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Azimi T, Nasrollahian S, Sabour S, Mosadegh M, Hadi N, Azimi L, Fallah F, Pourmand MR. Intestinal Colonization by Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium perfringens among Commensal Rattus norvegicus in the Urban Areas of Tehran, Iran. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:2929315. [PMID: 38572169 PMCID: PMC10990632 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2929315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Rattus norvegicus (R. norvegicus) population plays a significant role in the spread of numerous diseases in urban environments. The present study is aimed at investigating the presence of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), C. coli, Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), C. difficile toxigenic, and C. perfringens in R. norvegicus captured from urban areas of Tehran, Iran. Methods From October 2021 to October 2022, 100 urban rats were trapped in 5 different districts of Tehran, Iran. The genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples, and the presence of C. jejuni, C. coli, C. perfringens, and C. difficile species was evaluated using PCR assay. Moreover, PCR was used to assess the toxicity of C. difficile isolates. Results Overall, 30% (n = 30/100) of fecal samples were positive for zoonotic pathogens. Based on the PCR on hippuricase (hipO), glycine (gly), CIDIF, and phospholipase C (plc) genes, C. perfringens and C. difficile were isolated from 18.2% (n = 14/77) and 5.2% (n = 4/77) of male rats. The highest frequency of C. perfringens and C. jejuni was 25% (n = 5/20) related to the south of Tehran. Toxigenic C. difficile was not detected in all regions. Conclusion According to the findings, rats are the main reservoirs for diseases. Therefore, rodent control coupled with the implementation of surveillance systems should be prioritized for urban health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Nasrollahian
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mosadegh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahal Hadi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Azimi T, Nasrollahian S, Sabour S, Hadi N, Azimi L, Fallah F, Pourmand MR. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. in Rattus norvegicus captured from Tehran, Iran. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:377-384. [PMID: 38305237 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study aims to determine the presence of Yersinia spp., Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Francisella tularensis and Borrelia spp. in brown rats of Tehran, Iran. Methods: PCR was used to detect various bacteria in 100 brown rats, Also, ELISA was used to detect antibodies against the F. tularensis and Borrelia spp. Results: A total of 16% and 13% of fecal samples were positive for Yersinia spp. and Y. enterocolitica pathogen. ELISA results were negative for F. tularensis and Borrelia. No specific antibodies (IgG) were against these bacteria. Conclusion: According to the results of our analysis, rats are significant transmitters and carriers of a variety of illnesses that can spread to both people and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran
| | - Sina Nasrollahian
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 6135715794, Iran
| | - Nahal Hadi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran
| | - Leila Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammed Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
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Lee LKF, Himsworth CG, Byers KA, Atwal HK, Gabaldon G, Ritchie G, Lowe CF, Matic N, Chorlton S, Hoang L, Wobeser BK, Leung V. Detection of multiple human enteropathogens in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an under-resourced neighborhood of Vancouver, British Columbia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011669. [PMID: 37844114 PMCID: PMC10602374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) can carry various human pathogens, and may be involved in pathogen propagation and transmission to humans. From January 31-August 14, 2021, a community outbreak of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a occurred among unhoused or poorly housed people in the Downtown Eastside neighborhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The source could not be identified; however, patients reported contact with rats, and previous studies indicated transmission of rat-associated zoonotic pathogens among the unhoused or poorly housed residents of this neighborhood. The study objective was to determine if rats trapped in the outbreak area were carriers of Shigella spp. and other zoonotic enteric pathogens. From March 23-April 9, 2021, 22 rats were lethally trapped within the outbreak area. Colonic content was analyzed using the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal (multiplex PCR) panel for human enteropathogens, which detected: Campylobacter spp. (9/22), Clostridioides difficile (3/22), Yersinia enterocolitica (5/22), Cryptosporidium spp. (8/22), Giardia duodenalis (5/22), Rotavirus A (1/22), enteroaggressive Escherichia coli (2/22), enteropathogenic E. coli (10/22), and Shigella spp. or enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) (3/22). An ipaH PCR assay was used for targeted detection of Shigella spp./EIEC, with five rats positive. Two samples contained insertion sites unique to S. flexneri isolated from the human outbreak. This study highlights the potential for rats to carry a broad range of human pathogens, and their possible role in pathogen maintenance and/or transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. F. Lee
- British Columbia Regional Centre, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chelsea G. Himsworth
