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Wang S, Zhang J, Wei F, Li W, Wen L. Facile Synthesis of Sugar Nucleotides from Common Sugars by the Cascade Conversion Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9980-9989. [PMID: 35583341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sugar nucleotides are essential glycosylation donors in the carbohydrate metabolism. Naturally, most sugar nucleotides are derived from a limited number of common sugar nucleotides by de novo biosynthetic pathways, undergoing single or multiple reactions such as dehydration, epimerization, isomerization, oxidation, reduction, amination, and acetylation reactions. However, it is widely believed that such complex bioconversions are not practical for synthetic use due to the high preparation cost and great difficulties in product isolation. Therefore, most of the discovered sugar nucleotides are not readily available. Here, based on de novo biosynthesis mainly, 13 difficult-to-access sugar nucleotides were successfully prepared from two common sugars D-Man and sucrose in high yields, at a multigram scale, and without the need for tedious purification manipulations. This work demonstrated that de novo biosynthesis, although undergoing complex reactions, is also practical and cost-effective for synthetic use by employing a cascade conversion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiang Su 210023, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanjin Li
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiang Su 210023, China
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2
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Bhayani J, Iglesias MJ, Minen RI, Cereijo AE, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA, Asencion Diez MD. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Bacteria: Alternative Specificities in ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylases Open Novel Metabolic Scenarios and Biotechnological Tools. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:867384. [PMID: 35572620 PMCID: PMC9093745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.867384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the ability of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) from different bacteria to use glucosamine (GlcN) metabolites as a substrate or allosteric effectors. The enzyme from the actinobacteria Kocuria rhizophila exhibited marked and distinctive sensitivity to allosteric activation by GlcN-6P when producing ADP-Glc from glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1P) and ATP. This behavior is also seen in the enzyme from Rhodococcus spp., the only one known so far to portray this activation. GlcN-6P had a more modest effect on the enzyme from other Actinobacteria (Streptomyces coelicolor), Firmicutes (Ruminococcus albus), and Proteobacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) groups. In addition, we studied the catalytic capacity of ADP-Glc PPases from the different sources using GlcN-1P as a substrate when assayed in the presence of their respective allosteric activators. In all cases, the catalytic efficiency of Glc-1P was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than GlcN-1P, except for the unregulated heterotetrameric protein (GlgC/GgD) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The Glc-1P substrate preference is explained using a model of ADP-Glc PPase from A. tumefaciens based on the crystallographic structure of the enzyme from potato tuber. The substrate-binding domain localizes near the N-terminal of an α-helix, which has a partial positive charge, thus favoring the interaction with a hydroxyl rather than a charged primary amine group. Results support the scenario where the ability of ADP-Glc PPases to use GlcN-1P as an alternative occurred during evolution despite the enzyme being selected to use Glc-1P and ATP for α-glucans synthesis. As an associated consequence in such a process, certain bacteria could have improved their ability to metabolize GlcN. The work also provides insights in designing molecular tools for producing oligo and polysaccharides with amino moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina Bhayani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria Josefina Iglesias
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Romina I Minen
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Antonela E Cereijo
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matias D Asencion Diez
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
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3
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Yi Y, Liu L, Zhou W, Peng D, Han R, Yu N. Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium huoshanense yielding GDP-D-mannose. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:102-107. [PMID: 33817303 PMCID: PMC7988358 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium huoshanense has been used for centuries in China and its polysaccharides are the main active components in treating loss of body fluids resulting from fever and asthenic symptoms. However, the biosynthetic pathway of polysaccharides in D. huoshanense remains to be elucidated. In this study, we obtained a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-mannose pyrophosphorylase (DhGMPP) from D. huoshanense and characterized its function to catalyze the conversion of α-D-mannose-phosphate to GDP-D-mannose involved in the production of polysaccharides. DhGMPP, with the open reading frame of 1,245 bp, was isolated from RNA-Seq data of D. huoshanense. Phylogenetic analysis as well as sequence characterization suggested its involvement in the biosynthesis of GDP-D-mannose. In vitro enzyme assay demonstrated that GMPP encoded a pyrophosphorylase that converted α-D-mannose-phosphate and GTP into GDP-D-mannose. Identification of DhGMPP could provide more insights into the mechanism concerning polysaccharide biosynthesis in D. huoshanense and be utilized for enhancing polysaccharide accumulation through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Yaohai District, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Zenith Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd.; Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Department of Research and Development, Hefei Yifan Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Hefei 230061, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Yaohai District, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Yaohai District, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Nianjun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Yaohai District, Hefei 230012, China
