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Gandhi B, Jhansi M, Deshpande SS, Vinay T, Misra S, Shanker Kaki S. Design, synthesis and biological activity of novel oxadiazole containing monoacylglycerols as potential bioactive lipids. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Mayfosh AJ, Day ZI, Unsworth NB, Liu CQ, Gupta R, Haynes S, Abraham R, Abraham S, Shaw ZL, Walia S, Elbourne A, Hulett MD, Rau TF. GS-2: A Novel Broad-Spectrum Agent for Environmental Microbial Control. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091293. [PMID: 36139131 PMCID: PMC9496126 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental control of microbial pathogens currently relies on compounds that do not exert long-lasting activity on surfaces, are impaired by soil, and contribute to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. This study presents the scientific development and characterization of GS-2, a novel, water-soluble ammonium carboxylate salt of capric acid and L-arginine that demonstrates activity against a range of bacteria (particularly Gram-negative bacteria), fungi, and viruses. In real-world surface testing, GS-2 was more effective than a benzalkonium chloride disinfectant at reducing the bacterial load on common touch-point surfaces in a high-traffic building (average 1.6 vs. 32.6 CFUs recovered from surfaces 90 min after application, respectively). Toxicology testing in rats confirmed GS-2 ingredients were rapidly cleared and posed no toxicities to humans or animals. To enhance the time-kill against Gram-positive bacteria, GS-2 was compounded at a specific ratio with a naturally occurring monoterpenoid, thymol, to produce a water-based antimicrobial solution. This GS-2 with thymol formulation could generate a bactericidal effect after five minutes of exposure and a viricidal effect after 10 min of exposure. Further testing of the GS-2 and thymol combination on glass slides demonstrated that the compound retained bactericidal activity for up to 60 days. Based on these results, GS-2 and GS-2 with thymol represent a novel antimicrobial solution that may have significant utility in the long-term reduction of environmental microbial pathogens in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoe I. Day
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nathan B. Unsworth
- Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Chun-Qiang Liu
- Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Soraya Haynes
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Zo L. Shaw
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Thomas F. Rau
- Ten Carbon Chemistry, PO Box 4317, Hawker, ACT 2614, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Kim JJ, Kim HK. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Caprylic Acid Vanillyl Ester Produced by Lipase-Mediated Transesterification. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:317-326. [PMID: 33203820 PMCID: PMC9723275 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2010.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vanillyl alcohol (VA), which is abundant in Vanilla bean, has strong antioxidant activity. However, the use of VA in the food and cosmetics industries is limited, due to its low solubility in emulsion or organic solvents. Meanwhile, medium chain fatty acids and medium chain monoglycerides have antibacterial activity. We synthesized butyric acid vanillyl ester (BAVE) or caprylic acid vanillyl ester (CAVE) from VA with tributyrin or tricaprylin through transesterification reaction using immobilized lipases. BAVE and CAVE scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals in organic solvents. In addition, BAVE and CAVE decreased the production rate of conjugated diene and triene in the menhaden oil-in-water emulsion system. While BAVE showed no antibacterial activity, CAVE showed antibacterial activity against food spoilage bacteria, including Bacillus coagulans. In this study, the antibacterial activity of vanillyl ester with medium chain fatty acid was first revealed. Zeta potential measurements confirmed that BAVE and CAVE were inserted into B. coagulans membrane. In addition, the propidium iodide uptake assay and fluorescent microscopy showed that CAVE increased B. coagulans membrane permeability. Therefore, CAVE is expected to play an important role in the food and cosmetics industries as a bi-functional material with both antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kwoun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2164-4890 Fax: +82-2-2164-4865 E-mail:
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Groves PJ, Williamson SL, Ahaduzzaman M, Diamond M, Ngo M, Han A, Sharpe SM. Can a combination of vaccination, probiotic and organic acid treatment in layer hens protect against early life exposure to Salmonella Typhimurium and challenge at sexual maturity? Vaccine 2020; 39:815-824. [PMID: 33390293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Day old layer chicks were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium using a seeder bird technique. Treatment groups were untreated control, administration of a probiotic in drinking water weekly, vaccination by intramuscular injection of a live aro-A deletion mutant vaccine at 10 weeks of age (woa) followed by an oral dose at 16 woa, probiotic administration plus vaccination, vaccination plus the administration of an organic acid preparation in feed from 16 woa and a combination of probiotic, vaccine and organic acid. Faecal shedding was monitored by culture at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 15, 17, 20, 21, 23 and 25 woa and in dust from settle plates by PCR at intervals from 8 woa. Birds from each group were separated at 17 and 18 woa and challenged orally with 106 CFU of S. Typhimurium. Both untreated and probiotic groups shed Salmonella until 56 days. Salmonella was also detected in dust from 8 until 12 woa but little after this. After vaccination, from sexual maturity (18 woa) all groups except those that were vaccinated with and without probiotic re-excreted Salmonella. The probiotic alone was ineffective against this re-excretion and all groups receiving organic acids shed Salmonella. At 17 woa, unchallenged controls were fully susceptible to caecal colonization, however all other groups showed reduced susceptibility, including the untreated challenged group. However, at 18 woa (sexual maturity) only the groups that were vaccinated with or without probiotic showed reduced susceptibility to colonization. The organic acid treated groups (including the vaccinated group) did not show a difference to the untreated controls. S. Typhimurium demonstrated an ability to re-emerge at sexual maturity, similar to other serovars. The vaccine assisted in limiting the re-excretion at sexual maturity and decreased susceptibility to subsequent challenge. Use of a probiotic augmented the vaccine's protective capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Groves