- British Columbia Regional Centre, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kaylee A. Byers
- British Columbia Regional Centre, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Harveen K. Atwal
- British Columbia Regional Centre, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gus Gabaldon
- Abell Pest Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon Ritchie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher F. Lowe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy Matic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samuel Chorlton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce K. Wobeser
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Victor Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Azam MW, Zarrilli R, Khan AU. Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1901. [PMID: 37630461 PMCID: PMC10456890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enterobacterales order is a massive group of Gram-negative bacteria comprised of pathogenic and nonpathogenic members, including beneficial commensal gut microbiota. The pathogenic members produce several pathogenic or virulence factors that enhance their pathogenic properties and increase the severity of the infection. The members of Enterobacterales can also develop resistance against the common antimicrobial agents, a phenomenon called antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Many pathogenic Enterobacterales members are known to possess antimicrobial resistance. This review discusses the virulence factors, pathogenicity, and infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, especially E. coli and some other bacterial species sharing similarities with the Enterobacterales members. We also discuss both conventional and modern approaches used to combat the infections caused by them. Understanding the virulence factors produced by the pathogenic bacteria will help develop novel strategies and methods to treat infections caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd W. Azam
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Raffaele Zarrilli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Asad U. Khan
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Olaru ID, Walther B, Schaumburg F. Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:59. [PMID: 37316938 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in low and middle-income countries as it is widespread in these countries and is linked to an increased mortality. Apart from human and environmental factors, animal-related drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries have special features that differ from high-income countries. The aim of this narrative review is to address the zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries. MAIN BODY Contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is highest in poultry (Africa: 8.9-60%, Asia: 53-93%) and there is a risk to import ESBL-producing E. coli through poultry meat in Africa. In aquacultures, the proportion of ESBL-producers among E. coli can be high (27%) but the overall low quality of published studies limit the general conclusion on the impact of aquacultures on human health. ESBL-producing E. coli colonization of wildlife is 1-9% in bats or 2.5-63% birds. Since most of them are migratory animals, they can disperse antimicrobial resistant bacteria over large distances. So-called 'filth flies' are a relevant vector not only of enteric pathogens but also of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in settings where sanitary systems are poor. In Africa, up to 72.5% of 'filth flies' are colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli, mostly conferred by CTX-M (24.4-100%). While methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus plays a minor role in livestock in Africa, it is frequently found in South America in poultry (27%) or pork (37.5-56.5%) but less common in Asia (poultry: 3%, pork: 1-16%). CONCLUSIONS Interventions to contain the spread of AMR should be tailored to the needs of low- and middle-income countries. These comprise capacity building of diagnostic facilities, surveillance, infection prevention and control in small-scale farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D Olaru
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Khoshnood S, Akrami S, Saki M, Motahar M, Masihzadeh S, Daneshfar S, Meghdadi H, Abbasi Montazeri E, Abdi M, Farshadzadeh Z. Molecular evaluation of aminoglycosides resistance and biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1266. [PMID: 37205937 PMCID: PMC10190123 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Resistance to antibiotics and the capability to develop biofilm as two main virulent determinants of Klebsiella pneumoniae have important role in infection persistence. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance and virulence genes and biofilm formation capacity in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients in South-West of Iran. Methods A total of 114 non-duplicate clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae collected from Ahvaz teaching hospitals. Identification of species was performed by biochemical tests and then confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of rpoB gene. