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Jin B, Zhu Y, Zhao W, Liu Z, Che S, Chen K, Lin YH, Liu J, Men Y. Aerobic Biotransformation and Defluorination of Fluoroalkylether Substances (ether PFAS): Substrate Specificity, Pathways, and Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:755-761. [PMID: 37719205 PMCID: PMC10501197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylether substances (ether PFAS) constitute a large group of emerging PFAS with uncertain environmental fate. Among them, GenX is the well-known alternative to perfluorooctanoic acid and one of the six proposed PFAS to be regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This study investigated the structure-biodegradability relationship for 12 different ether PFAS with a carboxylic acid headgroup in activated sludge communities. Only polyfluorinated ethers with at least one -CH2- moiety adjacent to or a C=C bond in the proximity of the ether bond underwent active biotransformation via oxidative and hydrolytic O-dealkylation. The bioreactions at ether bonds led to the formation of unstable fluoroalcohol intermediates subject to spontaneous defluorination. We further demonstrated that this aerobic biotransformation/defluorination could complement the advanced reduction process in a treatment train system to achieve more cost-effective treatment for GenX and other recalcitrant perfluorinated ether PFAS. These findings provide essential insights into the environmental fate of ether PFAS, the design of biodegradable alternative PFAS, and the development of cost-effective ether PFAS treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosen Jin
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Weiyang Zhao
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zekun Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Shun Che
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kunpeng Chen
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jinyong Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yujie Men
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Wang C, Guo Q, Zhang B, An W, Wang Z, Zhang D, Yang M, Yu J. Solvent-like bis (2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether occurrence in drinking water: Multidimensional risk assessment integrated health and aesthetic aspects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131446. [PMID: 37088025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bis (2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether (DCIP), one U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutant, could pose health and/or odor risk in water environment. In this study, odor characteristics, occurrence and source of DCIP in drinking waters of China were investigated based on sensory analysis and a nation-wide investigation covering 140 drinking water treatment plants. Then multi-risk integrated health and aesthetic aspects through oral and inhalation (showering) exposure by drinking water were first estimated. Sensory evaluation showed DCIP exhibited "solvent-like" odor with thresholds of 34.8 ng/L in air and 142.0 ng/L in water. DCIP was detected at comparable concentrations in raw and finished waters (<1280 ng/L) and was by-product from industrial production of epichlorohydrin/propylene oxide. Lifetime Average Daily Dose through oral exposure was 0-36.65 ng/day/kg, corresponding to odor activity values of 0-8.4 and hazard quotients of far < 1, indicating drinking tap water might cause odor issues rather than significant health hazard. The proportion of sensitive population to DCIP's odor was 6.1%. In contrast, residents rarely detect DCIP's odor by inhalation. The presence in drinking water as industrial by-product, poor removal using conventional water treatment and potential to be T&O issues, indicates urgent demand for pollutant source control to protect DCIP from entering source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Liang Y, Zhou X, Wu Y, Wu Y, Zeng X, Yu Z, Peng P. Meta-omics elucidates key degraders in a bacterial tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)-degrading enrichment culture. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119774. [PMID: 36848852 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging contaminants of growing concern, and there is limited information about the bacterial transformation of OPEs. In this study, we investigated the biotransformation of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), a frequently detected alkyl-OPE by a bacterial enrichment culture under aerobic conditions. The enrichment culture degraded 5 mg/L TBOEP following the first-order kinetics with a reaction rate constant of 0.314 h-1. TBOEP was mainly degraded via ether bond cleavage, evidenced by the production of bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate, 2-butoxyethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphate, and 2-butoxyethyl (2-hydroxyethyl) hydrogen phosphate. Other transformation pathways include terminal oxidation of the butoxyethyl group and phosphoester bond hydrolysis. Metagenomic sequencing generated 14 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), showing that the enrichment culture primarily consisted of Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Myxococcota, and