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Ali M, Farhat SM, Haleem A. Metabolic Carcinogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2024; 191:33-55. [PMID: 39133403 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Several types of environmental, chemical and metabolic carcinogens exist both exogenously and endogenously. Humans are daily exposed to aforementioned carcinogens through various sources such as through water, air and food or through metabolic and inflammatory products. This chapter will summarize the links between exogenous and endogenous carcinogen exposure and their metabolism with the cancer pathogenesis and associated risks. This chapter will also cover the carcinogens acquired through lifestyle factors like tobacco use and occupational exposures to different chemicals like asbestos, arsenic, chloroform, vinyl chloride, etc. Moreover, environmental carcinogens such as radiation, sunlight, diet, smoke, etc. will also be discussed in this chapter. Furthermore, there are certain carcinogens that require bio-activation and various human enzymes that play a vital role in the metabolic carcinogenesis will also be recapitulated. Necessary preventive measures against carcinogenic exposure from the exogenous environment are significant to be taken into account to reduce the risks associated with the carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Ali
- National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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Insights into the toxicity and biodegradation of fipronil in contaminated environment. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Li D, Wei Y, Xu S, Niu Q, Zhang M, Li S, Jing M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of bidirectional effect of arsenic on ERK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4422-4432. [PMID: 29328451 PMCID: PMC5802217 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metal, which ultimately leads to cell apoptosis. ERK is considered a key transcriptional regulator of arsenic‑induced apoptosis. Due to a few controversial issues about arsenic‑mediated extracellular signal‑regulated MAP kinases (ERK) signaling, a meta‑analysis was performed. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that high doses (≥2 µmol/l) of arsenic increased the expression of Ras, ERK, ERK1, ERK2, phosphorylated (p)‑ERK, p‑ERK1, and p‑ERK2, while low doses (<2 µmol/l) decreased the expression of Ras, ERK1, p‑ERK, and p‑ERK2 when compared to control groups. Long term exposure (>24 h) to arsenic led to inhibition of expression of ERK1, p‑ERK1, and p‑ERK2, whereas short‑term exposure (≤24 h) triggered the expression of ERK1, ERK2, p‑ERK, p‑ERK1, and p‑ERK2. Furthermore, normal cells exposed to arsenic exhibited higher production levels of Ras and p‑ERK. Conversely, exposure of cancer cells to arsenic showed a lower level of production of Ras and p‑ERK as well as higher level of p‑ERK1 and p‑ERK2 as compared to control group. Short‑term exposure of normal cells to high doses of arsenic may promote ERK signaling pathway. In contrast, long‑term exposure of cancer cells to low doses of arsenic may inhibit ERK signaling pathway. This study may be helpful in providing a theoretical basis for the diverging result of arsenic adverse effects on one hand and therapeutic mechanisms on the other concerning arsenic‑induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Li
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yutao Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Shangzhi Xu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Jing
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
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Toxic metabolites, MAPK and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways involved in oxidative toxicity in mice liver after chronic exposure to Mequindox. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41854. [PMID: 28157180 PMCID: PMC5291092 DOI: 10.1038/srep41854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ) is a synthetic antimicrobial agent of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide group (QdNOs). The liver is regarded as the toxicity target of QdNOs, and the role of N → O group-associated various toxicities mediated by QdNOs is well recognized. However, the mechanism underlying the in vivo effects of MEQ on the liver, and whether the metabolic pathway of MEQ is altered in response to the pathophysiological conditions still remain unclear. We now provide evidence that MEQ triggers oxidative damage in the liver. Moreover, using LC/MS-ITTOF analysis, two metabolites of MEQ were detected in the liver, which directly confirms the potential connection between N → O group reduction metabolism of MEQ and liver toxicity. The gender difference in MEQ-induced oxidative stress might be due to adrenal toxicity and the generation of M4 (2-isoethanol 1-desoxymequindox). Furthermore, up-regulation of the MAPK and Nrf2-Keap1 family and phase II detoxifying enzymes (HO-1, GCLC and NQO1) were also observed. The present study demonstrated for the first time the protein peroxidation and a proposal metabolic pathway after chronic exposure of MEQ, and illustrated that the MAPK, Nrf2-Keap1 and NF-кB signaling pathways, as well as the altered metabolism of MEQ, were involved in oxidative toxicity mediated by MEQ in vivo.
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Wang X, Martínez MA, Wu Q, Ares I, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Yuan Z. Fipronil insecticide toxicology: oxidative stress and metabolism. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:876-899. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1223014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang X, Martínez MA, Cheng G, Liu Z, Huang L, Dai M, Chen D, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Yuan Z. The critical role of oxidative stress in the toxicity and metabolism of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides in vitro and in vivo. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:159-82. [PMID: 27285897 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1189560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives (QdNOs) have been widely used as growth promoters and antibacterial agents. Carbadox (CBX), olaquindox (OLA), quinocetone (QCT), cyadox (CYA) and mequindox (MEQ) are the classical members of QdNOs. Some members of QdNOs are known to cause a variety of toxic effects. To date, however, almost no review has addressed the toxicity and metabolism of QdNOs in relation to oxidative stress. This review focused on the research progress associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for QdNO-induced toxicity and metabolism. The present review documented that the studies were performed over the past 10 years to interpret the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as the results of QdNO treatment and have correlated them with various types of QdNO toxicity, suggesting that oxidative stress plays critical roles in their toxicities. The major metabolic pathways of QdNOs are N→O group reduction and hydroxylation. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), aldehyde oxidase (SsAOX1), carbonyl reductase (CBR1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were involved in the QdNOs metabolism. Further understanding the role of oxidative stress in QdNOs-induced toxicity will throw new light onto the use of antioxidants and scavengers of ROS as well as onto the blind spots of metabolism and the metabolizing enzymes of QdNOs. The present review might contribute to revealing the QdNOs toxicity, protecting against oxidative damage and helping to improve the rational use of concurrent drugs, while developing novel QdNO compounds with more efficient potentials and less toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- a National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei , China ;,b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guyue Cheng
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zhaoying Liu
- d Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Lingli Huang
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Menghong Dai
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- a National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei , China ;,c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China ;,e Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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