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Alfano F, Lucibelli MG, Serra F, Levante M, Rea S, Gallo A, Petrucci F, Pucciarelli A, Picazio G, Monini M, Di Bartolo I, d’Ovidio D, Santoro M, De Carlo E, Fusco G, Amoroso MG. Identification of Aichivirus in a Pet Rat ( Rattus norvegicus) in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1765. [PMID: 38929384 PMCID: PMC11200523 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of eight potential zoonotic viruses in 91 exotic companion mammals from pet shops in southern Italy via real-time PCR and end-point PCR. The animals were screened for aichivirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, noroviruses (GI and GII), rotavirus, circovirus, and SARS-CoV-2. Among the nine species of exotic pets studied, only one rat tested positive for aichivirus. The high sequence similarity to a murine kobuvirus-1 strain previously identified in China suggests that the virus may have been introduced into Italy through the importation of animals from Asia. Since exotic companion mammals live in close contact with humans, continuous sanitary monitoring is crucial to prevent the spread of new pathogens among domestic animals and humans. Further investigations on detecting and typing zoonotic viruses are needed to identify emerging and re-emerging viruses to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Lucibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Francesco Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Martina Levante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Simona Rea
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Amalia Gallo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Federica Petrucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Alessia Pucciarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Gerardo Picazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Marina Monini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (I.D.B.)
| | | | | | - Mario Santoro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80122 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.G.L.); (F.S.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (E.D.C.); (G.F.); (M.G.A.)
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Wei R, Shang R, Cheng K, Wang S, Yuan X, Wu J, Yu Z. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of the co-infection of the new variant of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and the novel porcine kobuvirus isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2527-2534. [PMID: 37344656 PMCID: PMC10484880 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a virus that can cause diarrhea in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. The mutation of the virus and its co-infection with other enteroviruses leads to poor control of PEDV infection. In this study, we found that the diarrhea outbreak in a pig farm in Shandong Province was mainly caused by PEDV infection. Through high-throughput sequencing, we also detected one other diarrhea-related virus (porcine kobuvirus). In the phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of the detected PEDV S gene and PKV, it was found that the S gene of the PEDV strain detected in this study (named SD22-2) had more mutations than the CV777 strain. The highest homology between PKV (named SD/2022/China) detected in this study and other strains was only 89.66%. Based on polyprotein, we divided SD/2022/China strains into a new grouping (designated group 4) and detected recombination signals. In summary, SD22-2 detected in this study is a new PEDV variant strain, and SD/2022/China strain might be a novel PKV strain. We also found the co-infection of the new PEDV variant and the novel PKV isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Our data suggested the importance of continuous surveillance of PEDV and PKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Rui Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Kaihui Cheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Song Wang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yuan
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Li Y, Liang J, Wu S, Yan Z, Zhang W. Complete genomic sequence analysis and intestinal tissue localization of a porcine Kobuvirus variant in China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 104:105362. [PMID: 36084837 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine kobuvirus (PKV) infection is very common in both healthy pigs and diarrhea pigs throughout the world. However, there is no proof that it causes diarrhea, and little is known about its role in diarrhea. There are only a few reports concerning porcine kobuvirus separation at present, which makes investigating its invasion and pathogenesis mechanisms difficult. This study sequenced the entire genome of a porcine kobuvirus strain termed "Wuhan2020" after it was isolated from intestinal tissue samples of healthy piglets. The analysis results revealed that it shared the most resemblance with the WUH1 strain (89.5%) and belonged to the same evolutionary branch as the Hungarian strain S-1-SUN. The PKV was located using the in situ hybridization (ISH) approach, which revealed that it was colonized in intestinal villus epithelial cells and lymphocytes in the Peyer's patch. In general, we analyzed the genetic evolution of PKV, discovered PKV susceptible cells and determined PKV localization in the intestine of infected pigs, providing a reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Simin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Q, Wang L, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Guo B, Yoon KJ, Gauger PC, Harmon KM, Main RG, Li G. Metagenomic analysis of the RNA fraction of the fecal virome indicates high diversity in pigs infected by porcine endemic diarrhea virus in the United States. Virol J 2018; 15:95. [PMID: 29801460 PMCID: PMC5970503 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence and re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in North America, Asia and Europe has caused severe economic loss to the global swine industry. However, the virome of PEDV infected pigs and its effect on disease severity remains unknown. The advancements of sequencing technology have made it possible to characterize the entire microbiome of different body sites for any host. METHODS The objective of this study was to characterize the RNA virome in PEDV-positive pigs using the hypothesis-free metagenomics approach based on next-generation sequencing. Specifically, 217 PEDV-positive swine fecal swab samples collected from diarrheic piglets over 17 US states during 2015-2016 were analyzed. RESULTS A Kraken algorithm-based bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of up to 9 different RNA genera besides PEDV (Alphacoronavirus genus), including Mamastrovirus (52%, 113/217), Enterovirus (39%, 85/217), Sapelovirus (31%, 67/217), Posavirus (30%, 66/217), Kobuvirus (23%, 49/217), Sapovirus (13%, 28/217), Teschovirus (10%, 22/217), Pasivirus (9%, 20/217), and Deltacoronavirus (3%, 6/217). There were 58 out of 217 piglets (27%) have PEDV infection alone whereas the remaining 159 (73%) shed 2 up to 9 different viruses. