem 2021; 58:528-536. [PMID: 34096326 DOI: 10.1177/00045632211025567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) concentration in serum reflects the rate of type I collagen synthesis and can therefore be used as a bone formation marker. There are two methods of PINP quantification; the first measures the trimeric propeptide (intact PINP) and the second measures both the trimeric and monomeric propeptides (total PINP). Trimeric PINP is excreted via hepatic endothelial cells, whereas monomeric PINP is cleared renally. Therefore, in renal failure, the total assay has a positive bias with respect to the intact assay, due to monomeric PINP accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of both assays across all stages of chronic kidney disease. METHODS Serum was taken from male (n = 111) and female (n = 105) patients attending a metabolic bone clinic, and these were partitioned into stages of chronic kidney disease 1-5. Each serum sample was analysed using the Roche electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for total PINP and the Immunodiagnostic Systems chemiluminescence immunoassay for intact PINP. RESULTS Passing-Bablok regression analysis comparing both methods showed that with advancing chronic kidney disease there was a proportional positive bias affecting the total assay when compared with the intact assay. This proportional positive bias was statistically significant for chronic kidney disease stages 3b, 4 and 5. CONCLUSIONS Based on this method comparison study, usage of the total PINP assay should be avoided in chronic kidney disease stages 3b, 4 and 5 (eGFR ≤44 mL/min/1.73 m2) and instead an intact assay used as the total assay overestimates PINP concentrations due to monomeric PINP accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tridimas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK
| | - Anna Milan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, 4595Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eileen Marks
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, 4595Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Cavalier E, Eastell R, Jørgensen NR, Makris K, Tournis S, Vasikaran S, Kanis JA, Cooper C, Pottel H, Morris HA. A Multicenter Study to Evaluate Harmonization of Assays for C-Terminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen (ß-CTX): A Report from the IFCC-IOF Committee for Bone Metabolism (C-BM). Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:785-797. [PMID: 33661343 PMCID: PMC8166738 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical bone turnover markers are useful tools to assess bone remodeling. C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ß-CTX) has been recommended as a reference marker for bone resorption in research studies. METHODS We describe the results of a multicenter study for routine clinical laboratory assays for ß-CTX in serum and plasma. Four centers (Athens GR, Copenhagen DK, Liege BE and Sheffield UK) collected serum and plasma (EDTA) samples from 796 patients presenting to osteoporosis clinics. Specimens were analyzed in duplicate with each of the available routine clinical laboratory methods according to the manufacturers' instructions. Passing-Bablok regressions, Bland-Altman plots, V-shape evaluation method, and Concordance correlation coefficient for ß-CTX values between serum and plasma specimens and between methods were used to determine the agreement between results. A generalized linear model was employed to identify possible variables that affected the relationship between the methods. Two pools of serum were finally prepared and sent to the four centers to be measured in 5-plicates on 5 consecutive days with the different methods. RESULTS We identified significant variations between methods and between centers although comparison results were generally more consistent in plasma compared to serum. We developed univariate linear regression equations to predict Roche Elecsys®, IDS-iSYS, or IDS ELISA ß-CTX results from any other assay and a multivariable model including the site of analysis, the age, and weight of the patient. The coefficients of determination (R2) increased from approximately 0.80 in the univariate model to approximately 0.90 in the multivariable one, with the site of analysis being the major contributing factor. Results observed on the pools also suggest that long-term storage could explain the difference observed with the different methods on serum. CONCLUSION Our results show large within- and between-assay variation for ß-CTX measurement, particularly in serum. Stability of the analyte could be one of the explanations. More studies should be undertaken to overcome this problem. Until harmonization is achieved, we recommend measuring ß-CTX by the same assay on EDTA plasma, especially for research purposes in large pharmacological trials where samples can be stored for long periods before they are assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Domaine du Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - R Eastell
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - N R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Makris
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, 14561, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Th. Garofalidis", Medical School, University of Athens, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - S Tournis
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Th. Garofalidis", Medical School, University of Athens, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - S Vasikaran
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - J A Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C Cooper
- The MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H Pottel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - H A Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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Abstract
Bone turnover markers fill a clinical need that improves comprehensive care of metabolic bone health and osteoporosis. Creating a standard process for drawing them that reduces modifiable variability improves their precision and clinical usefulness. Creating a standard process for interpreting them by applying statistical significance improves their clinical applicability. Understanding what causes them to increase and decrease can help elucidate secondary causes of osteoporosis. Monitoring them can assess patient adherence to therapy for a silent disease that will progressively become louder with an aging global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Jain
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 250, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Bhattoa HP, Cavalier E, Eastell R, Heijboer AC, Jørgensen NR, Makris K, Ulmer CZ, Kanis JA, Cooper C, Silverman SL, Vasikaran SD. Analytical considerations and plans to standardize or harmonize assays for the reference bone turnover markers PINP and β-CTX in blood. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 515:16-20. [PMID: 33382995 PMCID: PMC8033406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Procollagen type I N-propeptide (PINP) and the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) in blood have been designated as reference bone turnover markers in osteoporosis by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). The IFCC Committee on Bone Metabolism (C-BM) has examined current commercial assays and performed a multicentre study to examine the agreement between assays for PINP and β-CTX in serum and plasma. The results of these studies will inform our work towards the harmonization of PINP assays and the standardization of β-CTX assays in blood, with the development of common calibrators and reference measurement procedures in collaboration with the reagent manufacturing industry. Successful achievement of these goals will help develop universally acceptable practice guidelines for the management of osteoporosis with the inclusion of common reference intervals and treatment targets for PINP and β-CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjit P Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Domaine du Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Richard Eastell
