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Abass K, Reponen P, Alsanie WF, Rautio A, Pelkonen O. Characterization of furathiocarb metabolism in in vitro human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:679-689. [PMID: 35399214 PMCID: PMC8989696 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Furathiocarb is a carbamate insecticide detected in ecosystems. Its main metabolite carbofuran has been alluded to affect birth outcomes and disturb hormone levels in humans. The metabolism of furathiocarb in humans has not been characterized. The metabolism studies were performed using hepatic microsomes from ten donors and fifteen human cDNA-expressed CYPs. The initial screening and identification of the metabolites were performed by LC-TOF. Quantifications and fragmentations were performed by LC/MS-MS. Furathiocarb was metabolized to eight phase I metabolites via two general pathways, carbofuran metabolic pathway and furathiocarb oxidation pathway. Six metabolites in the carbofuran metabolic pathway (carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran, 3-keto-7-phenolcarbofuran, 3-hydroxy-7-phenolcarbofuran, and 7-phenolcarbofuran) were identified with the help of authentic standards. The two unidentified metabolites in the furathiocarb oxidation pathway are probably hydroxylated and sulfoxidated derivatives of furathiocarb. The carbofuran metabolic pathway was more predominant than the furathiocarb oxidation pathway, ratios ranged from 24- to 115-fold in a 10-donor panel of hepatic microsomes. On the basis of recombinant CYP studies, the carbofuran pathway was dominated by CYP3A4 (95.9%); contributions by CYP1A2 (1.3%) and CYP2B6 (2.0%) were minor. The minor furathiocarb oxidation pathway was catalyzed by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 (hydroxylated/sulfoxidated metabolite A) and by CYP3A5, CYP3A4 and CYP2A6 (metabolite B). High and significant correlation between carbofuran metabolic pathway and CYP3A4 marker activities (midazolam-1'-hydroxylation and omeprazole-sulfoxidation) were observed. Ketoconazole, a CYP3A4-inhibitor, inhibited the carbofuran pathway by 32–86% and hydroxylated/sulfoxidated metabolite-B formations by 41–62%. The data suggest that in humans, the carbofuran metabolic pathway is dominant, and CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved. These results provide useful scientific information for furathiocarb risk assessment in humans. Eight Phase I metabolites were detected by LC-TOF-MS/MS. The carbofuran pathway was more rapid than the furathiocarb oxidation pathway The carbofuran pathway was dominated by CYP3A4 (96%). Ketoconazole inhibited the carbofuran pathway by 32–86%. The findings provide useful scientific information for furathiocarb risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014, Finland
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Department of Pesticides, Menoufia University, P.O. Box 32511, Egypt
- Correspondence to: Faculty of Medicine, Arctic Health, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Petri Reponen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences & Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arja Rautio
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014, Finland
- Thule Institute, University of the Arctic, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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Abass K, Reponen P, Alsanie WF, Rautio A, Pelkonen O. Metabolic profiling and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of furathiocarb in mammalian hepatic microsomes. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:750-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Yao Z, Qian M, Zhang H, Nie J, Ye J, Li Z. Etoxazole is Metabolized Enantioselectively in Liver Microsomes of Rat and Human in Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9682-9688. [PMID: 27479246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acaricide etoxazole belongs to the ovicides/miticides diphenyloxazole class, affecting adults to lay sterile eggs by inhibiting chitin biosynthesis possibly. The reverse-phase HPLC-MS/MS method was used to determine the etoxazole enantiomers. The enantioselective degradation behavior of rac-etoxazole in liver microsomes of rat and human in vitro with NADPH was dramatically different. The t1/2 of (R)-etoxazole was 15.23 min in rat liver microsomes and 30.54 min in human liver microsomes, while 21.73 and 23.50 min were obtained for (S)-etoxazole, respectively. The Vmax of (R)-etoxazole was almost 5-fold of (S)-etoxazole in liver microsomes of rat in vitro. However, the Vmax of (S)-etoxazole was almost 2-fold of (R)-etoxazole in liver microsomes of human in vitro. The CLint of etoxazole was also shown the enantioselectivity on the contrary in liver microsomes of rat and human. These results indicated that the metabolism of two etoxazole enantiomers was selective in liver microsomes of rat and human in vitro, and enantioselectivity in the two kinds of liver microsomes was in the difference in degradation performance. The reason might be related to the composition and content involved in the enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulin Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Taizhou 318020, China
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, and MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, and MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, and MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Nie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingqing Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
