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Hanapi NA, Chear NJY, Azizi J, Yusof SR. Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:751656. [PMID: 34867362 PMCID: PMC8637859 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.751656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parallel to the growing use of kratom, there is a wealth of evidence from self-report, preclinical, and early clinical studies on therapeutic benefits of its alkaloids in particular for treating pain, managing substance use disorder, and coping with emotional or mental health conditions. On the other hand, there are also reports on potential health risks concerning kratom use. These two aspects are often discussed in reviews on kratom. Here, we aim to highlight specific areas that are of importance to give insights into the mechanistic of kratom alkaloids pharmacological actions. This includes their interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes and predictions of clinical drug-drug interactions, receptor-binding properties, interactions with cellular barriers in regards to barrier permeability, involvement of membrane transporters, and alteration of barrier function when exposed to the alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aziah Hanapi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | | | - Juzaili Azizi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Siti R Yusof
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
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2
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Ye L, Jin F, Kumar SK, Dai Y. The mechanisms and therapeutic targets of ferroptosis in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:965-986. [PMID: 34821176 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2011206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is mediated primarily by lipid peroxidation via a unique iron-dependent process. The mechanisms of ferroptosis involve the metabolisms of amino acids, irons, and lipids, and the regulation of antioxidant systems. Evidence supports the roles of ferroptosis in cancer, while metabolic reprogramming (a hallmark of cancer) renders tumor cells highly vulnerable to ferroptosis and thus provides a rationale for ferroptosis-targeted therapy for cancer. AREA COVERED This article examines the current understanding of the mechanisms and related signaling pathways involving ferroptosis; it focuses on novel targets in cancer and its treatment and drug resistance. The development of ferroptosis-targeted therapy, especially in combination with conventional or non-conventional therapies, are considered with dilemmas and key questions in this research area. EXPERT OPINION An increasing number of potential targets and ferroptosis inducers (FINs) have been identified to treat cancer. However, no specific FIN has entered clinical trials thus far, likely due to poor efficacy and high toxicity in vivo. Thus, new FINs with high selectivity and bioavailability are required to target tumor cells more specifically and potently. Particularly, the combination of FINs with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy warrants clinical investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ye
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shaji K Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yun Dai
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Jala A, Ponneganti S, Vishnubhatla DS, Bhuvanam G, Mekala PR, Varghese B, Radhakrishnanand P, Adela R, Murty US, Borkar RM. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions: advancement in models, analytical tools, and regulatory perspective. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:285-320. [PMID: 33980079 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1928687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions mediated by transporters are a serious clinical concern hence a tremendous amount of work has been done on the characterization of the transporter-mediated proteins in humans and animals. The underlying mechanism for the transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction is the induction or inhibition of the transporter which is involved in the cellular uptake and efflux of drugs. Transporter of the brain, liver, kidney, and intestine are major determinants that alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion profile of drugs, and considerably influence the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. As a consequence, transporter proteins may affect the therapeutic activity and safety of drugs. However, mounting evidence suggests that many drugs change the activity and/or expression of the transporter protein. Accordingly, evaluation of drug interaction during the drug development process is an integral part of risk assessment and regulatory requirements. Therefore, this review will highlight the clinical significance of the transporter, their role in disease, possible cause underlying the drug-drug interactions using analytical tools, and update on the regulatory requirement. The recent in-silico approaches which emphasize the advancement in the discovery of drug-drug interactions are also highlighted in this review. Besides, we discuss several endogenous biomarkers that have shown to act as substrates for many transporters, which could be potent determinants to find the drug-drug interactions mediated by transporters. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are taken into consideration in the drug approval process therefore we also provided the extrapolated decision trees from in-vitro to in-vivo, which may trigger the follow-up to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Jala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Srikanth Ponneganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Devi Swetha Vishnubhatla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Gayathri Bhuvanam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Prithvi Raju Mekala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Bincy Varghese