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Trypanosoma cruzi Phosphomannomutase and Guanosine Diphosphate-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase Ligandability Assessment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01082-19. [PMID: 31405854 PMCID: PMC6761512 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01082-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease, which is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, has become a global health problem that is currently treated with poorly tolerated drugs that require prolonged dosing. Therefore, there is a clinical need for new therapeutic agents that can mitigate these issues. The phosphomannomutase (PMM) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GDP-MP) enzymes form part of the de novo biosynthetic pathway to the nucleotide sugar GDP-mannose. Chagas’ disease, which is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, has become a global health problem that is currently treated with poorly tolerated drugs that require prolonged dosing. Therefore, there is a clinical need for new therapeutic agents that can mitigate these issues. The phosphomannomutase (PMM) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GDP-MP) enzymes form part of the de novo biosynthetic pathway to the nucleotide sugar GDP-mannose. This nucleotide sugar is used either directly, or indirectly via the formation of dolichol-phosphomannose, for the assembly of all mannose-containing glycoconjugates. In T. cruzi, mannose-containing glycoconjugates include the cell-surface glycoinositol-phospholipids and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins that dominate the cell surface architectures of all life cycle stages. This makes PMM and GDP-MP potentially attractive targets for a drug discovery program against Chagas’ disease. To assess the ligandability of these enzymes in T. cruzi, we have screened 18,117 structurally diverse compounds exploring drug-like chemical space and 16,845 small polar fragment compounds using an assay interrogating the activities of both PMM and GDP-MP enzymes simultaneously. This resulted in 48 small fragment hits, and on retesting 20 were found to be active against the enzymes. Deconvolution revealed that these were all inhibitors of T. cruzi GDP-MP, with compounds 2 and 3 acting as uncompetitive and competitive inhibitors, respectively. Based on these findings, the T. cruzi PMM and GDP-MP enzymes were deemed not ligandable and poorly ligandable, respectively, using small molecules from conventional drug discovery chemical space. This presents a significant hurdle to exploiting these enzymes as therapeutic targets for Chagas’ disease.
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Pomel S, Mao W, Ha-Duong T, Cavé C, Loiseau PM. GDP-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase: A Biologically Validated Target for Drug Development Against Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:186. [PMID: 31214516 PMCID: PMC6554559 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases that threaten about 350 million people in 98 countries around the world. In order to find new antileishmanial drugs, an original approach consists in reducing the pathogenic effect of the parasite by impairing the glycoconjugate biosynthesis, necessary for parasite recognition and internalization by the macrophage. Some proteins appear to be critical in this way, and one of them, the GDP-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase (GDP-MP), is an attractive target for the design of specific inhibitors as it is essential for Leishmania survival and it presents significant differences with the host counterpart. Two GDP-MP inhibitors, compounds A and B, have been identified in two distinct studies by high throughput screening and by a rational approach based on molecular modeling, respectively. Compound B was found to be the most promising as it exhibited specific competitive inhibition of leishmanial GDP-MP and antileishmanial activities at the micromolar range with interesting selectivity indexes, as opposed to compound A. Therefore, compound B can be used as a pharmacological tool for the development of new specific antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pomel
- UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Wei Mao
- UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Tâp Ha-Duong
- UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Christian Cavé
- UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M Loiseau
- UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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DoGMP1 from Dendrobium officinale contributes to mannose content of water-soluble polysaccharides and plays a role in salt stress response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41010. [PMID: 28176760 PMCID: PMC5296857 DOI: 10.1038/srep41010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) catalyzed the formation of GDP-mannose, which serves as a donor for the biosynthesis of mannose-containing polysaccharides. In this study, three GMP genes from Dendrobium officinale (i.e., DoGMPs) were cloned and analyzed. The putative 1000 bp upstream regulatory region of these DoGMPs was isolated and cis-elements were identified, which indicates their possible role in responses to abiotic stresses. The DoGMP1 protein was shown to be localized in the cytoplasm. To further study the function of the DoGMP1 gene, 35S:DoGMP1 transgenic A. thaliana plants with an enhanced expression level of DoGMP1 were generated. Transgenic plants were indistinguishable from wild-type (WT) plants in tissue culture or in soil. However, the mannose content of the extracted water-soluble polysaccharides increased 67%, 96% and 92% in transgenic lines #1, #2 and #3, respectively more than WT levels. Germination percentage of seeds from transgenic lines was higher than WT seeds and the growth of seedlings from transgenic lines was better than WT seedlings under salinity stress (150 mM NaCl). Our results provide genetic evidence for the involvement of GMP genes in the biosynthesis of mannose-containing polysaccharides and the mediation of GMP genes in the response to salt stress during seed germination and seedling growth.