Actinobacteriota. One MAG assigned to Rhodocuccus ruber strain C1 was the most active in the community, showing upregulation of various monooxygenase, dehydrogenase, and phosphoesterase genes throughout the degradation process, and thus was identified as the key degrader of TBOEP and the metabolites. Another MAG affiliated with Ottowia mainly contributed to TBOEP hydroxylation. Our results provided a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial TBOEP degradation at community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiding Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang C, Gallagher DL, Dietrich AM, Su M, Wang Q, Guo Q, Zhang J, An W, Yu J, Yang M. Data Analytics Determines Co-occurrence of Odorants in Raw Water and Evaluates Drinking Water Treatment Removal Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16770-16782. [PMID: 34855387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A complex dataset with 140 sampling events was generated using triple quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometer to track the occurrence of 95 odorants in raw and finished water from 98 drinking water treatment plants in 31 cities across China. Data analysis identified more than 70 odorants with concentrations ranging from not detected to thousands of ng/L. In raw water, Pearson correlation analysis determined that thioethers, non-oxygen benzene-containing compounds, and pyrazines were classes of chemicals that co-occurred, and geosmin and p(m)-cresol, as well as cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, also co-occurred, indicating similar natural or industrial sources. Based on classification and regression tree analysis, total dissolved organic carbon and geographical location were identified as major factors affecting the occurrence of thioethers. Indoles, phenols, and thioethers were well-removed through conventional and advanced treatment processes, while some aldehydes could be generated. For other odorants, higher removal was achieved by ozonation-biological activated carbon (39.3%) compared to the conventional treatment process (14.5%). To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically identify the major odorants in raw water and determine suitable treatment strategies to control their occurrence by applying data analytics and statistical methods to the complex dataset. These provide informative reference for odor control and water quality management in drinking water industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daniel L Gallagher
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 413 Durham Hall, 1145 Perry Street, MC 0246, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 413 Durham Hall, 1145 Perry Street, MC 0246, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junzhi Zhang
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Mitschke N, Jarling R, Rabus R, Christoffers J, Wilkes H. Metabolites of the anaerobic degradation of diethyl ether by denitrifying betaproteobacterium strain HxN1. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7098-7109. [PMID: 32897282 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The constitutions of five metabolites formed during co-metabolic, anaerobic degradation of diethyl ether by the denitrifying betaproteobacterium Aromatoleum sp. strain HxN1 were elucidated by comparison of mass spectrometric and gas chromatographic data with those of synthetic reference standards. Furthermore, the absolute configurations of two stereogenic centers in the metabolites were established. Based on these results a degradation pathway for diethyl ether by Aromatoleum sp. HxN1 analogous to that of n-hexane is proposed. Synthesis of both enantiomers of methyl (E)-4-ethoxy-2-pentenoate was accomplished by etherification of ethyl (R)- or (S)-lactate, followed by hydrolysis of the ester group and reduction to furnish 2-ethoxy-1-propanol. The primary alcohol was converted by a Swern oxidation followed by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction to methyl (E)-4-ethoxy-2-pentenoate that was finally hydrogenated to methyl 4-ethoxypentanoate. Methyl (S)-4-ethoxy-3-oxopentanoate was prepared by conversion of (S)-2-ethoxypropanoyl chloride with Meldrum's acid. Reduction of the resulting β-oxoester with NaBH4 or baker's yeast gave both diastereoisomers of methyl 4-ethoxy-3-hydroxypentanoate. The stereocenter at C-3 of the main diastereoisomer produced with baker's yeast was determined by Mosher ester analysis to be (R)-configurated. Dimethyl 2-(1-ethoxyethyl)succinate was prepared by Michael addition of nitroethane to diethyl maleate, followed by conjugate addition of sodium ethanolate, hydrolysis and esterification with diazomethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Mitschke
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - René Jarling
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Rabus
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Wilkes
