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Salvatierra-Fréchou DM, Verstraeten SV. Tl(I) and Tl(III)-induce genotoxicity, reticulum stress and autophagy in PC12 Adh cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2085-2100. [PMID: 38619592 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) and its two cationic species, Tl(I) and Tl(III), are toxic for most living beings. In this work, we investigated the effects of Tl (10-100 µM) on the viability and proliferation capacity of the adherent variant of PC12 cells (PC12 Adh cells). While both Tl(I) and Tl(III) halted cell proliferation from 24 h of incubation, their viability was ~ 90% even after 72 h of treatment. At 24 h, increased levels of γH2AX indicated the presence of DNA double-strand breaks. Simultaneously, increased expression of p53 and its phosphorylation at Ser15 were observed, which were associated with decreased levels of p-AKTSer473 and p-mTORSer2448. At 72 h, the presence of large cytoplasmic vacuoles together with increased autophagy predictor values suggested that Tl may induce autophagy in these cells. This hypothesis was corroborated by images obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and from the decreased expression at 72 h of incubation of SQSTM-1 and increased LC3β-II to LC3β-I ratio. TEM images also showed enlarged ER that, together with the increased expression of IRE1-α from 48 h of incubation, indicated that Tl-induced ER stress preceded autophagy. The inhibition of autophagy flux with chloroquine increased cell mortality, suggesting that autophagy played a cytoprotective role in Tl toxicity in these cells. Together, results indicate that Tl(I) or Tl(III) are genotoxic to PC12 Adh cells which respond to the cations inducing ER stress and cytoprotective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana M Salvatierra-Fréchou
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra V Verstraeten
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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2
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Gómez EM, Casali CI, Del Carmen Fernández M, Verstraeten SV. Tl(I) and Tl(III) induce reticulum stress in MDCK cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 101:104192. [PMID: 37348771 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the exposure of proliferating MDCK cells to thallium [Tl(I) or Tl(III)] on cell viability and proliferation were investigated. Although Tl stopped cell proliferation, the viability was >95%. After 3h, two autophagy markers (SQSTM-1 expression and LC3β localization) were altered, and at 48h increased expression of SQSTM-1 (60%) and beclin-1 (50-100%) were found. At 24h, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers ATF-6 and IRE-1 were increased in 100% and 150%, respectively, accompanied by XBP-1 splicing and nuclear translocation. At 48h, major ultrastructure abnormalities were found, including ER enlargement and cytoplasmic vacuolation which was not prevented by protein synthesis inhibition. Increased PHB (85% and 40% for Tl(I) and Tl(III), respectively) and decreased β-tubulin (45%) expression were found which may be related to the promotion of paraptosis. In summary, Tl(I) and Tl(III) promoted ER stress and probably paraptosis in MDCK cells, impairing their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Morel Gómez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular. Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Cecilia I Casali
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular. Buenos Aires. Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB)-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular. Buenos Aires. Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB)-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Sandra V Verstraeten
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Superior. Buenos Aires. Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB)-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires. Argentina.
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Sánchez-Chapul L, Santamaría A, Aschner M, Ke T, Tinkov AA, Túnez I, Osorio-Rico L, Galván-Arzate S, Rangel-López E. Thallium-induced DNA damage, genetic, and epigenetic alterations. Front Genet 2023; 14:1168713. [PMID: 37152998 PMCID: PMC10157259 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1168713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a toxic heavy metal responsible for noxious effects in living organisms. As a pollutant, Tl can be found in the environment at high concentrations, especially in industrial areas. Systemic toxicity induced by this toxic metal can affect cell metabolism, including redox alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. Recent focus on Tl toxicity has been devoted to the characterization of its effects at the nuclear level, with emphasis on DNA, which, in turn, may be responsible for cytogenetic damage, mutations, and epigenetic changes. In this work, we review and discuss past and recent evidence on the toxic effects of Tl at the systemic level and its effects on DNA. We also address Tl's role in cancer and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Chapul
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, División de Neurociencias Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alexey A. Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Maimonides de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina Y Enfermería, Red Española de Excelencia en Estimulación Cerebral (REDESTIM), Universidad de, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Osorio-Rico
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sonia Galván-Arzate
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Edgar Rangel-López, ; Sonia Galván-Arzate,
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Edgar Rangel-López, ; Sonia Galván-Arzate,
