1
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Jaber N, Billet S. How to use an in vitro approach to characterize the toxicity of airborne compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105718. [PMID: 37871865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
As part of the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs), numerous in vitro methods are being developed to characterize the potential toxicity of inhalable xenobiotics (gases, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate matter, nanoparticles). However, the materials and methods employed are extremely diverse, and no single method is currently in use. Method standardization and validation would raise trust in the results and enable them to be compared. This four-part review lists and compares biological models and exposure methodologies before describing measurable biomarkers of exposure or effect. The first section emphasizes the importance of developing alternative methods to reduce, if not replace, animal testing (3R principle). The biological models presented are mostly to cultures of epithelial cells from the respiratory system, as the lungs are the first organ to come into contact with air pollutants. Monocultures or cocultures of primary cells or cell lines, as well as 3D organotypic cultures such as organoids, spheroids and reconstituted tissues, but also the organ(s) model on a chip are examples. The exposure methods for these biological models applicable to airborne compounds are submerged, intermittent, continuous either static or dynamic. Finally, within the restrictions of these models (i.e. relative tiny quantities, adhering cells), the mechanisms of toxicity and the phenotypic markers most commonly examined in models exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Jaber
- UR4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- UR4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France.
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2
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Chen L, Guo P, Zhang H, Li W, Gao C, Huang Z, Fan J, Zhang Y, Li X, Liu X, Wang F, Wang S, Li Q, He Z, Li H, Chen S, Wu X, Ye L, Li Q, Tang H, Wang Q, Dong G, Xiao Y, Chen W, Li D. Benzene-induced mouse hematotoxicity is regulated by a protein phosphatase 2A complex that stimulates transcription of cytochrome P4502E1. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2486-2499. [PMID: 30567741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic benzene exposure is associated with hematotoxicity and the development of aplastic anemia and leukemia. However, the signaling pathways underlying benzene-induced hematotoxicity remain to be defined. Here, we investigated the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the regulation of benzene-induced hematotoxicity in a murine model. Male mice with a hepatocyte-specific homozygous deletion of the Ppp2r1a gene (encoding PP2A Aα subunit) (HO) and matched wildtype (WT) mice were exposed to benzene via inhalation at doses of 1, 10, and 100 ppm for 28 days. Peripheral white blood cell counts and activation of bone marrow progenitors were attenuated in the HO mice, indicating that Ppp2r1a deletion protects against benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Moreover, elevation of urinary S-phenyl mercapturic acid, a benzene metabolite, was much greater in WT mice than in HO mice. Real-time exhalation analysis revealed more exhaled benzene but fewer benzene metabolites in HO mice than in WT mice, possibly because of the down-regulation of Cyp2e1, encoding cytochrome P4502E1, in hepatocytes of the HO mice. Loss-of-function screening disclosed that PP2A complexes containing the B56α subunit participate in regulating Cyp2e1 expression. Notably, PP2A-B56α suppression in HepG2 cells resulted in persistent β-catenin phosphorylation at Ser33-Ser37-Thr41 in response to CYP2E1 agonists. In parallel, nuclear translocation of β-catenin was inhibited, concomitant with a remarkable decrease of Cyp2e1 expression. These findings support the notion that a regulatory cascade comprising PP2A-B56α, β-catenin, and Cyp2e1 is involved in benzene-induced hematotoxicity, providing critical insight into the role of PP2A in responses to the environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Ping Guo
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Wenxue Li
- the Department of Toxicology, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440
| | - Chen Gao
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- the Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515
| | - Junling Fan
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Yuling Zhang
- the Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, and
| | - Xue Li
- the Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, and
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Fangping Wang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Shan Wang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Qingye Li
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Zhini He
- the Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515
| | - Huiyao Li
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Shen Chen
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Xiaonen Wu
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Lizhu Ye
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Qiong Li
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Huanwen Tang
- the Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Qing Wang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Guanghui Dong
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Wen Chen
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080
| | - Daochuan Li
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080,
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3
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The effects of Nrf2 knockout on regulation of benzene-induced mouse hematotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 358:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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4