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Gu P, Li Y, Fan X, Song D, Ji Y, Li Q. Biosynthesis of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by bacterial community from propylene oxide saponification wastewater residual sludge. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:34-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Fan X, Zhu Y, Gu P, Li Y, Xiao G, Song D, Wang Y, He R, Zheng H, Li Q. Bacterial community compositions of propylene oxide saponification wastewater treatment plants. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27808f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the bacterial community structures of propylene oxide saponification wastewater treatment plants were explored for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Fan
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Ying Zhu
- New Materials Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Guiqing Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Dongxue Song
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Rong He
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC
- SIPPR
- IRD
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
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8
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Kim YH, Cha CJ, Engesser KH, Kim SJ. Degradation of various alkyl ethers by alkyl ether-degrading Actinobacteria isolated from activated sludge of a mixed wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1442-1447. [PMID: 18783815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Various substrate specificity groups of alkyl ether (AE)-degrading Actinobacteria coexisted in activated sewage sludge of a mixed wastewater treatment. There were substrate niche overlaps including diethyl ether between linear AE- and cyclic AE-degrading strains and phenetole between monoalkoxybenzene- and linear AE-degrading strains. Representatives of each group showed different substrate specificities and degradation pathways for the preferred substrates. Determining the rates of initial reactions and the initial metabolite(s) from whole cell biotransformation helped us to get information about the degradation pathways. Rhodococcus sp. strain DEE5311 and Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain 117 both were able to degrade anisole and phenetole through aromatic 2-monooxygenation to form 2-alkoxyphenols. In contrast, diethyl ether-oxidizing strain DEE5311 capable of degrading a broad range of linear AE, dibenzyl ether and monoalkoxybenzenes initially transformed anisole and phenetole to phenol via direct O-dealkylation. Compared to this, cyclic AE-degrading Rhodococcus sp. strain THF100 preferred tetrahydrofuran (265 ± 35 nmol min(-1)mg(-1) protein) to diethyl ether (<30), but it cannot oxidize bulkier AE than diethyl ether. Otherwise, 1,4-diethoxybenzene-degrading Rhodococcus sp. strain DEOB100 and Gordonia sp. strain DEOB200 transformed 1,3-/1,4-dialkoxybenzenes to 3-/4-alkoxyphenols by similar manners in the order of rates (nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein): 1,4-diethoxybenzene (11.1 vs. 3.9)>1,4-dimethoxybenzene (1.6 vs. 2.6)>1,3-dimethoxybenzene (0.6 vs. 0.6). This study suggests that the AE-degrading Actinobacteria can orchestrate various substrate specificity responses to the degradation of various categories of AE pollutants in activated sludge communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim, Kwanak, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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McClay K, Schaefer CE, Vainberg S, Steffan RJ. Biodegradation of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether by Xanthobacter sp. strain ENV481. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6870-5. [PMID: 17873075 PMCID: PMC2074973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01379-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE) was observed to occur in two bacterial strains. Strain ENV481, a Xanthobacter sp. strain, was isolated by enrichment culturing of samples from a Superfund site located in the northeastern United States. The strain was able to grow on BCEE or 2-chloroethylethyl ether as the sole source of carbon and energy. BCEE degradation in strain ENV481 was facilitated by sequential dehalogenation reactions resulting in the formation of 2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethanol and diethylene glycol (DEG), respectively. 2-Hydroxyethoxyacetic acid was detected as a product of DEG catabolism by the strain. Degradation of BCEE by strain ENV481 was independent of oxygen, and the strain was not able to grow on a mixture of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes, other prevalent contaminants at the site. Another bacterial isolate, Pseudonocardia sp. strain ENV478 (S. Vainberg et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5218-5224, 2006), degraded BCEE after growth on tetrahydrofuran or propane but was not able to grow on BCEE as a sole carbon source. BCEE degradation by strain ENV478 appeared to be facilitated by a monooxygenase-mediated O-dealkylation mechanism, and it resulted in the accumulation of 2-chloroacetic acid that was not readily degraded by the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McClay
- Shaw Environmental, Inc., Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