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Chou YT, Lo KY. Thallium(I) treatment induces nucleolar stress to stop protein synthesis and cell growth. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6905. [PMID: 31061518 PMCID: PMC6502789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Thallium is considered as an emergent contaminant owing to its potential use in the superconductor alloys. The monovalent thallium, Tl(I), is highly toxic to the animals as it can affect numerous metabolic processes. Here we observed that Tl(I) decreased protein synthesis and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. Although Tl(I) has been shown to interact with the sulfhydryl groups of proteins and cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, it did not activate endoplasmic reticulum stress. Notably, the level of 60S ribosomal subunit showed significant under-accumulation after the Tl(I) treatment. Given that Tl(I) shares similarities with potassium in terms of the ionic charge and atomic radius, we proposed that Tl(I) occupies certain K+-binding sites and inactivates the ribosomal function. However, we observed neither activation of ribophagy nor acceleration of the proteasomal degradation of 60S subunits. On the contrary, the ribosome synthesis pathway was severely blocked, i.e., the impairment of rRNA processing, deformed nucleoli, and accumulation of 60S subunits in the nucleus were observed. Although p53 remained inactivated, the decreased c-Myc and increased p21 levels indicated the activation of nucleolar stress. Therefore, we proposed that Tl(I) interfered the ribosome synthesis, thus resulting in cell growth inhibition and lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chou
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yin Lo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Early response of glutathione- and thioredoxin-dependent antioxidant defense systems to Tl(I)- and Tl(III)-mediated oxidative stress in adherent pheochromocytoma (PC12adh) cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:195-211. [PMID: 28866748 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a toxic heavy metal that causes oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we evaluated the production of oxygen (ROS)- and nitrogen (RNS)-reactive species in adherent PC12 (PC12adh) cells exposed for 0.5-6 h to Tl(I) or Tl(III) (10-100 µM). In this system, Tl(I) induced mostly H2O2 generation while Tl(III) induced H2O2 and ONOO·- generation. Both cations enhanced iNOS expression and activity, and decreased CuZnSOD expression but without affecting its activity. Tl(I) increased MnSOD expression and activity but Tl(III) decreased them. NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity remained unaffected throughout the period assessed. Oxidant levels returned to baseline values after 6 h of incubation, suggesting a response of the antioxidant defense system to the oxidative insult imposed by the cations. Tl also affected the glutathione-dependent system: while Tl(III) increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expression and activity, Tl(I) and Tl(III) decreased glutathione reductase (GR) expression. However, GR activity was mildly enhanced by Tl(III). Finally, thioredoxin-dependent system was evaluated. Only Tl(I) increased 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx) expression, although both cations increased their activity. Tl(I) increased cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) and decreased mitochondrial (TrxR2) expression. Tl(III) had a biphasic effect on TrxR1 expression and slightly increased TrxR2 expression. Despite of this, both cations increased total TrxR activity. Obtained results suggest that in Tl(I)-exposed PC12adh cells, there is an early response to oxidative stress mainly by GSH-dependent system while in Tl(III)-treated cells both GSH- and Trx-dependent systems are involved.
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6
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Song XB, Liu G, Liu F, Yan ZG, Wang ZY, Liu ZP, Wang L. Autophagy blockade and lysosomal membrane permeabilization contribute to lead-induced nephrotoxicity in primary rat proximal tubular cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2863. [PMID: 28594408 PMCID: PMC5520918 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a known nephrotoxicant that causes damage to proximal tubular cells. Autophagy has an important protective role in various renal injuries, but the role of autophagy in Pb-elicited nephrotoxicity remains largely unknown. In this study, Pb promoted the accumulation of autophagosomes in primary rat proximal tubular (rPT) cells, and subsequent findings revealed that this autophagosome accumulation was caused by the inhibition of autophagic flux. Moreover, Pb exposure did not affect the autophagosome-lysosome fusion in rPT cells. Next, we found that Pb caused lysosomal alkalinization, may be through suppression of two V-ATPase subunits. Simultaneously, Pb inhibited lysosomal degradation capacity by affecting the maturation of cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin D (CTSD). Furthermore, translocation of CTSB and CTSD from lysosome to cytoplasm was observed in this study, suggesting that lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) occurred in Pb-exposed rPT cells. Meanwhile, Pb-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis were significantly but not completely inhibited by CTSB inhibitor (CA 074) and CTSD inhibitor (pepstatin A), respectively, demonstrating that LMP-induced lysosomal enzyme release was involved in Pb-induced apoptosis in rPT cells. In conclusion, Pb-mediated autophagy blockade in rPT cells is attributed to the impairment of lysosomal function. Both inhibition of autophagic flux and LMP-mediated apoptosis contribute to Pb-induced nephrotoxicity in rPT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Bin Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhen-Gui Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhen-Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zong-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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7
