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Wohlfahrt J, Verma N, Alsaleh R, Kersch C, Schmitz-Spanke S. A pilot study exploring time- and dose-dependent DNA damage and chromosomal instability caused by benzo[a]pyrene in two urothelial cell types. Mutat Res 2024; 828:111855. [PMID: 38569440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with adverse health effects in humans. Uncertainty exists regarding the causation of urinary bladder cancer by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) due to a lack of sufficient data. In this work, we focused on in-vitro DNA damage and the formation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations as predictors of cancer risk, applying a wide range of dosages and time periods to quantify the onset, intensity, and duration of the response. We chose two urothelial cell types to compare susceptibility and the ability to increase the malignity of a pre-existing bladder cancer: a cancer cell line (T24) and a pooled sample of primary urinary bladder epithelia cells (PUBEC) from pigs. The highest level of DNA damage assessed by comet assay was observed following 24-h treatment in both cell types, whereas PUBEC cells were clearly more susceptible. Even 4-h treatment induced DNA damage in PUBEC cells with benchmark doses of 0.0027 µM B[a]P and 0.00023 µM after 4-h and 24-h exposure, respectively. Nearly no effect was observed for periods of 48 h. The frequency of micronucleus formation increased more markedly in T24 cells, particularly with 24-h treatment. In PUBEC cells, 48-h exposure notably induced the formation of nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds. Even though only one biological replicate was studied due to the sophisticated study design, our results give a strong indication of the potential of B[a]P to induce and increase malignity in human-relevant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wohlfahrt
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Nisha Verma
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Rasha Alsaleh
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Christian Kersch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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Benzo[a]pyrene mediated time- and dose-dependent alteration in cellular metabolism of primary pig bladder cells with emphasis on proline cycling. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2593-2602. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bolt HM. Causation of human urothelial cancer: there are challenging new data! Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1769-70. [PMID: 25155193 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany,
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Genies C, Maître A, Lefèbvre E, Jullien A, Chopard-Lallier M, Douki T. The extreme variety of genotoxic response to benzo[a]pyrene in three different human cell lines from three different organs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78356. [PMID: 24260113 PMCID: PMC3832631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with occupational exposure and urban atmospheric pollution. Determination of the genotoxic properties of these compounds is thus of outmost importance. For this purpose a variety of cellular models have been widely used. Reliable results can however only be obtained with models reflecting the specific sensitivity of different organs towards PAHs. In this work, we compared the response to benzo[a]pyrene in cell lines from human lungs (A549) and bladder (T24); two important target organs for PAHs-induced cancer. Human hepatocytes (HepG2) were used as a reference, although liver is not a concern for PAHs carcinogenesis. Adducts arising from the ultimate diol-epoxide metabolite of B[a]P, BPDE, were found to be produced in a dose-dependent manner in HepG2. BPDE DNA adducts were not detected in T24 and in A549 their formation was found to be most efficient at the lowest concentration studied (0.2 µM). These results are probably explained by differences in induction and activity of phase I metabolization enzymes, as well as by proteins eliminating the B[a]P epoxide in A549. In addition to BPDE adducts, oxidative DNA damage, namely strand breaks and oxidized purines were measured and found to be produced only in minute amounts in all three cell lines. In summary, our results emphasize the large differences in the response of cells originating from different organs. Our data also point out the importance of carefully selecting the doses used in in vitro toxicological experiments. The example of A549 shows that working at high doses may lead to an underestimation of the risk. Finally, the choice of method for evaluating genotoxicity appears to be of crucial importance. The comet assay does not seem to be the best method for a compound like B[a]P which induces stable adducts causing limited oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Genies
- Laboratoire « Lésions des Acides Nucléiques », Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, Grenoble, France
- Equipe EPSP Environnement et Prédiction de la Santé des Populations – laboratoire TIMC (UMR CNRS 5525), CHU de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, UFR de médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France
- Agence de l′environnement et de la Maîtrise de l′Energie 20, Angers, France
| | - Anne Maître
- Equipe EPSP Environnement et Prédiction de la Santé des Populations – laboratoire TIMC (UMR CNRS 5525), CHU de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, UFR de médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France
| | - Emmanuel Lefèbvre
- Equipe EPSP Environnement et Prédiction de la Santé des Populations – laboratoire TIMC (UMR CNRS 5525), CHU de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, UFR de médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France
| | - Amandine Jullien
- Laboratoire « Lésions des Acides Nucléiques », Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, Grenoble, France
| | - Marianne Chopard-Lallier
- Laboratoire « Lésions des Acides Nucléiques », Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- Laboratoire « Lésions des Acides Nucléiques », Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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Verma N, Pink M, Petrat F, Rettenmeier AW, Schmitz-Spanke S. Exposure of primary porcine urothelial cells to benzo(a)pyrene: in vitro uptake, intracellular concentration, and biological response. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1861-71. [PMID: 22790669 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
