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Ge J, Yang H, Lu X, Wang S, Zhao Y, Huang J, Xi Z, Zhang L, Li R. Combined exposure to formaldehyde and PM 2.5: Hematopoietic toxicity and molecular mechanism in mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106050. [PMID: 32861163 PMCID: PMC7839661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 and formaldehyde (FA) are major outdoor and indoor air pollutants in China, respectively, and both are known to be harmful to human health and to be carcinogenic. Of all the known chronic health effects, leukaemia is one of the most serious health risks associated with these two pollutants. To explore the influence and underlying mechanisms of exposure to formaldehyde and PM2.5 on hematopoietic toxicity, we systematically studied the toxicity induced in hematopoietic organs: bone marrow (BM); spleen; and myeloid progenitor cells (MPCs). Male Balb/c mice were exposed to: PM2.5 (20, 160 μg/kg·d) at a dose of 40 μL per mouse or formaldehyde (0.5, 3.0 mg/m3) for 8 h per day for 2 weeks or co-exposed to formaldehyde and PM2.5 (20 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 0.5 mg/m3 FA, 20 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 3 mg/m3 FA, 160 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 0.5 mg/m3 FA, 160 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 3 mg/m3 FA) for 2 weeks. Similar toxic effects were found in the formaldehyde-only and PM2.5-only groups, including significant decrease of blood cells and MPCs, along with decreased expression of hematopoietic growth factors. In addition, individual exposure of formaldehyde or PM2.5 increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and immune system disorder by destroying the balance of Th1/Th2, and Treg/Th17. DNA repair was markedly inhibited by deregulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Combined exposure to PM2.5 and formaldehyde led to more severe effects. Administration of Vitamin E (VE) was shown to attenuate these effects. In conclusion, our findings suggested that PM2.5 and formaldehyde may induce hematopoietic toxicity by reducing the expression of hematopoietic growth factors, increasing oxidative stress and DNA damage, activating the 'immune imbalance' pathway and suppressing the DNA-repair related mTOR pathway. The hematopoietic toxicity induced by combined exposure of PM2.5 and formaldehyde might provide further insights into the increased incidence of hematological diseases, including human myeloid leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Honglian Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xianxian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shenqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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De Grove KC, Provoost S, Brusselle GG, Joos GF, Maes T. Insights in particulate matter-induced allergic airway inflammation: Focus on the epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:773-786. [PMID: 29772098 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is a major environmental health problem throughout the world. In particular, exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with the development and exacerbation of several respiratory diseases, including asthma. Although the adverse health effects of PM have been demonstrated for many years, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully identified. In this review, we focus on the role of the lung epithelium and specifically highlight multiple cytokines in PM-induced respiratory responses. We describe the available literature on the topic including in vitro studies, findings in humans (ie observations in human cohorts, human controlled exposure and ex vivo studies) and in vivo animal studies. In brief, it has been shown that exposure to PM modulates the airway epithelium and promotes the production of several cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-25, IL-33, TNF-α, TSLP and GM-CSF. Further, we propose that PM-induced type 2-promoting cytokines are important mediators in the acute and aggravating effects of PM on airway inflammation. Targeting these cytokines could therefore be a new approach in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C De Grove
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Provoost
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G G Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Maes
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Chen B, Zhang W, Gao J, Chen H, Jiang L, Liu D, Cao Y, Zhao S, Qiu Z, Zeng J, Zhang S, Li W. Downregulation of ribosomal protein S6 inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest, rather than apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:378-89. [PMID: 25199762 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), a component of the small 40S ribosomal subunit, has been found to be associated with multiple physiological and pathophysiological functions. However, its effects and mechanisms in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still remain unknown. Here, we showed that expressions of total rpS6 and phosphorylation rpS6 (p-rpS6) were both significantly overexpressed in NSCLC. Further survival analysis revealed the shortened overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in p-rpS6 overexpressed patients and confirmed it as an independent adverse predictor. Stable downregulation of rpS6 in lung adenocarcinoma A549 and squamous cell carcinoma H520 cell lines was then achieved by two specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviruses separately. Subsequent experiments showed that downregulation of rpS6 dramatically inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, loss of rpS6 promoted cells arrested in G0-G1 phase and reduced in G2-M phase, along with the expression alterations of relative proteins. However, no notable change in apoptosis was observed. Collectively, these results suggested that rpS6 is overactivated in NSCLC and its downregulation suppresses the growth of NSCLC mainly by inducing G0-G1 cell cycle arrest rather than apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Toxicological Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Clinical Medical School, North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong Central Hospital, Sichuan), Nanchong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yidan Cao
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixin Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangfu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Val S, Liousse C, Doumbia EHT, Galy-Lacaux C, Cachier H, Marchand N, Badel A, Gardrat E, Sylvestre A, Baeza-Squiban A. Physico-chemical characterization of African urban aerosols (Bamako in Mali and Dakar in Senegal) and their toxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: description of a worrying situation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:10. [PMID: 23548138 PMCID: PMC3637552 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of particulate matter (PM) in cardiorespiratory diseases is now established in developed countries whereas in developing areas such as Africa with a high level of specific pollution, PM pollution and its effects are poorly studied. Our objective was to characterize the biological reactivity of urban African aerosols on human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to PM physico-chemical properties to identify toxic sources. Methods Size-speciated aerosol chemical composition was analyzed in Bamako (BK, Mali, 2 samples with one having desert dust event BK1) and Dakar (DK; Senegal) for Ultrafine UF, Fine F and Coarse C PM. PM reactivity was studied in human bronchial epithelial cells investigating six biomarkers (oxidative stress responsive genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines). Results PM mass concentrations were mainly distributed in coarse mode (60%) and were impressive in BK1 due to the desert dust event. BK2 and DK samples showed a high content of total carbon characteristic of urban areas. The DK sample had huge PAH quantities in bulk aerosol compared with BK that had more water soluble organic carbon and metals. Whatever the site, UF and F PM triggered the mRNA expression of the different biomarkers whereas coarse PM had little or no effect. The GM-CSF biomarker was the most discriminating and showed the strongest pro-inflammatory effect of BK2 PM. The analysis of gene expression signature and of their correlation with main PM compounds revealed that PM-induced responses are mainly related to organic compounds. The toxicity of African aerosols is carried by the finest PM as with Parisian aerosols, but when considering PM mass concentrations, the African population is more highly exposed to toxic particulate pollution than French population. Regarding the prevailing sources in each site, aerosol biological impacts are higher for incomplete combustion sources resulting from two-wheel vehicles and domestic fires than from diesel vehicles (Dakar). Desert dust events seem to produce fewer biological impacts than anthropogenic sources. Discussion Our study shows that combustion sources contribute to the high toxicity of F and UF PM of African urban aerosols, and underlines the importance of emission mitigation and the imperative need to evaluate and to regulate particulate pollution in Africa.
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Fine PM induce airway MUC5AC expression through the autocrine effect of amphiregulin. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1851-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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