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Thrikawala S, Mesmar F, Bhattacharya B, Muhsen M, Mukhopadhyay S, Flores S, Upadhyay S, Vergara L, Gustafsson JÅ, Williams C, Bondesson M. Triazole fungicides induce adipogenesis and repress osteoblastogenesis in zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:119-130. [PMID: 36951524 PMCID: PMC10230286 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazoles are a major group of azole fungicides commonly used in agriculture, and veterinary and human medicine. Maternal exposure to certain triazole antifungal medication causes congenital malformations, including skeletal malformations. We hypothesized that triazoles used as pesticides in agriculture also pose a risk of causing skeletal malformations in developing embryos. In this study, teratogenic effects of three commonly used triazoles, cyproconazole, paclobutrazol, and triadimenol, were investigated in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Exposure to the triazole fungicides caused bone and cartilage malformations in developing zebrafish larvae. Data from whole-embryo transcriptomics with cyproconazole suggested that exposure to this compound induces adipogenesis while repressing skeletal development. Confirming this finding, the expression of selected bone and cartilage marker genes were significantly downregulated with triazoles exposure as determined by quantitative PCR. The expression of selected adipogenic genes was upregulated by the triazoles. Furthermore, exposure to each of the three triazoles induced adipogenesis and lipid droplet formation in vitro in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells. In vivo in zebrafish larvae, cyproconazole exposure caused lipid accumulation. These results suggest that exposure to triazoles promotes adipogenesis at the expense of skeletal development, and thus they expand the chemical group of bona fide bone to fat switchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savini Thrikawala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fahmi Mesmar
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Beas Bhattacharya
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Maram Muhsen
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Srijita Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara Flores
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Leoncio Vergara
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Fazliogullari Z, Karabulut AK, Unver Dogan N, Uysal II, Acar H. In vitro study of the toxic and teratogenic effects of prednisolone, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetile on embryological development of rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2739-2747. [PMID: 34719311 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1985926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the glucocorticoid prednisolone, the mycophenolic acid prodrug, azathioprine, and the fungi fermentation end product, mycophenolate mofetile on the embryological development of rats. Nine day-old rat embryos were cultured in rat serum containing prednisolone at varying concentrations (5-30 µg/ml) for 48 h. The test groups were cultured separately in rat serum containing 0.3-10 µg/ml azathioprine and 1-10 µg/ml mycophenolate mofetile. Embryonic development parameter effects of both drugs in combination with prednisolone (20 µg/ml) were studied using morphological methods, with special attention given to the incidence of malformations. The genotoxic effects of agents evaluated with the TUNEL test revealed that prednisolone is not a cause of developmental toxicity. The maximum safe dose of prednisolone that could be used in combination with other immunosuppressive agents was determined to be 20 µg/ml. Azathioprine was found to be toxic and teratogenic for the rat embryos beginning at a dose of 1 µg/ml. Dose-dependent toxic and teratogenic effects of mycophenolate mofetile were detected at doses lower than normal clinical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadire Unver Dogan
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismihan Ilknur Uysal
- Department of Anatomy, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Acar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Sridharan K, Sahoo J, Palui R, Patil M, Kamalanathan S, Ramesh AS, Kubera NS. Diagnosis and treatment outcomes of Cushing's disease during pregnancy. Pituitary 2021; 24:670-680. [PMID: 33779937 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report a case of a pregnant woman with Cushing's disease (CD) and performed a systematic review of literature on diagnosis, treatment, maternal and fetal outcomes of CD in pregnancy. METHODS A PubMed search was performed for manuscripts in English language from inception till June 2020. Cases of CD with hypercortisolism during pregnancy were included and categorized into three groups based on treatment received. Data on diagnostic modalities, CD remission, materno-fetal outcomes were analysed. RESULTS Fifty-five patients of CD with 62 pregnancies were analysed. 24-h urinary free cortisol(UFC) was elevated by a mean of 5.4 ± 4.2 fold upper limit of normal non-pregnant level. 12/19 (63.1%) CD patients had more than threefold elevation of UFC measured during pregnancy. Mean midnight serum cortisol was 753.7 ± 270.5 nmol/l. At a midnight serum cortisol cut off of 440 nmol/l, 15/16 patients were correctly identified as CD. 23.2% underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery (group 1), 16.1% received only medical treatment (group 2) while 60.7% received no treatment (group 3) during pregnancy. Remission rates for CD in groups 1 and 2 were 76.9% and 77.8%, respectively. Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes were seen in 53.9% and 59.3% of the patients, respectively and were not significantly different between groups, although, lesser live births and greater pregnancy losses were seen in group 3. CONCLUSION Midnight serum cortisol had better sensitivity than UFC for diagnosing hypercortisolism due to CD during pregnancy. In general, CD should be treated during pregnancy in order to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes as a trend towards increased live births is seen in treated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Sridharan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvanthri Nagar, Puducherry, India
| | - Rajan Palui
- Consultant Endocrinologist, The Mission Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Milind Patil
- Consultant Endocrinologist, Inlaks Budhrani Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Sadishkumar Kamalanathan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvanthri Nagar, Puducherry, India
| | - A S Ramesh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvanthri Nagar, Puducherry, India
| | - N S Kubera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvanthri Nagar, Puducherry, India