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Makris
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece; Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Th. Garofalidis", Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Candice Z Ulmer
- Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John A Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK and Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- The MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stuart L Silverman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | - Samuel D Vasikaran
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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Gillett MJ, Vasikaran SD, Inderjeeth CA. The Role of PINP in Diagnosis and Management of Metabolic Bone Disease. Clin Biochem Rev 2021; 42:3-10. [PMID: 34305208 PMCID: PMC8252919 DOI: 10.33176/aacb-20-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serum procollagen type I N-propeptide (PINP) is designated the reference marker of bone formation in osteoporosis; the reference marker for resorption is C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). PINP has very low circadian and biological variation, is not affected by food intake, and is very stable in serum after venepuncture. The two automated commercial assays for PINP provide similar results in subjects with normal renal function, allowing reference intervals to be used interchangeably. Bone turnover markers (BTM) are currently not recommended for fracture risk assessment and therefore not included in fracture risk calculators. In the management of osteoporosis, the main utility of BTM including PINP is for monitoring therapy, both antiresorptive as well as anabolic agents; monitoring is thought to help improve adherence. PINP as well as CTX may also be used in assessing offset of drug action following a pause in bisphosphonate therapy, to help decide when to re-instate therapy, or following cessation of denosumab therapy to assess efficacy of follow-on bisphosphonate therapy. PINP may also be used in the diagnosis of Paget's disease of bone as well as in monitoring response to therapy and for recurrence. Although BTM other than bone alkaline phosphatase are currently not recommended for use in metabolic bone disease of chronic kidney disease, PINP measured by assays specific to the intact molecule has potential in this condition. Further studies are needed to examine this area, as well as in malignant bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Gillett
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150
- Western Diagnostic Pathology, Jandakot, WA 6164
| | - Samuel D Vasikaran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150
| | - Charles A Inderjeeth
- Medical School, University Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Rheumatology, North Metropolitan Health Service, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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12
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Cavalier E, Lukas P, Bottani M, Aarsand AK, Ceriotti F, Coşkun A, Díaz-Garzón J, Fernàndez-Calle P, Guerra E, Locatelli M, Sandberg S, Carobene A. European Biological Variation Study (EuBIVAS): within- and between-subject biological variation estimates of β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), osteocalcin, intact fibroblast growth factor 23 and uncarboxylated-unphosphorylated matrix-Gla protein-a cooperation between the EFLM Working Group on Biological Variation and the International Osteoporosis Foundation-International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Committee on Bone Metabolism. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:1461-1470. [PMID: 32270253 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have calculated the biological variation (BV) of different bone metabolism biomarkers on a large, well-described cohort of subjects. BV is important to calculate reference change value (or least significant change) which allows evaluating if the difference observed between two consecutive measurements in a patient is biologically significant or not. INTRODUCTION Within-subject (CVI) and between-subject (CVG) biological variation (BV) estimates are essential in determining both analytical performance specifications (APS) and reference change values (RCV). Previously published estimates of BV for bone metabolism biomarkers are generally not compliant with the most up-to-date quality criteria for BV studies. We calculated the BV and RCV for different bone metabolism markers, namely β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), osteocalcin (OC), intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (iFGF-23), and uncarboxylated-unphosphorylated Matrix-Gla Protein (uCuP-MGP) using samples from the European Biological Variation Study (EuBIVAS). METHODS In the EuBIVAS, 91 subjects were recruited from six European laboratories. Fasting blood samples were obtained weekly for ten consecutive weeks. The samples were run in duplicate on IDS iSYS or DiaSorin Liaison instruments. The results were subjected to outlier and variance homogeneity analysis before CV-ANOVA was used to obtain the BV estimates. RESULTS We found no effect of gender upon the CVI estimates. The following CVI estimates with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained: β-CTX 15.1% (14.4-16.0%), PINP 8.8% (8.4-9.3%), OC 8.9% (8.5-9.4%), iFGF23 13.9% (13.2-14.7%), and uCuP-MGP 6.9% (6.1-7.3%). CONCLUSIONS The EuBIVAS has provided updated BV estimates for bone markers, including iFGF23, which have not been previously published, facilitating the improved follow-up of patients being treated for metabolic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- International Federation of Clinical Chemistry-International Osteoporosis Foundation Committee for Bone Markers, Milan, Italy.
| | - P Lukas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Bottani
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - A K Aarsand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Biological Variation Working Group, European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - F Ceriotti
- Clinical Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Coşkun
- Biological Variation Working Group, European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - J Díaz-Garzón
- Biological Variation Working Group, European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Milan, Italy
- Quality Analytical Commission of Spanish Society of Laboratory Medicine (SEQC-ML), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Fernàndez-Calle
- Biological Variation Working Group, European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Milan, Italy
- Quality Analytical Commission of Spanish Society of Laboratory Medicine (SEQC-ML), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Guerra
- Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Locatelli
- Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - S Sandberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Biological Variation Working Group, European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Milan, Italy
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Carobene
- Biological Variation Working Group, European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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