More than 90 % of all bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas arising from the cells lining the inside of the hollow organ (uroepithelium). Cell cultures from primary urinary bladder epithelial cells (PUBEC) of pigs were established to assess the uptake, intracellular concentration, and subcellular distribution of the environmental pollutant benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). During treatment of the cells with 0.5 μM BaP for up to 24 h, intracellular concentration of BaP increased without saturation but with marked differences between various PUBEC pools. Analysis of BaP uptake by laser scanning microscopy indicated that BaP is rapidly partitioned into the cell membrane, while only a slight but significant increase in BaP fluorescence intensity was observed in the cytosol and nucleus. Spectrofluorometric quantification of BaP in PUBEC using ex situ calibration revealed a strong accumulation of BaP, leading to intracellular concentrations ranging from 7.28 to 35.70 μM in cells exposed to 0.5 μM BaP and from 29.9 to 406.64 μM in cells exposed to 10 μM BaP. These results were confirmed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis. Apoptotic cell nuclei were assessed by TUNEL analysis to see whether BaP exposure at the given concentrations results in a toxic effect. While apoptotic cells were barely detectable in control epithelial cells, there was a marked elevation in apoptosis in the BaP-exposed cells. In conclusion, a comprehensive study on uptake and quantification of BaP in epithelial cells from pig bladder is reported for the first time. The study may be helpful in understanding the pattern of BaP uptake and distribution in bladder and its possible implication in bladder cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Verma
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Föllmann W, Blaszkewicz M, Behm C, Degen GH, Golka K. N-Acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid and p-phenylenediamine in primary porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells and in the human urothelial cell line 5637. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1206-1215. [PMID: 22994574 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.709167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyltransferases (NAT) are important enzymes in the metabolism of certain carcinogenic arylamines, as N-acetylation decreases or prevents their bioactivation via N-hydroxylation. To study such processes in the bladder, cell culture models may be used, but metabolic competence needs to be characterized. This study focused on the N-acetylation capacity of two urothelial cell systems, using p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and the hair dye precursor p-phenylenediamine (PPD), two well-known substrates of the enzyme NAT1. The constitutive NAT1 activity was investigated using primary cultures of porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells (PUBEC) and in the human urothelial cell line 5637 to assess their suitability for further in vitro studies on PABA and PPD-induced toxicity. N-Acetylation of PABA and PPD was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in cytosols of the two cell systems upon incubation with various substrate levels for up to 60 min. The primary PUBEC revealed higher N-acetylation rates (2.5-fold for PABA, 5-fold for PPD) compared to the 5637 cell line, based on both PABA conversion to its acetylated metabolite and formation of mono- and diacetylated PPD. The urothelial cell systems may thus be useful as a tool for further studies on the N-acetylation of aromatic amines via NAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Föllmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
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Plöttner S, Behm C, Bolt HM, Föllmann W. Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on primary urothelial cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1194-1205. [PMID: 22994573 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.709166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for bladder cancer. Since urothelial cells express phase I and II enzymes these cells are able to metabolize precarcinogens into DNA reactive intermediates. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture containing at least 80 known carcinogens. In this context especially aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as being responsible for bladder-carcinogenicity. Cell cultures of primary porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells (PUBEC) have been useful models for studies on bladder-specific effects. These cells are metabolically competent and found to be a valuable tool for examining effects of cigarette smoke constituents. In the present study PUBEC were utilized to investigate the effects of the complex mixture cigarette smoke condensate total particulate matter (CSC TPM) with emphasis on induction of cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and genotoxic effects. CYP1A1 induction was investigated by Western blot and flow cytometry. The most pronounced effects were found after 24 h of incubation with 1-10 μg/ml CSC TPM. Maximal induction was observed at 5 μg/ml by flow cytometry and at 10 μg/ml by Western blot analysis. Genotoxic effects were investigated by means of alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis ("comet assay") with and without the use of the DNA repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and the micronucleus (MN) test. A numerical concentration-dependent increase in Fpg-sensitive sites indicating oxidative DNA damage and a quantitative rise in MN formation were noted. The CSC utilized in this study contained low amounts of benzo[a]pyrene, 4-aminobiphenyl, and 2-naphthylamine. With regard to the observed CYP1A1 induction, these substances cannot explain the CYP1A1 inducing effect of CSC TPM. It is possible that other compounds within CSC TPM contribute to CYP1A1 induction in our cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Plöttner
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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Verma N, Bäuerlein C, Pink M, Rettenmeier AW, Schmitz-Spanke S. Proteome and phosphoproteome of primary cultured pig urothelial cells. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3600-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Contrast agent-induced nephrotoxicity: role of oxidative stress and apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:163-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Borza A, Plöttner S, Wolf A, Behm C, Selinski S, Hengstler JG, Roos PH, Bolt HM, Kuhlmann J, Föllmann W. Synergism of aromatic amines and benzo[a]pyrene in induction of Ah receptor-dependent genes. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:973-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Plöttner S, Degen GH, Roos PH, Föllmann W. Analysis of CYP1A1 induction in single cells of urothelial cell populations by flow cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1149-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schumann CA, Dörrenhaus A, Franzke J, Lampen P, Dittrich PS, Manz A, Roos PH. Concomitant detection of CYP1A1 enzymatic activity and CYP1A1 protein in individual cells of a human urothelial cell line using a bilayer microfluidic device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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