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Levin D, Cohen S, Mellender S, Kiss G. Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block Successfully Treats Migraines in a Type 1 Arnold Chiari Malformation Pregnant Patient: A Case Report. A A Pract 2018; 11:32-34. [DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zebrafish as an Alternative Vertebrate Model for Investigating Developmental Toxicity-The Triadimefon Example. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040817. [PMID: 28417904 PMCID: PMC5412401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triadimefon is a widely used triazole fungicide known to cause severe developmental defects in several model organisms and in humans. The present study evaluated in detail the developmental effects seen in zebrafish embryos exposed to triadimefon, confirmed and expanded upon previous phenotypic findings and compared them to those observed in other traditional animal models. In order to do this, we exposed embryos to 2 and 4 µg/mL triadimefon and evaluated growth until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) through gross morphology examination. Our analysis revealed significant developmental defects at the highest tested concentration including somite deformities, severe craniofacial defects, a cleft phenotype along the three primary neural divisions, a rigorously hypoplastic or even absent mandible and a hypoplastic morphology of the pharyngeal arches. Interestingly, massive pericardial edemas, abnormal shaped hearts, brachycardia and inhibited or absent blood circulation were also observed. Our results revealed that the presented zebrafish phenotypes are comparable to those seen in other organism models and those derived from human observations as a result of triadimefon exposure. We therefore demonstrated that zebrafish provide an excellent system for study of compounds with toxic significance and can be used as an alternative model for developmental toxicity studies to predict effects in mammals.
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Abstract
Adrenal diseases, including Cushing syndrome (CS), primary aldosteronism (PA), pheochromocytoma, and adrenocortical carcinoma, are uncommon in pregnancy; a high degree of clinical suspicion must exist. Physiologic changes to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in a normal pregnancy result in increased cortisol, renin, and aldosterone levels, making the diagnosis of CS and PA in pregnancy challenging. However, catecholamines are not altered in pregnancy and allow a laboratory diagnosis of pheochromocytoma that is similar to that of the nonpregnant state. Although adrenal tumors in pregnancy result in significant maternal and fetal morbidity, and sometimes mortality, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment often improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Cocks Eschler
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC T15-060, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Nina Kogekar
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rachel Pessah-Pollack
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Endocrinology, ProHealth Care Associates, Ohio Drive, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA
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Costenaro F, Rodrigues TC, de Lima PB, Ruszczyk J, Rollin G, Czepielewski MA. A successful case of Cushing's disease pregnancy treated with ketoconazole. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:176-8. [PMID: 25561184 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.995615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The association of pregnancy and Cushing's disease (CD) is rare. Treatment of Cushing's syndrome (CS) is imperative to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity. Ketoconazole is a widely used drug for CS control when the woman is not pregnant but concerns about its teratogenicity and embryotoxicity restricted its use during pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS We describe a case of a CD patient managed with Ketoconazole during the first and second trimester and other cares for her metabolic CS aspects during pregnancy. She delivered a normal female baby. CONCLUSIONS It is supposed that even with treatment the relatively hypercortisolemic mother could protect her child from the embryotoxicity of ketoconazole as proved in rat fetuses and we suggest that ketoconazole could be an emergency pharmacological therapeutic option for CS management during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Costenaro
- Post Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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Elston CA, Elston DM. Treatment of common skin infections and infestations during pregnancy. Dermatol Ther 2014; 26:312-20. [PMID: 23914888 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of systematic studies in pregnant and lactating women, recommendations for the treatment of infections during pregnancy are based on animal studies, accumulated evidence from clinical use and case reports, as well as published consensus statements and expert opinion. This article examines the evidence basis for the treatment of common cutaneous infections in women who are pregnant or breast-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Elston
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chambers JE, Greim H, Kendall RJ, Segner H, Sharpe RM, Van Der Kraak G. Human and ecological risk assessment of a crop protection chemical: a case study with the azole fungicide epoxiconazole. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 44:176-210. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.855163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mineshima H, Fukuta T, Kato E, Uchida K, Aoki T, Matsuno Y, Mori C. Malformation spectrum induced by ketoconazole after single administration to pregnant rats during the critical period - comparison with vitamin A-induced malformation spectrum. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:98-107. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuya Fukuta
- Drug Safety Japan; Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit; Eisai Co. Ltd; Gifu; Japan
| | - Emiko Kato
- Drug Safety Japan; Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit; Eisai Co. Ltd; Gifu; Japan
| | - Keiji Uchida
- Drug Safety Japan; Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit; Eisai Co. Ltd; Gifu; Japan
| | - Toyohiko Aoki
- Drug Safety Japan; Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit; Eisai Co. Ltd; Gifu; Japan
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Are azole fungicides a teratogenic risk for human conceptus? Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Marotta F, Tiboni GM. Molecular aspects of azoles-induced teratogenesis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:461-82. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003592111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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