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Pino MTL, Marotte C, Verstraeten SV. Epidermal growth factor prevents thallium(I)- and thallium(III)-mediated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1157-1174. [PMID: 27412756 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have reported recently that the proliferation of PC12 cells exposed to micromolar concentrations of Tl(I) or Tl(III) has different outcomes, depending on the absence (EGF- cells) or the presence (EGF+ cells) of epidermal growth factor (EGF) added to the media. In the current work, we investigated whether EGF supplementation could also modulate the extent of Tl(I)- or Tl(III)-induced cell apoptosis. Tl(I) and Tl(III) (25-100 μM) decreased cell viability in EGF- but not in EGF+ cells. In EGF- cells, Tl(I) decreased mitochondrial potential, enhanced H2O2 generation, and activated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. In addition, Tl(III) increased nitric oxide production and caused a misbalance between the anti- and pro-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family. Tl(I) increased ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and p53 phosphorylation in EGF- cells. In these cells, Tl(III) did not affect ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation but increased p53 phosphorylation that was related to the promotion of cell senescence. In addition, this cation significantly activated p38 in both EGF- and EGF+ cells. The specific inhibition of ERK1/2, JNK, p38, or p53 abolished Tl(I)-mediated EGF- cell apoptosis. Only when p38 activity was inhibited, Tl(III)-mediated apoptosis was prevented in EGF- and EGF+ cells. Together, current results indicate that EGF partially prevents the noxious effects of Tl by preventing the sustained activation of MAPKs signaling cascade that lead cells to apoptosis and point to p38 as a key mediator of Tl(III)-induced PC12 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Luján Pino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clarisa Marotte
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Viviana Verstraeten
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Nagano K. Alteration of cathepsin-D expression in atrophied muscles and apoptotic myofibers by hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3585-91. [PMID: 26696743 PMCID: PMC4681950 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to elucidate the cathepsin-D involvement in
signaling pathways for the survival and apoptosis of myofibers in rats with
hindlimb-unloading in a low-temperature environment. [Subjects and Methods] Wistar rats
were divided into two groups: a control group and a group that underwent hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment to induce muscle apoptosis. Cathepsin-D
localization in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, along with the
expression of cathepsin-D in apoptotic myofibers, was examined. Expression of the active
and inactive forms of cathepsin-D was also analyzed. [Results] Cathepsin-D was mainly
expressed in type I myofibers and was observed to have punctate patterns in the control
group. In the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the type I
myofiber composition ratio decreased, and caspase-3 activation and TUNEL-positive
apoptotic myofibers were observed. In caspase-3-activated myofibers, cathepsin-D
overexpression and leakage of it into the cytoplasm were observed. In the hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the amount of inactive cathepsin-D
decreased, whereas that of the active form increased. [Conclusion] Cathepsin-D was deduced
to be indicative of a myofiber-type classification and a factor related to myofiber type
maintenance. In addition, cathepsin-D leakage into the cytoplasm was appeared to be
involved in caspase-3 activation in the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature
environment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Fukui College of Health Sciences, Japan
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Jiang L, Yang G, Sun X, Geng C, Li Q, Yao X, Chen M. Citreoviridin Induces Autophagy-Dependent Apoptosis through Lysosomal-Mitochondrial Axis in Human Liver HepG2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3030-44. [PMID: 26258792 PMCID: PMC4549738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citreoviridin (CIT) is a mycotoxin derived from fungal species in moldy cereals. In our previous study, we reported that CIT stimulated autophagosome formation in human liver HepG2 cells. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship of autophagy with lysosomal membrane permeabilization and apoptosis in CIT-treated cells. Our data showed that CIT increased the expression of LC3-II, an autophagosome biomarker, from the early stage of treatment (6 h). After treatment with CIT for 12 h, lysosomal membrane permeabilization occurred, followed by the release of cathepsin D in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of autophagosome formation with siRNA against Atg5 attenuated CIT-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization. In addition, CIT induced collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential as assessed by JC-1 staining. Furthermore, caspase-3 activity assay showed that CIT induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of autophagosome formation attenuated CIT-induced apoptosis, indicating that CIT-induced apoptosis was autophagy-dependent. Cathepsin D inhibitor, pepstatin A, relieved CIT-induced apoptosis as well, suggesting the involvement of the lysosomal-mitochondrial axis in CIT-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our data demonstrated that CIT induced autophagy-dependent apoptosis through the lysosomal-mitochondrial axis in HepG2 cells. The study thus provides essential mechanistic insight, and suggests clues for the effective management and treatment of CIT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
- Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
- Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
- Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiance Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
- Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Chengyan Geng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Qiujuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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Rodríguez-Mercado JJ, Hernández-de la Cruz H, Felipe-Reyes M, Jaramillo-Cruz E, Altamirano-Lozano MA. Evaluation of cytogenetic and DNA damage caused by thallium(I) acetate in human blood cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:572-580. [PMID: 24318865 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although thallium is detrimental to all living organisms, information regarding the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of this element and its compounds remains scarce. Therefore, we tested the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of thallium(I) acetate on human peripheral blood cells in vitro using structural chromosomal aberrations (SCAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and