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that PEDV infected diarrheic pigs had an extensive RNA viral flora consisting of four different families: Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Coronaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rodger G Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU C-Drive, VMRI#1, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Zhai SL, Zhang H, Lin T, Chen SN, Zhou X, Chen QL, Lv DH, Wen XH, Zhou XR, Jia CL, Wei WK. A novel porcine kobuvirus emerged in piglets with severe diarrhoea in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1030-1036. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-L. Zhai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - H. Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - T. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD USA
| | - S.-N. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD USA
| | - X. Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Q.-L. Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - D.-H. Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - X.-H. Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - X.-R. Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - C.-L. Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - W.-K. Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention; Animal Disease Diagnostic Center; Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangzhou China
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Complete genome analysis of porcine kobuviruses from the feces of pigs in Japan. Virus Genes 2017; 53:593-602. [PMID: 28484931 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine kobuviruses (PoKoVs) are ubiquitously distributed in pig populations worldwide and are thought to be enteric viruses in swine. Although PoKoVs have been detected in pigs in Japan, no complete genome data for Japanese PoKoVs are available. In the present study, 24 nearly complete or complete sequences of the PoKoV genome obtained from 10 diarrheic feces and 14 non-diarrheic feces of Japanese pigs were analyzed using a metagenomics approach. Japanese PoKoVs shared 85.2-100% identity with the complete coding nucleotide (nt) sequences and the closest relationship of 85.1-98.3% with PoKoVs from other countries. Twenty of 24 Japanese PoKoVs carried a deletion of 90 nt in the 2B coding region. Phylogenetic tree analyses revealed that PoKoVs were not grouped according to their geographical region of origin and the phylogenetic trees of the L, P1, P2, and P3 genetic regions showed topologies different from each other. Similarity plot analysis using strains from a single farm revealed partially different similarity patterns among strains from identical farm origins, suggesting that recombination events had occurred. These results indicate that various PoKoV strains are prevalent and not restricted geographically on pig farms worldwide and the coexistence of multiple strains leads to recombination events of PoKoVs and contributes to the genetic diversity and evolution of PoKoVs.
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Detection and molecular characterization of porcine kobuvirus in piglets in 2009-2013 in northern Thailand. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1077-1080. [PMID: 28466239 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 636 fecal samples collected from piglets with and without diarrhea during 2009 to 2013 were tested for porcine kobuvirus by RT-PCR. From a total of 528 fecal samples collected from piglets with diarrhea and 108 from healthy controls, 505 (95.6%) and 104 (96.3%) were positive for porcine kobuvirus, respectively. The detection rates of porcine kobuvirus were remarkable equally high in both diarrheic and healthy piglets. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that porcine kobuvirus strains detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic piglets were genetically closely related to each other and also to other porcine kobuviruses reported worldwide. It was interesting to point out that one of the porcine kobuvirus strains isolated from piglet in our study was similar to a porcine-like bovine kobuvirus reference strain isolated previously in South Korea. This finding provided the evidence to support the interspecies transmission of kobuviruses between cattle and swine.
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Zhu X, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Shi H, Shi D, Gao J, Feng L. Development of TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection and quantitation of porcine kobuvirus. J Virol Methods 2016; 234:132-6. [PMID: 26912233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine kobuvirus (PKV) is a newly emerging virus that has been detected in diarrheic pigs. Presently, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-loop-mediated amplification are the only methods that can be used to detect PKV. To develop a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR for the rapid detection and quantitation of PKV nucleic acid in fecal samples, a pair of primers and a probe were designed to amplify the conserved 3D region of the PKV genome. After optimization, the TaqMan real-time RT-PCR was highly specific and ∼1000 times more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR, and the detection limit was as low as 30 DNA copies. Among the 148 intestinal samples from piglets with diarrhea, 136 and 118 were positive based on the TaqMan and conventional RT-PCR methods, respectively, indicating that the TaqMan RT-PCR was more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR, and the total concordance of the two methods was approximately 87.84%. Thus, the TaqMan real-time RT-PCR should be a useful tool for the early detection and quantitation of PKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Zhu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yufei Wang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Hongyan Shi
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Da Shi
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
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