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Zhang Z, Li P, Lin D, Wang D, Zhang Y. Proteome analysis of the potential serum biomarkers for chronic benzene poisoning. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:157-164. [PMID: 29729575 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to seek novel specific biomarkers which could provide clues to the mechanism of chronic benzene poisoning (CBP) and might also be used as specific markers for early detection and diagnosis. In this study, a comparative serological proteome analysis between normal controls and CBP patients at three different levels of poisoning were performed via a 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. As the result a total of 10 proteins were found significantly altered between the normal and the mild, moderate and severe poisoning. The identified differentially expressed proteins were classified according to their molecular functions, biological processes, and protein classes, and three important serum proteins among them, apolipoproteinA-1, alpha-1-antitrypsin and complement C3, were further confirmed by immune turbidimetric analysis for their significant up-regulation in the CBP patients. Our findings suggest that these differential proteins may help elucidate the mechanism of CBP and provide potential biomarkers for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhang
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Peimao Li
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Dafeng Lin
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianpeng Wang
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Yeast-based genotoxicity tests for assessing DNA alterations and DNA stress responses: a 40-year overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2493-2507. [PMID: 29423630 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
By damaging DNA molecules, genotoxicants cause genetic mutations and also increase human susceptibility to cancers and genetic diseases. Over the past four decades, several assays have been developed in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to screen potential genotoxic substances and provide alternatives to animal-based genotoxicity tests. These yeast-based genotoxicity tests are either DNA alteration-based or DNA stress-response reporter-based. The former, which came first, were developed from the genetic studies conducted on various types of DNA alterations in yeast cells. Despite their limited throughput capabilities, some of these tests have been used as short-term genotoxicity tests in addition to bacteria- or mammalian cell-based tests. In contrast, the latter tests are based on the emergent transcriptional induction of DNA repair-related genes via activation of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase cascade triggered by DNA damage. Some of these reporter assays have been linked to DNA damage-responsive promoters to assess chemical carcinogenicity and ecotoxicity in environmental samples. Yeast-mediated genotoxicity tests are being continuously improved by increasing the permeability of yeast cell walls, by the ectopic expression of mammalian cytochrome P450 systems, by the use of DNA repair-deficient host strains, and by integrating them into high-throughput formats or microfluidic devices. Notably, yeast-based reporter assays linked with the newer toxicogenomic approaches are becoming powerful short-term genotoxicity tests for large numbers of compounds. These tests can also be used to detect polluted environmental samples, and as effective screening tools during anticancer drug development.
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6
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Identification of by-products issued from the catalytic oxidation of toluene by chemical and biological methods. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Sun R, Zhang J, Xiong M, Wei H, Tan K, Yin L, Pu Y. Altered Expression of Genes in Signaling Pathways Regulating Proliferation of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Mice with Subchronic Benzene Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9298-313. [PMID: 26262635 PMCID: PMC4555281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leukemias and hematopoietic disorders induced by benzene may arise from the toxicity of benzene to hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HS/PCs). Since there is a latency period between initial benzene exposure and the development of leukemia, subsequent impact of benzene on HS/PCs are crucial for a deeper understanding of the carcinogenicity and hematotoxicity in post-exposure stage. This study aims to explore the effects of benzene on HS/PCs and gene-expression in Wnt, Notch and Hh signaling pathways in post-exposure stage. The C3H/He mice were injected subcutaneously with benzene (0, 150, 300 mg/kg/day) for three months and were monitored for another 10 months post-exposure. The body weights were monitored, the relative organ weights, blood parameters and bone marrow smears were examined. Frequency of lineage- sca-1+ c-kit+ (LSK) cells, capability of colony forming and expression of genes in Wnt, Notch and Hedghog (Hh) signaling pathways were also analyzed. The colony formation of the progenitor cells for BFU-E, CFU-GEMM and CFU-GM was significantly decreased with increasing benzene exposure relative to controls, while no significant difference was observed in colonies for CFU-G and CFU-M. The mRNA level of cyclin D1 was increased and Notch1 and p53 were decreased in LSK cells in mice exposed to benzene but with no statistical significance. These results suggest that subsequent toxic effects of benzene on LSK cells and gene expression in Wnt, Notch and Hh signaling pathways persist in post-exposure stage and may play roles in benzene-induced hematotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education.
| | - Mengzhen Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education.
