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Liu H, Cheng L, Hu Y, Chen D, Wang X, Zhang X, Li Z, Wu Z. Hepatotoxicity of oral exposure to 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline: toxicity prediction and in vivo evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2024; 399:1-8. [PMID: 38969027 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA), an intermediate in the synthesis of azo dyes, is widely distributed in various environmental media and organisms. Although there is speculation regarding MNA's potential to be hepatotoxic, the underlying mechanisms of its hepatotoxicity and its definitive diagnostic process remain largely unexplored. In this research. In the present study, we initially predicted the toxicity and possible toxic effect pathways of MNA using ProTox-II, and found that MNA binds to the PPARγ receptor (binding energy -6.118 kcal/mol) with a potential PPARγ agonist effect. Subsequently, in vivo exposure evaluation was conducted on Wistar rats to assess the impact of MNA after a 90-day exposure period, by detecting serum biochemical indexes, hematological indexes, urinary indexes, inflammatory factors, liver histopathological observations and liver tissue PPARγ mRNA expression. The results showed that MNA causes liver function abnormalities, liver histopathological changes and inflammatory response, along with a pronounced increase in PPARγ mRNA levels. This study suggests that the hepatotoxic mechanism of MNA may be related to its possible upregulation of PPARγ expression, increased liver dysfunction and inflammatory responses. Based on these results, the benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL) of 1.503 mg/kg for male Wistar rats was also established, providing a vital benchmark for determining the safety threshold of MNA. Our data highlight the hepatotoxic mechanism of MNA and contribute to a better understanding of its potential etiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Liu
- General Surgery Department, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Le Cheng
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China.
| | - Yili Hu
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Diandian Chen
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Xianlin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
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2
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Lv X, Li JX, Wang JY, Tian XG, Feng L, Sun CP, Ning J, Wang C, Zhao WY, Li YC, Ma XC. Regioselective hydroxylation of carbendazim by mammalian cytochrome P450: A combined experimental and computational study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118523. [PMID: 34793912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim (CBZ), a broad-spectrum pesticide frequently detected in fruits and vegetables, could trigger potential toxic risks to mammals. To facilitate the assessment of health risks, this study aimed to characterize the cytochrome P450 (CYPs)-mediated metabolism profiles of CBZ by a combined experimental and computational study. Our results demonstrated that CYPs-mediated region-selective hydroxylation was a major metabolism pathway for CBZ in liver microsomes from various species including rat, mouse, minipig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, cow and human, and the metabolite was biosynthesized and well-characterized as 6-OH-CBZ. CYP1A displayed a predominant role in the region-selective hydroxylation of CBZ that could attenuate its toxicity through converting it into a less toxic metabolite. Meanwhile, five other common pesticides including chlorpyrifos-methyl, prochloraz, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil could significantly inhibit the region-selective hydroxylation of CBZ, and consequently remarkably increased CBZ exposure in vivo. Furthermore, computational study clarified the important contribution of the key amino acid residues Ser122, and Asp313 in CYP1A1, as well as Asp320 in CYP1A2 to the hydroxylation of CBZ through hydrogen bonds. These results would provide some useful information for the metabolic profiles of CBZ by mammalian CYPs, and shed new insights into CYP1A-mediated metabolic detoxification of CBZ and its health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lv
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Transformation, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Transformation, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia-Yue Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Transformation, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Transformation, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Ning
- College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhao
- College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Ya-Chen Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Transformation, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Integrative Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Bouoidina A, Ech-chihbi E, El-Hajjaji F, El Ibrahimi B, Kaya S, Taleb M. Anisole derivatives as sustainable-green inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl: DFT and molecular dynamic simulations approach. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Strupp C, Quesnot N, Weber-Parmentier C, Richert L, Bomann WH, Singh P. Weight of Evidence and Human Relevance Evaluation of the Benfluralin Mode of Action in Rats (Part II): Thyroid carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104736. [PMID: 32798613 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Benfluralin is an herbicide of the dinitroaniline class used to control grasses and weeds. In a 2 year dietary study in rats, benfluralin increased incidences of thyroid follicular adenoma and carcinoma at high dietary concentrations (≥2500 ppm). The benfluralin toxicology database suggests the mode of action (MOA) is initiated by induction of liver metabolizing enzymes, particularly thyroid hormone specific UGTs, a major pathway for T4 clearance in rats. As reported with phenobarbital, this effect triggers negative feedback regulation, increasing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release into circulating blood. When sustained over time, this leads to thyroid changes such as follicular hypertrophy, hyperplasia and thyroid follicular tumors with chronic exposures. The described MOA was previously established in rat studies with various chemical activators of xenobiotic receptors in the liver. It is generally considered as non-relevant in humans, due to differences between humans and rats in T4 turnover and susceptibility to this carcinogenic MOA. A structured methodology based on the IPCS/MOA/Human Relevance framework was used in the evaluation of available benfluralin data, and the conclusion was determined that the carcinogenic potential of benfluralin in the thyroid is not relevant in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Strupp
- Gowan, Highlands House, Basingstoke Road, Spencers Wood Reading, Berkshire, RG7 1NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicolas Quesnot
- Charles River Laboratories Evreux, 27005, Evreux Cedex, France.
| | | | | | - Werner H Bomann
- ToxConsult®, 9393 W 110th Street, 51 Corporate Woods, Suite 500, Overland Park, KS, 66210, USA.
| | - Pramila Singh
- Charles River Laboratories Evreux, 27005, Evreux Cedex, France.