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was assessed by microtiter plate method. Finally, PCR was conducted to detect virulence gene determinants including fimbrial genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes- and 16S rRNA methylase (RMTase) genes. Results Totally, all collected strains were carbapenem resistant and showed multidrug- and extensively drug-resistance phenotype (75% and 25%, respectively). Seventy-one percent (n = 81) of isolates were non-susceptible to aminoglycosides. Among aminoglycoside antibiotics, K. pneumoniae isolates showed the highest and lowest resistance rates to tobramycin (71%) and the amikacin (25%), respectively. All biofilm producer strains were positive for the presence virulence determinants including ecpA, fimA, mrkD, and mrkA. Of 81 aminoglycosides non-susceptible isolates 33% were positive for the presence ant (2″)-Ia as the most prevalent gene followed by aac (3')-IIa and armA (27%), aac (6')-Ib (18%), and aph (3')-Ia (15%). Conclusion K. pneumoniae isolates showed the highest and the lowest aminoglycoside resistance rates to tobramycin and amikacin, respectively. Majority of isolates were biofilm producers and there was significant association between antibiotic resistance pattern and the strength of biofilm production. The ant(2″)-Ia, aac (3')-IIa, and armA genes in aminoglycoside-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research CenterIlam University of Medical SciencesIlamIran
| | - Sousan Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC)Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Moloudsadat Motahar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Sara Masihzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Sara Daneshfar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Hossein Meghdadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Effat Abbasi Montazeri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research InstituteAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Marjan Abdi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Zahra Farshadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research InstituteAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from peridomestic Rattus species: A scoping literature review. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
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Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (bla TEM-128) isolated from Mus musculus captured from a veterinary clinic and houses in Tunis, Tunisia. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109698. [PMID: 36863174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is a public health problem. Rodents, can be a potential vector for transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria between animals, humans, and environment. The aim of our study was to assess the level of Enterobacteriaceae present in the intestines of rats collected from different locations in Tunisia, then to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, to screen extended spectrum β-lactamases-producing strains and determine the molecular mechanism of β-lactams resistance. Between July 2017 and June 2018, 55 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 71 rats captured in various locations in Tunisia. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. Genes encoding ESBL and mcr genes were investigated by RT-PCR, standard PCR and sequencing when these genes were found. Fifty-five strains of Enterobacteriaceae were identified. The overall prevalence of ESBL production found in our study was 12.7 % (7/55) of which two E. coli strains were DDST positive, one isolated from a house-caught rat and one from the veterinary clinic and harbored the blaTEM-128 gene. In addition, the other five strains were DDST negative and harbored the blaTEM gene, including three strains isolated from collective restaurant (n = 2: blaTEM-163; n = 1: blaTEM-1), one strain isolated from the veterinary clinic (blaTEM-82), and one strain isolated from a house (blaTEM-128). The results of our study suggest that rodents may play a role in the spread of antimicrobial resistant E. coli, highlighting the need to protect the environment and monitor antimicrobial resistant bacteria in rodents to prevent their spread to other wildlife and humans.
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Phenotypic and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4769-4776. [PMID: 35657452 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the current study is to evaluate the phenotypic and molecular characterization of ESBL/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates in Iran. METHODS From October 2018 until the end of April 2020, different clinical samples were collected and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests and PCR assay. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Modified Hedge Test (MHT) was applied to the identification of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. ESBL and AmpC-producing K. pneumoniae were detected using Double Disc Test (DDT) and Disc Potentiation Test (DPT), respectively. The presence of carbapenemase, ESBL, and AmpC encoding genes was screened by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS A total of 100 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected. K. pneumoniae isolates had the highest resistance rate to cefazolin (66%) and cefotaxime (66%). Meropenem and amikacin with sensitivity rates of 76% and 69% were the most effective antimicrobial agents on K. pneumoniae isolates. It was found that 12 (12%), 27 (27%), and 9 (9%) K. pneumoniae isolates were positive in MHT, DDT, and DPT tests, respectively. Among the carbapenemase-encoding genes, blaOXA-48 (24%) and blaIMP (13%) genes had the highest frequency, while blaKPC and blaGIM genes were not detected among K. pneumoniae isolates. blaTEM (48%) and blaCMY (8%) genes had the highest frequency among ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase-encoding genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is vital to adopt effective control strategies for K. pneumoniae infections and ensure rapid identification of antibiotic resistance profile.