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7
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Kameya M, Himi M, Asano Y. Rapid and selective enzymatic assay for L-methionine based on a pyrophosphate detection system. Anal Biochem 2013; 447:33-8. [PMID: 24239571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An enzymatic assay for L-methionine was developed by coupling adenosylmethionine synthetase (AdoMetS) to a pyrophosphate (PP(i)) detection system, which was constructed using pyruvate, phosphate dikinase. To expand the use of this assay, the PP(i) detection system was embodied as three different forms, which allowed PP(i) to be measured by UV, visible, and fluorescent light detectors. The assay system was robust and could tolerate the addition of inorganic phosphate and ATP to the assay mixtures. L-Methionine could be accurately determined by coupling the PP(i) detection system and AdoMetS. This AdoMetS coupling assay was highly selective to L-methionine and exhibited no significant activity to other proteinaceous amino acids, ammonia, or urea, unlike conventional enzymatic assays for L-methionine. Spike and recovery tests showed that the AdoMetS assay could accurately and reproducibly determine increases in L-methionine in human plasma samples without any pretreatment to remove proteins and potentially interfering low-molecular-weight molecules. The high selectivity and robustness of the AdoMetS assay provide rapid and high-throughput analysis of L-methionine in various kinds of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Kameya
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Mariko Himi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
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8
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Asención Diez MD, Demonte AM, Guerrero SA, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA. The ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Streptococcus mutans provides evidence for the regulation of polysaccharide biosynthesis in Firmicutes. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:1011-27. [PMID: 24112771 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of dental caries worldwide. The bacterium accumulates a glycogen-like internal polysaccharide, which mainly contributes to its carionegic capacity. S.mutans has two genes (glgC and glgD) respectively encoding putative ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (ADP-Glc PPase), a key enzyme for glycogen synthesis in most bacteria. Herein, we report the molecular cloning and recombinant expression of both genes (separately or together) followed by the characterization of the respective enzymes. When expressed individually GlgC had ADP-Glc PPase activity, whereas GlgD was inactive. Interestingly, the coexpressed GlgC/GlgD protein was one order of magnitude more active than GlgC alone. Kinetic characterization of GlgC and GlgC/GlgD pointed out remarkable differences between them. Fructose-1,6-bis-phosphate activated GlgC by twofold, but had no effect on GlgC/GlgD. Conversely, phospho-enol-pyruvate and inorganic salts inhibited GlgC/GlgD without affecting GlgC. However, in the presence of fructose-1,6-bis-phosphate GlgC acquired a GlgC/GlgD-like behaviour, becoming sensitive to the stated inhibitors. Results indicate that S. mutans ADP-Glc PPase is an allosteric regulatory enzyme exhibiting sensitivity to modulation by key intermediates of carbohydrates metabolism in the cell. The particular regulatory properties of the S.mutans enzyme agree with phylogenetic analysis, where GlgC and GlgD proteins found in other Firmicutes arrange in distinctive clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías D Asención Diez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Paraje 'El Pozo' CC 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068, W Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
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A Chimeric UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase produced by protein engineering exhibits sensitivity to allosteric regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9703-21. [PMID: 23648478 PMCID: PMC3676807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, glycogen or oligosaccharide accumulation involves glucose-1-phosphate partitioning into either ADP-glucose (ADP-Glc) or UDP-Glc. Their respective synthesis is catalyzed by allosterically regulated ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27, ADP-Glc PPase) or unregulated UDP-Glc PPase (EC 2.7.7.9). In this work, we characterized the UDP-Glc PPase from Streptococcus mutans. In addition, we constructed a chimeric protein by cutting the C-terminal domain of the ADP-Glc PPase from Escherichia coli and pasting it to the entire S. mutans UDP-Glc PPase. Both proteins were fully active as UDP-Glc PPases and their kinetic parameters were measured. The chimeric enzyme had a slightly higher affinity for substrates than the native S. mutans UDP-Glc PPase, but the maximal activity was four times lower. Interestingly, the chimeric protein was sensitive to regulation by pyruvate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid and fructose-1,6-bis-phosphate, which are known to be effectors of ADP-Glc PPases from different sources. The three compounds activated the chimeric enzyme up to three-fold, and increased the affinity for substrates. This chimeric protein is the first reported UDP-Glc PPase with allosteric regulatory properties. In addition, this is a pioneer work dealing with a chimeric enzyme constructed as a hybrid of two pyrophosphorylases with different specificity toward nucleoside-diphospho-glucose and our results turn to be relevant for a deeper understanding of the evolution of allosterism in this family of enzymes.