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Sarah L Williamson
- Birling Avian Laboratories, 975 The Northern Rd, Bringelly, NSW, 2556, Australia
| | | | - Madeline Diamond
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Melanie Ngo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Anita Han
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sue M Sharpe
- Birling Avian Laboratories, 975 The Northern Rd, Bringelly, NSW, 2556, Australia
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Vanilla modulates the activity of antibiotics and inhibits efflux pumps in drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives on Several Species of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203770. [PMID: 31635062 PMCID: PMC6832434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and their derivatives against Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria. Butyric acid, valeric acid, monopropionin, monobutyrin, monovalerin, monolaurin, sodium formate, and ProPhorce-a mixture of sodium formate and formic acid (40:60 w/v)-were tested at 8 to 16 concentrations from 10 to 50,000 mg/L. The tested bacteria included G- bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Campylobacter jejuni) and G+ bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus suis). Antimicrobial activity was expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested compounds that prevented growth of tested bacteria in treated culture broth. The MICs of butyric acid, valeric acid, and ProPhorce varied among bacterial strains with the lowest MIC of 500-1000 mg/L on two strains of Campylobacter. Sodium formate at highest tested concentrations (20,000 mg/L) did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Enterococcus faecalis, but sodium formate inhibited the growth of other tested bacteria with MIC values from 2000 to 18,800 mg/L. The MIC values of monovalerin, monolaurin, and monobutyrin ranged from 2500 to 15,000 mg/L in the majority of bacterial strains. Monopropionin did not inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria, with the exception that the MIC of monopropionin was 11,300 mg/L on Clostridia perfringens. Monolaurin strongly inhibited G+ bacteria, with the MIC value of 10 mg/L against Streptococcus pneumoniae. The MIC tests indicated that organic acids and their derivatives exhibit promising antimicrobial effects in vitro against G- and G+ bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobial drugs. The acid forms had stronger in vitro antimicrobial activities than ester forms, except that the medium chain fatty acid ester monolaurin exhibited strong inhibitory effects on G+ bacteria.
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Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Valle-González ER, Cho NJ. Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides: Biological Activities, Experimental Testing, and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29642500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041114.pmid:29642500;pmcid:pmc5979495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial lipids such as fatty acids and monoglycerides are promising antibacterial agents that destabilize bacterial cell membranes, causing a wide range of direct and indirect inhibitory effects. The goal of this review is to introduce the latest experimental approaches for characterizing how antimicrobial lipids destabilize phospholipid membranes within the broader scope of introducing current knowledge about the biological activities of antimicrobial lipids, testing strategies, and applications for treating bacterial infections. To this end, a general background on antimicrobial lipids, including structural classification, is provided along with a detailed description of their targeting spectrum and currently understood antibacterial mechanisms. Building on this knowledge, different experimental approaches to characterize antimicrobial lipids are presented, including cell-based biological and model membrane-based biophysical measurement techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on drawing out how biological and biophysical approaches complement one another and can yield mechanistic insights into how the physicochemical properties of antimicrobial lipids influence molecular self-assembly and concentration-dependent interactions with model phospholipid and bacterial cell membranes. Examples of possible therapeutic applications are briefly introduced to highlight the potential significance of antimicrobial lipids for human health and medicine, and to motivate the importance of employing orthogonal measurement strategies to characterize the activity profile of antimicrobial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Elba R Valle-González
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
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Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Valle-González ER, Cho NJ. Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides: Biological Activities, Experimental Testing, and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1114. [PMID: 29642500 PMCID: PMC5979495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial lipids such as fatty acids and monoglycerides are promising antibacterial agents that destabilize bacterial cell membranes, causing a wide range of direct and indirect inhibitory effects. The goal of this review is to introduce the latest experimental approaches for characterizing how antimicrobial lipids destabilize phospholipid membranes within the broader scope of introducing current knowledge about the biological activities of antimicrobial lipids, testing strategies, and applications for treating bacterial infections. To this end, a general background on antimicrobial lipids, including structural classification, is provided along with a detailed description of their targeting spectrum and currently understood antibacterial mechanisms. Building on this knowledge, different experimental approaches to characterize antimicrobial lipids are presented, including cell-based biological and model membrane-based biophysical measurement techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on drawing out how biological and biophysical approaches complement one another and can yield mechanistic insights into how the physicochemical properties of antimicrobial lipids influence molecular self-assembly and concentration-dependent interactions with model phospholipid and bacterial cell membranes. Examples of possible therapeutic applications are briefly introduced to highlight the potential significance of antimicrobial lipids for human health and medicine, and to motivate the importance of employing orthogonal measurement strategies to characterize the activity profile of antimicrobial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Elba R Valle-González
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
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