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Ranđelović M, Dimitrijević M, Otašević S, Stanojević L, Išljamović M, Ignjatović A, Arsić-Arsenijević V, Stojanović-Radić Z. Antifungal Activity and Type of Interaction of Melissa officinalis Essential Oil with Antimycotics against Biofilms of Multidrug-Resistant Candida Isolates from Vulvovaginal Mucosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1080. [PMID: 37998884 PMCID: PMC10672467 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a major therapy issue due to its high resistance rate and virulence factors such as the ability to form biofilms. The possibility of combining commonly used antifungals with natural products might greatly improve therapeutic success. (2) Methods: A total of 49 vulvovaginal isolates, causative agents of recurrent VVC, were tested for their susceptibility to fluconazole, nystatin, and Melissa officinalis essential oil (MOEO). This examination included testing the antibiofilm potential of antifungals and MOEO and the determination of their types of interaction with mature biofilms. (3) Results: Antimicrobial testing showed that 94.4% of the Candida albicans isolates and all the Candida krusei isolates were resistant to fluconazole, while all strains showed resistance to nystatin. The same strains were susceptible to MOEO in 0.156-2.5 mg/mL concentrations. Additionally, the results revealed very limited action of fluconazole, while nystatin and MOEO reduced the amount of biofilm formed by as much as 17.7% and 4.6%, respectively. Testing of the combined effect showed strain-specific synergistic action. Furthermore, the lower concentrations exhibited antagonistic effects even in cases where synergism was detected. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that MOEO had a very good antibiofilm effect. However, combining MOEO with antimycotics demonstrated that the type of action depended on the choice of antifungal drugs as well as the applied concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ranđelović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
- Centre of Microbiology, Public Health Institute Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Marina Dimitrijević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.D.); (Z.S.-R.)
| | - Suzana Otašević
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
- Centre of Microbiology, Public Health Institute Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Stanojević
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
| | - Milica Išljamović
- Department of Dental Health Care, Health Center Niš, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatović
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
| | | | - Zorica Stojanović-Radić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.D.); (Z.S.-R.)
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Malveira EA, Souza PFN, Neto NAS, Aguiar TKB, Rodrigues NS, Henrique CWB, Silva AFB, Lima LB, Albuquerque CC, Freitas CDT. Essential Oil from Croton blanchetianus Leaves: Anticandidal Potential and Mechanisms of Action. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1147. [PMID: 36354914 PMCID: PMC9693873 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs are becoming ineffective given the resistance acquired by microorganisms. As such, it is imperative to seek new antimicrobial molecules that could provide a basis for the development of new drugs. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and the mechanisms of action of the essential oil extracted from leaves of Croton blanchetianus (named CbEO) on different fungi and bacteria of clinical importance in both planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. GC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of twenty-two different compounds in the CbEO, which were identified using the Kovats retention index. Among these, the most abundant were amorphene (20.03%), spathulenol (5%), bicyclogermacrene (1.49%), caryophyllene oxide (4.55%), and eucalyptol (5.62%). CbOE (50 µg mL-1) barely inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis (23%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27%), and Salmonella enterica (28%), and no inhibition was obtained against Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, no activity against bacterial biofilm was detected. In contrast, CbEO was active against Candida species. C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were inhibited by 78 and 75%, respectively. The antibiofilm potential also was favorable against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, inhibiting 44 and 74% of biofilm formation and reducing around 41 and 27% of the preformed biofilm, respectively. CbOE caused membrane damage and pore formation, overproduction of ROS, and apoptosis on C. albicans and C. parapsilosis cells, as well as not inducing hemolysis in human red cells. The results obtained in this work raise the possibility of using the essential oil of C. blanchetianus leaves as an alternative to fight infections caused by C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A. Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Pedro F. N. Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, Brazil
| | - Nilton A. S. Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Tawanny K. B. Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Natanael S. Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos W. B. Henrique
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F. B. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Leandro B. Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Cynthia C. Albuquerque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D. T. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
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