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Pomel S, Rodrigo J, Hendra F, Cavé C, Loiseau PM. In silico analysis of a therapeutic target in Leishmania infantum: the guanosine-diphospho-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase. Parasite 2012; 19:63-70. [PMID: 22314241 PMCID: PMC3671423 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012191063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are tropical and sub-tropical diseases for which classical drugs (i.e. antimonials) exhibit toxicity and drug resistance. Such a situation requires to find new chemical series with antileishmanial activity. This work consists in analyzing the structure of a validated target in Leishmania: the GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GDP-MP), an enzyme involved in glycosylation and essential for amastigote survival. By comparing both human and L. infantum GDP-MP 3D homology models, we identified (i) a common motif of amino acids that binds to the mannose moiety of the substrate and, interestingly, (ii) a motif that is specific to the catalytic site of the parasite enzyme. This motif could then be used to design compounds that specifically inhibit the leishmanial GDP-MP, without any effect on the human homolog.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pomel
- Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 8076 CNRS, Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, 5, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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11
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Characterization of recombinant UDP- and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases and glycogen synthase to elucidate glucose-1-phosphate partitioning into oligo- and polysaccharides in Streptomyces coelicolor. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:1485-93. [PMID: 22210767 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06377-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor exhibits a major secondary metabolism, deriving important amounts of glucose to synthesize pigmented antibiotics. Understanding the pathways occurring in the bacterium with respect to synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides is of relevance to determine a plausible scenario for the partitioning of glucose-1-phosphate into different metabolic fates. We report the molecular cloning of the genes coding for UDP- and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases as well as for glycogen synthase from genomic DNA of S. coelicolor A3(2). Each gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli cells to produce and purify to electrophoretic homogeneity the respective enzymes. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDP-Glc PPase) was characterized as a dimer exhibiting a relatively high V(max) in catalyzing UDP-glucose synthesis (270 units/mg) and with respect to dTDP-glucose (94 units/mg). ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) was found to be tetrameric in structure and specific in utilizing ATP as a substrate, reaching similar activities in the directions of ADP-glucose synthesis or pyrophosphorolysis (V(max) of 0.15 and 0.27 units/mg, respectively). Glycogen synthase was arranged as a dimer and exhibited specificity in the use of ADP-glucose to elongate α-1,4-glucan chains in the polysaccharide. ADP-Glc PPase was the only of the three enzymes exhibiting sensitivity to allosteric regulation by different metabolites. Mannose-6-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, fructose-6-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate behaved as major activators, whereas NADPH was a main inhibitor of ADP-Glc PPase. The results support a metabolic picture where glycogen synthesis occurs via ADP-glucose in S. coelicolor, with the pathway being strictly regulated in connection with other routes involved with oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as with antibiotic synthesis in the bacterium.
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Pelissier MC, Lesley SA, Kuhn P, Bourne Y. Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of bacterial guanosine-diphospho-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase and its regulation by divalent ions. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27468-27476. [PMID: 20573954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.095182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GMP catalyzes the formation of GDP-Man, a fundamental precursor for protein glycosylation and bacterial cell wall and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis. Crystal structures of GMP from the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima in the apo form, in complex with the substrates mannose-1-phosphate or GTP and bound with the end product GDP-Man in the presence of the essential divalent cation Mg(2+), were solved in the 2.1-2.8 A resolution range. The T. maritima GMP molecule is organized in two separate domains: a N-terminal Rossman fold-like domain and a C-terminal left-handed beta-helix domain. Two molecules associate into a dimer through a tail-to-tail arrangement of the C-terminal domains. Comparative analysis of the structures along with characterization of enzymatic parameters reveals the bases of substrate specificity of this class of sugar nucleotidyltransferases. In particular, substrate and product binding are associated with significant changes in the conformation of loop regions lining the active center and in the relative orientation of the two domains. Involvement of both the N- and C-terminal domains, coupled to the catalytic role of a bivalent metal ion, highlights the catalytic features of bacterial GMPs compared with other members of the pyrophosphorylase superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Pelissier
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR-6098, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Scott A Lesley
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yves Bourne
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR-6098, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13288 Marseille, France.
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