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5
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Weight of evidence and human relevance evaluation of the benfluralin mode of action in rodents (Part I): Liver carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104758. [PMID: 32798612 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Benfluralin, an herbicide of the dinitroaniline class used in weed control, was first registered in the United States in 1970. Increased incidence of liver tumors was observed in the 2 year dietary carcinogenicity studies. A review of the toxicology database provides evidence that the mode of action (MOA) of benfluralin responsible for hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma in rodents depends on activation of the constitutive androstane (CAR)/pregnane X (PXR) receptors, that triggers enzyme induction and altered gene expression leading to hepatocyte proliferation. After prolonged exposures at high dose levels, altered hepatic foci and liver tumors are observed. This hepatocarcinogenic MOA has been described in rodents following long-term dietary exposures to other CAR/PXR activator chemicals, such as phenobarbital, and is generally considered as non-relevant in humans due to differences between human and rodent responses. We analyzed the existing and newly acquired toxicology data to establish that the hepatocarcinogenic MOA of benfluralin in rodents includes the same key events previously described in the rodent MOA of phenobarbital. A weight of evidence approach was taken to establish temporal and dose-related concordance of the causal key events supporting the conclusion that rodent liver carcinogenicity of benfluralin is unlikely to be relevant for human cancer risk.
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6
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Frawley RP, Witt KL, Cunny H, Germolec DR, Jackson-Humbles D, Malarkey D, Shockley KR, Stout M, Travlos G, Buccellato M, Fallacara D, Harris S, Kissling GE, Manheng W, Surh II, White K, Auerbach SS. Evaluation of 2-methoxy-4-nitroaniline (MNA) in hypersensitivity, 14-day subacute, reproductive, and genotoxicity studies. Toxicology 2020; 441:152474. [PMID: 32380031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline (MNA), an intermediate in the synthesis of azo dyes used in textiles and paints, is structurally similar to carcinogenic anilines. Human exposure occurs primarily in the occupational setting through handling of dye dust, and through use and disposal of MNA-containing products. MNA has been reported to induce contact hypersensitivity in a human, myocardial necrosis in rats, and bacterial mutagenicity. This study assessed the subacute toxicity, genotoxicity, contact hypersensitivity, and reproductive toxicity of MNA in rodents in an effort to more fully characterize its toxicological profile. B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to 0, 650, 1250, 2500, 5000, or 10,000 ppm MNA by dosed feed for 14-days to evaluate subacute toxicity and histopathological endpoints. In female mice, decreased body weight (13.5 %) and absolute kidney weight (14.8 %), compared to control, were observed at 10,000 ppm MNA; increased relative liver weight (10-12 %), compared to control, occurred at 5,000-10,000 ppm MNA. In male mice, absolute (15 %) and relative liver weights (9-13 %) were increased at 2,500-5,000 ppm and 1250-10,000 ppm MNA, compared to control, respectively. In both sexes of mice, minimal elevations of hemosiderin pigmentation (a breakdown product of erythrocytes), relative to control, were observed in the liver (10,000 ppm); minimal to moderate elevations of hemosiderin pigmentation (5,000-10,000 ppm) and minimal increases in hematopoietic cell proliferation occurred in the spleen (≥ 1250 ppm). In a reproductive toxicity study, timed-mated female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 0-10,000 ppm MNA by dosed feed from gestation day 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21. Decreases in mean litter weights were observed at 5000 ppm MNA, compared to control, beginning at PND1. To evaluate potential contact hypersensitivity, MNA (2.5-50 %, in dimethylformamide) was applied to the dorsa of both ears of female Balb/c mice once daily for three days. The increase observed in lymph node cell proliferation (10-50 % increase in thymidine uptake compared to control) did not reproducibly achieve the Sensitization Index (SI) 3 level, and there was no ear swelling evident following sensitization with 10-50 % MNA and challenge with 25 % MNA in the mouse ear swelling test. In bacterial mutagenicity assays, MNA (250-1000 μg/plate) induced significant increases, compared to control, in mutant colonies with and without metabolic activation enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98. These data indicate that MNA is genotoxic, and may induce erythrocyte damage and reactive phagocytosis by macrophages in the liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Helen Cunny
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Daven Jackson-Humbles
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David Malarkey
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Matthew Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Greg Travlos
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | | | - Shawn Harris
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., 4505 Emperor Blvd, Suite 400, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Wimolnut Manheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU Medical Center, 1201 E Marchall ST #4-100, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Irene Inok Surh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kimber White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU Medical Center, 1201 E Marchall ST #4-100, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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7
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Lu C, Di L. In vitro
and
in vivo
methods to assess pharmacokinetic drug– drug interactions in drug discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:3-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPKSanofi Company Waltham MA 02451
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and MetabolismPfizer Worldwide Research & Development Groton CT 06340
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8
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Sakakibara H, Ohura T, Kamiya Y, Yamanaka N, Shimada N, Shimoi K, S. Guruge K. Sex-dependent difference in the hepatic and pulmonary toxicological effects in mice administrated 7-chlorinated benz[ a]anthracene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Noriko Yamanaka