single-cell gel electrophoresis (at pH >13 or 12.1) analysis. Whole blood samples were incubated with 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, or 100 µg/mL thallium salt. Exposure to this metal compound resulted in a clear dose-dependent reduction in the mitotic and replicative indices. An increase in SCAs was evident in the treated group compared with the control group, and significant differences were observed in the percentage of cells with SCAs when metaphase cells were treated with 0.5-10 µg/mL of thallium(I). The SCE test did not reveal any significant differences. We observed that a 1-h treatment with thallium(I) at pH > 13 significantly increased the comet length for all the concentrations tested; however, at pH 12.1, only the two highest concentrations affected the comet length. These results suggested that thallium(I) acetate induces cytotoxic, cytostatic, and clastogenic effects, as well as DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Rodríguez-Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UIGTA), Laboratorio L5 PA, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIE-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Campus II, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, Ciudad de México, México
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11
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Pino MTL, Verstraeten SV. Tl(I) and Tl(III) alter the expression of EGF-dependent signals and cyclins required for pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell-cycle resumption and progression. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:952-69. [PMID: 25534134 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of thallium [Tl(I) and Tl(III)] on the PC12 cell cycle were evaluated without (EGF(-)) or with (EGF(+)) media supplementation with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The following markers of cell-cycle phases were analyzed: cyclin D1 (G1 ); E2F-1, cyclin E and cytosolic p21 (G1 →S transition); nuclear PCNA and cyclin A (S); and cyclin B1 (G2). The amount of cells in each phase and the activation of the signaling cascade triggered by EGF were also analyzed. Tl(I) and Tl(III) (5-100 μM) caused dissimilar effects on PC12 cell proliferation. In EGF(-) cells, Tl(I) increased the expression of G1 →S transition markers and nuclear PCNA, without affecting cyclin A or cyclin B1. In addition to those, cyclin B1 was also increased in EGF(+) cells. In EGF(-) cells, Tl(III) increased the expression of cyclin D1, all the G1→S and S phase markers and cyclin B1. In EGF(+) cells, Tl(III) increased cyclin D1 expression and decreased all the markers of G1 →S transition and the S phase. Even when these cations did not induce the activation of EGF receptor (EGFR) in EGF(-) cells, they promoted the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt. In the presence of EGF, the cations anticipated EGFR phosphorylation without affecting the kinetics of EGF-dependent ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. Altogether, results indicate that Tl(I) promoted cell proliferation in both EGF(-) and EGF(+) cells. In contrast, Tl(III) promoted the proliferation of EGF(-) cells but delayed it in EGF(+) cells, which may be related to the toxic effects of this cation in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T L Pino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra V Verstraeten
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zwolak I. Comparison of three different cell viability assays for evaluation of vanadyl sulphate cytotoxicity in a Chinese hamster ovary K1 cell line. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1013-25. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233714544190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, evaluation of sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) cytotoxicity after 24 h exposure of Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells revealed different sensitivity of the in vitro assays used starting from the neutral red (NR, 3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride) test (detecting lysosomal and possibly the Golgi apparatus damage) as the most sensitive followed by the 2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt (XTT) and resazurin (7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one-10-oxide) tests (mitochondrial disruption). The trypan blue (TB) staining (plasma membrane permeability) showed cytotoxicity of NaVO3 at a much higher NaVO3 concentration than the above-mentioned assays. In the current study, using the same experimental approach, we have assessed the toxicity of vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4) and compared the obtained results with NaVO3 action. Unlike metavanadate, VOSO4 treatment at 24 h resulted in similar sensitivity of the NR and resazurin tests. Nevertheless, following the 48-h incubation with VOSO4, the NR test showed markedly higher sensitivity than the resazurin test when comparing the half maximal inhibitory concentration values (61 and 110 µM for the NR and resazurin test, respectively, p < 0.05). The TB staining method was the least susceptible for detecting vanadyl cytotoxicity at each exposure time point. In summary, both the NR and resazurin tests can be advocated as similarly sensitive in detection of VOSO4-induced cytotoxicity in the CHO-K1 cell line at 24 h. However, the longer incubation time with VOSO4 showed that the NR test is more sensitive than the resazurin assay. The differences in the results between the cytotoxicity tests employed probably arise from dissimilar susceptibility of the endpoints (targets) measured with these tests to the damage by vanadium. Considering this, the current and the previous studies highlight the role of lysosomes (and possibly the Golgi apparatus) apart from mitochondria in the toxicity mechanism induced by inorganic vanadium in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zwolak
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Environmental Protection, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
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Perfluorooctane sulfonate blocked autophagy flux and induced lysosome membrane permeabilization in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 67:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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