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Molecular Detection of Carbapenemases and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Encoding Genes in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a unique Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is the leading cause of nosocomial infections. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the main carbapenemase and extended-spectrum β-lactamases encoding genes in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. Methods: In the present study, we collected 85 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates from different wards of three military hospitals in Tehran, Iran. We used disk diffusion and agar dilution methods to determine resistance to 12 different antibiotics in these isolates. Also, we assessed the blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX genes by polymerase chain reaction methods among all isolates. Results: Our results revealed that all isolates were resistant to two antibiotics, and 76 (89.4%) of isolates were multidrug-resistant. We observed maximum and minimum resistance rates against ticarcillin (n = 77; 90.5%) and colistin (n = 7; 8.2%), respectively. The blaVIM, blaIPM, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX genes were harbored by 44 (51.8%), 20 (23.5%), 41 (48.2%), 24 (28.2%), and 16 (18.8%) isolates, respectively. Conclusions: The resistance rate among P. aeruginosa strains is significantly increasing that causes nosocomial infections due to different mechanisms, including the high frequency of metallo-β-lactamases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases genes.
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Azimi T, Azimi L, Fallah F, Pourmand MR, Peeri Dogaheh H, Rafiei Tabatabaei S. Detection and distribution of zoonotic pathogens in wild Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus) from Tehran, Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 42:100908. [PMID: 34336228 PMCID: PMC8318978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study on the prevalence of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens found in Rattus norvegicus (R. norvegicus) in urban areas of Tehran, Iran. Serological tests were used to detect IgG antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) and Rickettsia spp. using a commercial qualitative rat ELISA kit. The frequency of Streptobacillus moniliformis (S. moniliformis) and Bartonella spp. was determined using a conventional PCR method. Molecular detection and characterization of Leptospira spp. were conducted using TaqMan real-time PCR based on lipL32 gene and SecY typing methods. A total of 100 R. norvegicus rats were collected from five regions in Tehran, Iran, and investigated to determine their zoonotic pathogens. S. moniliformis and Bartonella spp. were detected in 23 of 100 (23%) and 17 of 100 (17%) R. norvegicus populations, respectively. The highest prevalence of S. moniliformis and Bartonella spp. with similar frequency rates (n = 6/20; 30%) was seen among the R. norvegicus rats captured from the northern and southern parts of Tehran, respectively. Seroreactivity against C. burnetii and Rickettsia spp. was detected in 4% and 1% of R. norvegicus, respectively. C. burnetii. was identified only in one rat captured from the eastern part of Tehran. Results showed that Leptospira spp. was detected only in two rats, collected from the southern part (n = 2/20; 10%) of Tehran. The secY typing method identified two different Leptospira species including L. interrogans and L. kirschneri. The results showed that urban rats might play an important role in transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - L Azimi
- Pediatric Infection Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M R Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Peeri Dogaheh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - S Rafiei Tabatabaei
- Pediatric Infection Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Is the Rattus norvegicus Population Playing a Role in the Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases to Children? A Pilot Study in Tehran, Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.113203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Due to frequent exposure to surface water and contact with animals, children represent a group susceptible to zoonotic diseases. Objectives: The present study aims to determine the presence and prevalence of the main zoonotic agents in R. norvegicus populations in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In the present study, 100 R. norvegicus were captured within a time span of one year from five districts of Tehran, Iran. Fecal and blood samples were collected from rodents and serum was recovered after centrifugation. The presence of specific IgG antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Rabies virus was detected using a commercial qualitative rat ELISA kit. A conventional PCR assay was employed to detect the presence of Vibrio vulnificus in the commensal R. norvegicus population. Results: In general, 80% (n = 80/100) and 20% (n = 20/100) of rats were males and females, respectively. The results of the ELSA assay showed that of the 100 R. norvegicus captured in Tehran, 7% (n = 7/100) and 1% (n = 1/100) were positive for Leptospira spp. and Rabies virus, respectively. Leptospira spp. revealed the highest frequency (20%; 4/20) among R. norvegicus collected from the eastern part of Tehran. Rabies virus was detected only from the southern (5%; 1/20) part of Tehran. Results of the PCR method showed that the percentage of the rats tested positive for V. vulnificus was 5%. Overall, the surveyed zoonotic microorganisms had the highest (n = 5/20; 25%) and lowest (n = 1/20; 5%) frequency rates in the eastern and northern parts of Tehran, respectively. Conclusions: The results accentuate the necessity of implementing rodent control programs and regular disinfection as well as avoiding contact with rodent populations in urban environments.
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