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Nobuaki Shimada
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Kayoko Shimoi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Keerthi S. Guruge
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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Mathews JM, Zhan Q, Etheridge AS, Patel PR, Black SR, Banks TT, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Burgess JP, Warren SD, Surh I, Waidyanatha S. Metabolism and disposition of 2-methoxy-4-nitroaniline in male and female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:1213-24. [PMID: 22725680 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.697211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The disposition of 2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline (MNA) was investigated in male and female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F(1)/N mice following oral, intravenous, and dermal exposure to [(14)C]MNA at 2, 15, or 150 mg/kg. Clearance of MNA was investigated in male and female rat, mouse, and human hepatocytes. MNA was cleared slowly in hepatocytes from rat (t(1/2) = 152-424 min) and human (t(1/2) = 118-403 min) but faster in mouse (t(1/2)= 70-106 min). MNA was well-absorbed in rats and mice following oral administration and eliminated chiefly in urine (rats, 75-79%; mice, 55-68%) 72 h post dosing. Less than 1% of the radioactivity remained in tissues at 72 h. MNA was poorly absorbed following dermal application in rats (5.5%) and mice (10%) over 24 h. The major pathway of metabolism of MNA was via hydroxylation of the phenyl ring to form 6-hydroxy MNA; major metabolites detected were sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of 6-hydroxy MNA. Following oral administration, the percent of total radioactivity bound in tissues bound was highest in liver (43%) and red blood cells (30%), whereas the radioactivity bound to DNA was highest in cecum (160 pmol/mg DNA).
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10
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Sekimoto M. [Sex- and species-differences on xenobiotic-induced toxicity: differences in constitutive and xenobiotic-mediated expression of cytochrome P450 1A subfamily enzymes (CYP1As)]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:415-22. [PMID: 21372538 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A subfamily enzymes (CYP1As) are important molecules in the metabolic activation of carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic amines and are induced by their substrate exposure. There are species, sex, and organ differences in the induction of CYP1As, and susceptibilities to carcinogens are closely related to the constitutive and carcinogen-induced levels of CYP1As in target organs of experimental rodents. In this study, we investigated the induction of CYP1As and their species or sex differences after treatment with various chemicals using experimental animals and cultured cell lines. We found that: 1) newly established reporter cell lines, HepG2-A10 and KanR2-XL8, can be used for determining of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a key transcription factor in the expression of CYP1As; 2) monocyclic aromatic amine (2-methoxy-4-nitroaniline) induced hepatic CYP1As in rats but not in other rodents in an AhR-independent manner; 3) androgen suppressed the constitutive expression or heterocyclic aromatic amine (Trp-P-1)-dependent induction of these enzymes in pigs and mice; and 4) nicardipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, increased hepatic CYP1A expression in rats and augmented 3-methylcholanthrene-mediated induction of CYP1As and DNA-adduct formation in HepG2 cells. These findings indicate that there are species or sex differences in the induction of hepatic CYP1As via AhR-independent and unexplained transcriptional mechanisms. The elucidation of these mechanisms will aid in finding new predictors or developing new prevention strategies for chemical-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sekimoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.
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11
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Murtomaa M, Viitala P, Hokkanen J, Pelkonen O, Rautio A. Xenobiotic metabolism of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) exposed to PCDDs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 29:19-23. [PMID: 21787577 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and field vole (Microtus agrestis) living at the old sawmill area contaminated by chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) showed that these two relatively close species have a significant difference in their body burden of PCDD/Fs, bank voles having significantly higher concentrations. The aim of this study was to clarify more comprehensively the basic xenobiotic metabolism in wild bank voles and examine whether PCDD exposure would affect xenobiotic metabolism in bank voles more generally. The activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes was studied by fluorometric analyzes as well as by the aid of an earlier developed N-in-one CYP-selective activity cocktail, and immunoblotting assay. Several CYP-associated activities were considerably and statistically significantly elevated in the liver of animals living in the contaminated area. Increases in several CYP1A- and CYP2A/B-associated activities are probably due to the exposure to variable dioxin- and PCB-class inducers. The results of this comprehensive screening seemed to be in agreement with the existing knowledge of CYP enzyme induction by dioxin-like substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murtomaa
- The Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, PO BOX 5000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, PO BOX 5000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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12
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Failure in drug development: the role of inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:665-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Bolt HM, Hengstler JG. A new series of review articles on drug metabolizing enzymes: nomenclature of isoenzyme families, genetic organization, polymorphisms, substrate specificities, clinical relevance and role in carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:413-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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