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Lee YS, Liu KH, Moon JK, Ko BJ, Choi H, Hwang KS, Kim E, Kim JH. In Vitro Metabolism of Flucetosulfuron by Human Liver Microsomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3057-3063. [PMID: 24628475 DOI: 10.1021/jf4048836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate herbicide metabolism, human liver microsomes were incubated with threo- and erythro-isomers of flucetosulfuron. Each isomer produced one metabolite; the metabolites were unambiguously identified as enzymatic hydrolysis products by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These metabolites were synthesized, producing white solids characterized using LC-MS/MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C). Using specific esterase inhibitors and activators, carboxylesterases and cholinesterases were demonstrated to be involved in flucetosulfuron metabolism. Under optimized metabolic conditions, the kinetic parameters for metabolite formation from threo-flucetosulfuron and erythro-flucetosulfuron were: Vmax, 151.41 and 134.38 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively; Km, 2957.37 and 2798.53 μM, respectively; and CLint, 51.20 and 48.02 μL/min/mg microsomes respectively. No significant kinetic differences were observed between the two isomers. These results indicated that the primary metabolic pathway for both flucetosulfuron isomers in human liver microsomes involves hydrolysis, catalyzed by carboxylesterase and cholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sang Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University , Ansung 456-749, South Korea
| | - Beom Jun Ko
- Busan Branch of Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Supreme Prosecutors' Office , Busan 611-743, South Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongwon 363-951, South Korea
| | - Kook-Sang Hwang
- Specialty Chemicals Division, LG Life Sciences Ltd. , Ulsan 689-896, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Holmgaard R, Benfeldt E, Nielsen JB. Percutaneous Penetration - Methodological Considerations. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:101-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Holmgaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Køge Sygehus; Køge Denmark
| | - Eva Benfeldt
- Department of Dermatology; University of Copenhagen; Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Jesper B. Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Revision of the Guidance Document on Dermal Absorption. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Lim JH, Kim HS, Kim HO, Park YM. Stevens-Johnson syndrome following occupational exposure to carbamate insecticide. J Dermatol 2010; 37:182-4. [PMID: 20175856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dewhurst I, Samuels S, Leslie W. Proposal for a Revision of the Guidance Document on Dermal Absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Buist HE, Schaafsma G, van de Sandt JJ. Relative absorption and dermal loading of chemical substances: Consequences for risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lee HK, Moon JK, Chang CH, Choi H, Park HW, Park BS, Lee HS, Hwang EC, Lee YD, Liu KH, Kim JH. STEREOSELECTIVE METABOLISM OF ENDOSULFAN BY HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES AND HUMAN CYTOCHROME P450 ISOFORMS. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1090-5. [PMID: 16581944 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.009134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,3,4-benzo(e)dioxathiepin-3-oxide) is a broad-spectrum chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide. This study was performed to elucidate the stereoselective metabolism of endosulfan in human liver microsomes and to characterize the cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of endosulfan. Human liver microsomal incubation of endosulfan in the presence of NADPH resulted in the formation of the toxic metabolite, endosulfan sulfate. The intrinsic clearances (CL(int)) of endosulfan sulfate from beta-endosulfan were 3.5-fold higher than those from alpha-endosulfan, suggesting that beta-endosulfan would be cleared more rapidly than alpha-endosulfan. Correlation analysis between the known P450 enzyme activities and the rate of the formation of endosulfan sulfate in the 14 human liver microsomes showed that alpha-endosulfan metabolism is significantly correlated with CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylation and CYP3A-mediated midazolam hydroxylation, and that beta-endosulfan metabolism is correlated with CYP3A activity. The P450 isoform-selective inhibition study in human liver microsomes and the incubation study of cDNA-expressed enzymes also demonstrated that the stereoselective sulfonation of alpha-endosulfan is mediated by CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5, and that that of beta-endosulfan is transformed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The total CL(int) values of endosulfan sulfate formation catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were consistently higher for beta-endosulfan than for the alpha-form (CL(int) of 0.67 versus 10.46 microl/min/pmol P450, respectively). CYP2B6 enantioselectively metabolizes alpha-endosulfan, but not beta-endosulfan. These findings suggest that the CYP2B6 and CYP3A enzymes are major enzymes contributing to the stereoselective disposition of endosulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Kyung Lee
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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