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education.
| | - Kehong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education
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8
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Jiang S, Liu J, Fang D, Yan L, Wu C. A novel electronic nose for simultaneous quantitative determination of concentrations and odor intensity analysis of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene mixtures. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a novel E-nose system to simultaneously determine chemical concentrations and odor intensity of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Jiang
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Di Fang
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Luchun Yan
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- Beijing 100083
- China
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9
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Sun R, Zhang J, Yin L, Pu Y. Investigation into variation of endogenous metabolites in bone marrow cells and plasma in C3H/He mice exposed to benzene. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4994-5010. [PMID: 24658442 PMCID: PMC3975436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is identified as a carcinogen. Continued exposure of benzene may eventually lead to damage to the bone marrow, accompanied by pancytopenia, aplastic anemia or leukemia. This paper explores the variations of endogenous metabolites to provide possible clues for the molecular mechanism of benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to investigate the variation of endogenous metabolites in bone marrow cells and plasma of male C3H/He mice. The mice were injected subcutaneously with benzene (0, 300, 600 mg/day) once daily for seven days. The body weights, relative organ weights, blood parameters and bone marrow smears were also analyzed. The results indicated that benzene caused disturbances in the metabolism of oxidation of fatty acids and essential amino acids (lysine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) in bone marrow cells. Moreover, fatty acid oxidation was also disturbed in plasma and thus might be a common disturbed metabolic pathway induced by benzene in multiple organs. This study aims to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in benzene hematotoxicity, especially in bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Borgie M, Garat A, Cazier F, Delbende A, Allorge D, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Shirali P, Dagher Z. Traffic-related air pollution. A pilot exposure assessment in Beirut, Lebanon. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:122-128. [PMID: 24184043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution has frequently been demonstrated to be a serious problem in the developing countries. Benzene and 1,3-butadiene (BD) have been classified as a human carcinogen based on evidence for an increased genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects in both occupational exposure assessment and in vivo/in vitro studies. We have undertaken a biomonitoring of 25 traffic policemen and 23 office policemen in Beirut, through personal air monitoring, assessed by diffusive samplers, as well as through the use of biomarkers of exposure to benzene and BD. Personal benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) exposure were quantified by GC-MS/MS, urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) by HPLC/UV, S-phenyl mercapturic acid (S-PMA), monohydroxy-butenyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI(-)-MS/MS) in MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) mode. We found that individual exposure to benzene in the traffic policemen was higher than that measured in traffic policemen in Prague, in Bologna, in Ioannina and in Bangkok. t,t-MA levels could distinguish between office and traffic policemen. However, median MHBMA levels in traffic policemen were slightly elevated, though not significantly higher than in office policemen. Alternatively, DHBMA concentrations could significantly distinguish between office and traffic policemen and showed a better correlation with personal total BTEX exposure. DHMBA, measured in the post-shift urine samples, correlated with both pre-shift MHMBA and pre-shift DHMBA. Moreover, there was not a marked effect of smoking habits on DHBMA. Taken together, these findings suggested that DHBMA is more suitable than MHBMA as biomarker of exposure to BD in humans. Traffic policemen, who are exposed to benzene and BD at the roadside in central Beirut, are potentially at a higher risk for development of diseases such as cancer than office policemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Borgie
- Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions on Living, EA 4492, University of Littoral-Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France; University of Lille North of France, Lille, France; Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Lebanon
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11
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Wang L, He X, Bi Y, Ma Q. Stem Cell and Benzene-Induced Malignancy and Hematotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1303-15. [PMID: 22540379 DOI: 10.1021/tx3001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Occupational and
Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical
Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Toxicology
and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown,
West Virginia, United States
| | - Yongyi Bi
- Department of Occupational and
Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Toxicology
and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown,
West Virginia, United States
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12
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McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT. Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:240-52. [PMID: 22166497 PMCID: PMC3271273 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene causes acute myeloid leukemia and probably other hematological malignancies. As benzene also causes hematotoxicity even in workers exposed to levels below the US permissible occupational exposure limit of 1 part per million, further assessment of the health risks associated with its exposure, particularly at low levels, is needed. Here, we describe the probable mechanism by which benzene induces leukemia involving the targeting of critical genes and pathways through the induction of genetic, chromosomal or epigenetic abnormalities and genomic instability, in a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC); stromal cell dysregulation; apoptosis of HSCs and stromal cells and altered proliferation and differentiation of HSCs. These effects modulated by benzene-induced oxidative stress, aryl hydrocarbon receptor dysregulation and reduced immunosurveillance, lead to the generation of leukemic stem cells and subsequent clonal evolution to leukemia. A mode of action (MOA) approach to the risk assessment of benzene was recently proposed. This approach is limited, however, by the challenges of defining a simple stochastic MOA of benzene-induced leukemogenesis and of identifying relevant and quantifiable parameters associated with potential key events. An alternative risk assessment approach is the application of toxicogenomics and systems biology in human populations, animals and in vitro models of the HSC stem cell niche, exposed to a range of levels of benzene. These approaches will inform our understanding of the mechanisms of benzene toxicity and identify additional biomarkers of exposure, early effect and susceptibility useful for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Genes and Environment Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA
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