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Kim YH, Engesser KH, Kim SJ. Physiological, numerical and molecular characterization of alkyl ether-utilizing rhodococci. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:1497-510. [PMID: 17504487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven Gram-positive strains were characterized physiologically and numerically and classified them into four groups according to their specific activities for utilization of linear alkyl ethers (AEs), cyclic AEs, monoalkoxybenzenes and 1,4-diethoxybenzene. The comparative analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and 16S-23S intergenic spacer region showed that they belonged to the genera Rhodococcus and Gordonia. Alkyl ether-utilizing rhodococci appeared to involve various and diverse cytochromes P450 of the families CYP116 (25 positive strains from 27), CYP153 (5/27), CYP249 (1/27) and a new family P450RR1 (27/27). The presence of P450RR1 was strongly related to the specific activity for utilization of 2-methoxyphenol and 2-ethoxyphenol. In addition, 26 of 27 strains contained multiple alkB genes coding for probable non-haem iron containing alkane monooxygenases and hydroxylases. Similar DNA fragments coding for a tetrahydrofuran monooxygenase A subunit (ThmA) were found in all cyclic AE-utilizing strains and nearly identical DNA fragments coding for likely orthologues of a propane monooxygenase A subunit (PrmA) in all linear AE-utilizing strains. The substrate availability in the degradation of aryl AEs, cyclic AEs and linear AEs agreed with the molecular probing of the respective genes encoding cytochrome P450RR1, ThmA and PrmA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim, Kwanak, Seoul 151-747, Korea.
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11
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Larkin MJ, Kulakov LA, Allen CCR. Biodegradation by members of the genus Rhodococcus: biochemistry, physiology, and genetic adaptation. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 59:1-29. [PMID: 16829254 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)59001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Larkin
- The QUESTOR Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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12
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Priestley JT, Coleman NV, Duxbury T. Growth rate and nutrient limitation affect the transport of Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 through sand. Biodegradation 2006; 17:571-6. [PMID: 16477351 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-005-9027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus strain DN22 grows on the nitramine explosive RDX as a sole nitrogen source, and is potentially useful for bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil. In order for strain DN22 to be effectively applied in situ, inoculum cells must reach zones of RDX contamination via passive transport, a process that is difficult to predict at field-scale. We examined the effect of growth conditions on the transport of DN22 cells through sand columns, using chemostat-grown cultures. Strain DN22 formed smaller coccoid cells at low dilution rate (0.02 h(-1)) and larger rods at high dilution rate (0.1 h(-1)). Under all nutrient limitation conditions studied, smaller cells grown at low dilution rate were retained more strongly by sand columns than larger cells grown at high dilution rate. At a dilution rate of 0.05, cells from nitrate-limited cultures were retained more strongly than cells from RDX-limited or succinate-limited cultures. Breakthrough concentrations (C/C (0)) from sand columns ranged from 0.04 (nitrate-limited, D=0.02 h(-1)) to 0.98 (succinate-limited, D=0.1 h(-1)). The observed strong effect of culture conditions on transport of DN22 cells emphasizes the importance of physiology studies in guiding the development of bioremediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Priestley
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Building G08, 2006, Maze Crescent, Australia.
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Garbe LA, Moreno-Horn M, Tressl R, Görisch H. Preferential attack of the (S)-configured ether-linked carbons in bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) ether by Rhodococcus sp. strain DTB. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 55:113-21. [PMID: 16420620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2005.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus sp. strain DTB (DSM 44534) was grown on a mixture of (R,R)-, (S,S)- and meso-bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) ether (BCPE) as the sole source of carbon and energy. During BCPE degradation 1'-chloro-2'-propyl-3-chloro-2-prop-1-enyl-ether (DVE), 1-chloro-2-propanol and chloroacetone intermediates were formed. The BCPE or DVE stereoisomers were metabolized in consecutive order via scission of the ether bond, with discrimination against the (R) configuration. Resting cell suspensions of Rhodococcus pregrown on BCPE showed a preferential attack of the (S)-configured ether-linked carbons, resulting in an enantioselective enrichment of (R,R)-BCPE. Microbial discrimination of BCPE or DVE isomers and chemical conversion of the intermediates to 1-chloro-2-propanol allowed the identification of the configuration of all BCPE isomers and the DVE enantiomers. Elucidation of the absolute configuration of the 1-chloro-2-propanol isomers was achieved by enantioselective chemical synthesis.
