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Lee S, An KS, Kim HJ, Noh HJ, Lee J, Lee J, Song KS, Chae C, Ryu HY. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity evaluation following oral exposure to bisphenol F. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1711-1728. [PMID: 35376969 PMCID: PMC9095523 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol F is a substitute material for bisphenol A and is widely used in household products as a raw material for polycarbonate resin, epoxy resin, and plastic reinforcement. It is known to be mainly used in food containers, thermal paper for receipts, and coatings for water pipes. In some countries, bisphenol F has been detected in drinking water and human urine samples. However, due to the lack of safety evaluation data on bisphenol F, it is difficult to establish appropriate guidelines for the proper use of the substance, and social anxiety is increasing accordingly. This study investigated the use, exposure route, and distribution flow of bisphenol F, a household chemical. To determine the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and target organ of bisphenol F after exposure, a single-dose oral toxicity, dose-range finding (28 day oral), repeated dose toxicity (90 day oral), and genotoxicity (reverse mutation, chromosomal abnormality, in vivo micronucleus test) tests were performed. The pharmacokinetic profile was also obtained. The test results are as follows: in the pharmacokinetic study, it was confirmed that single oral exposure to BPF resulted in systemic exposure; in single oral dose toxicity test, the approximate lethal dose was found to be 4000 mg/kg and confusion and convulsion was shown in the test animals; NOAEL was determined to be 2 mg/kg/day for male and 5 mg/kg/day for female, and the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was determined to be 2 mg/kg/day for males and 1 mg/kg/day for females, and the target organ was the small intestine; genotoxicity tests confirmed that BPF does not induce genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Lee
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Sup An
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Noh
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - JaeWon Lee
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Kyung Seuk Song
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeol Ryu
- Bio Technology Division, GLP 2 Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.
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Xia Y, Mo Y, Yang Q, Yu Y, Jiang M, Wei S, Lu D, Wu H, Lu G, Zou Y, Zhang Z, Wei X. Iodoacetic Acid Disrupting the Thyroid Endocrine System in Vitro and in Vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7545-7552. [PMID: 29812931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is potentially associated with adverse developmental effects. Iodoacetic acid (IAA), an unregulated DBP, has been shown to be cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and tumorigenic. However, its endocrine-disrupting effects remain unknown. This study evaluated the IAA-induced disruption of the thyroid endocrine system using in vitro and in vivo assays. Rat pituitary tumor GH3 cells were treated with IAA in the presence and absence of triiodothyronine (T3). IAA exposure significantly reduced T3-activated GH3 cell proliferation, indicating the antagonistic activity of IAA in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats were also subjected to IAA treatment through oral gavage for 28 consecutive days. IAA exposure significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), and type I deiodinase and simultaneously reduced the protein expression levels of TSHR and NIS. IAA exposure decreased T3 levels but increased the weights of hypothalamus and the levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyrotropin. In addition, IAA induced the formation of smaller and more depleted follicles or even vacuolization in the thyroid. These results suggested that IAA potentially disrupts the thyroid endocrine system both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Meiyu Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Shumao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Du Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
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Umano T, Shiraishi K, Minobe Y, Yamasaki K. Uterotrophic assay, Hershberger assay, and subacute oral toxicity study of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole based on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development draft protocols. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:459-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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