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Moreno-Horn M, Garbe LA, Tressl R, Görisch H. Transient accumulation of γ-butyrolactone during degradation of bis(4-chloro-n-butyl) ether by diethylether-grown Rhodococcus sp. strain DTB. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:335-40. [PMID: 15843929 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus sp. strain DTB (DSM 44534) grows aerobically on diethylether as sole source of carbon and energy. Dense cell suspension experiments showed that the induced ether-cleaving enzyme system attacks a broad range of ethers like tetrahydrofuran, phenetole and chlorinated alkylethers including Calpha-substituted alkylethers. Identification of metabolites revealed that degradation of the ethers started by an initial attack of the ether bond. Diethylether-grown cells degraded bis(4-chloro-n-butyl) ether via an initial ether scission followed by the transient accumulation of gamma-butyrolactone as intermediate at nearly stoichiometric concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno-Horn
- Fachgebiet Technische Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestrasse 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Schleheck D, Cook AM. Omega-oxygenation of the alkyl sidechain of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactant in Parvibaculum lavamentivorans(T). Arch Microbiol 2005; 183:369-77. [PMID: 16075201 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parvibaculum lavamentivorans (T) DS-1, an aerobic, heterotrophic bacterium, requires a biofilm on a solid surface (e.g. glass particles) when utilizing commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactant (LAS; 20 congeners) for growth. Catabolism involves the undefined 'omega-oxygenation' and beta-oxidation of the LAS side chain, and the organism excretes sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPC) quantitatively. A 3.5-l fermenter was developed which allowed gram-quantities of LAS-grown cells to be grown and harvested from medium with glass particles as the solid support. The catabolism of LAS was dominant: in diauxie experiments with acetate as second carbon source, LAS was utilized first. The biofilm-encoated LAS-grown cells were unsuitable for metabolic work in vitro because cell suspensions clumped and were not disrupted effectively, but the degradative enzymes were found to be expressed constitutively in acetate-grown cells, which formed no biofilm. LAS-dependent oxygen uptake was measured in acetate-grown cells at about 0.6 mkat (kg protein)(-1), but not in extracts of cells. Whole cells converted LAS to SPC in the presence of molecular oxygen only, and the reaction could be saturably inhibited by metyrapone, which acts on e.g. cytochromes P450 (CYP). However, despite the presence of CYP153-like sequences in the genome of strain DS-1(T), the difference spectra did not support the presence of a CYP in crude extracts, and the nature of the LAS-oxygenase remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schleheck
- Department of Biology, The University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Larkin MJ, Kulakov LA, Allen CCR. Biodegradation and Rhodococcus – masters of catabolic versatility. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 16:282-90. [PMID: 15961029 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The genus Rhodococcus is a very diverse group of bacteria that possesses the ability to degrade a large number of organic compounds, including some of the most difficult compounds with regard to recalcitrance and toxicity. They achieve this through their capacity to acquire a remarkable range of diverse catabolic genes and their robust cellular physiology. Rhodococcus appear to have adopted a strategy of hyper-recombination associated with a large genome. Notably, they harbour large linear plasmids that contribute to their catabolic diversity by acting as 'mass storage' for a large number of catabolic genes. In addition, there is increasing evidence that multiple pathways and gene homologues are present that further increase the catabolic versatility and efficiency of Rhodococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Larkin
- School of Biology and Biochemistry and The QUESTOR Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Garbe LA, Moreno-Horn M, Rewicki D, Tressl R, Görisch H. Microbial Desaturation of Bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) Ether into a Dichloro Vinyl Ether. Chembiochem 2004; 5:876-8. [PMID: 15174174 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Fachgebiet für Chemisch-technische Analyse, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestrasse 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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