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Pullapanthula Radhakrishnanand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | | | - Roshan M Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
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Ya K, Methaneethorn J, Tran QB, Trakulsrichai S, Wananukul W, Lohitnavy M. Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Mitragynine, Psychoactive Alkaloid in Kratom ( Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.), In Rats and Humans. J Psychoactive Drugs 2020; 53:127-139. [PMID: 34003732 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2020.1849877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitragynine is a major psychoactive alkaloid in leaves of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.). To understand its disposition in organs, this study aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that predicts mitragynine concentrations in plasma and organ of interests in rats and humans. The PBPK model consisted of six organ compartments (i.e. lung, brain, liver, fat, slowly perfused tissues, and rapidly perfused tissue). From systematic searching, three pharmacokinetic studies of mitragynine (two studies in rats and 1 study in humans) were retrieved from the literature. Berkeley Madonna Software (version 8.3.18) was used for model development and model simulation. The developed PBPK model consisted of biologically relevant features following involvement of (i) breast cancer-resistant protein (BCRP) in brain, (ii) a hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)-mediated metabolism in the liver, and (iii) a diffusion-limited transport in fat. The simulations adequately describe simulated and observed data in the two species with different dosing regimens. PBPK models of mitragynine in rats and humans were successfully developed. The models may be used to guide optimal mitragynine dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimheang Ya
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Janthima Methaneethorn
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Quoc Ba Tran
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Satariya Trakulsrichai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand.,Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Winai Wananukul
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Manupat Lohitnavy
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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In Vitro Interaction of AB-FUBINACA with Human Cytochrome P450, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes and Drug Transporters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194589. [PMID: 33050066 PMCID: PMC7582776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AB-FUBINACA, a synthetic indazole carboxamide cannabinoid, has been used worldwide as a new psychoactive substance. Because drug abusers take various drugs concomitantly, it is necessary to explore potential AB-FUBINACA-induced drug–drug interactions caused by modulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In this study, the inhibitory effects of AB-FUBINACA on eight major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and six uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) of human liver microsomes, and on eight clinically important transport activities including organic cation transporters (OCT)1 and OCT2, organic anion transporters (OAT)1 and OAT3, organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3, P-glycoprotein, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in transporter-overexpressing cells were investigated. AB-FUBINACA inhibited CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylation via mixed inhibition with Ki value of 15.0 µM and competitively inhibited CYP2C8-catalyzed amodiaquine N-de-ethylation, CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation, CYP2C19-catalyzed [S]-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation, and CYP2D6-catalyzed bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation with Ki values of 19.9, 13.1, 6.3, and 20.8 µM, respectively. AB-FUBINACA inhibited OCT2-mediated MPP+ uptake via mixed inhibition (Ki, 54.2 µM) and competitively inhibited OATP1B1-mediated estrone-3-sulfate uptake (Ki, 94.4 µM). However, AB-FUBINACA did not significantly inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, or UGT2B7 enzyme activities at concentrations up to 100 µM. AB-FUBINACA did not significantly inhibit the transport activities of OCT1, OAT1/3, OATP1B3, P-glycoprotein, or BCRP at concentrations up to 250 μM. As the pharmacokinetics of AB-FUBINACA in humans and animals remain unknown, it is necessary to clinically evaluate potential in vivo pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions induced by AB-FUBINACA-mediated inhibition of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, OCT2, and OATP1B1 activities.
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Li B, Yang L, Peng X, Fan Q, Wei S, Yang S, Li X, Jin H, Wu B, Huang M, Tang S, Liu J, Li H. Emerging mechanisms and applications of ferroptosis in the treatment of resistant cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110710. [PMID: 33568263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chemotherapy drugs has promoted anticancer treatment, but the effect on tumours is not clear because of treatment resistance; thus, it is necessary to further understand the mechanism of cell death to explore new therapeutic targets. As a new type of programmed cell death, ferroptosis is increasingly being targeted in the treatment of many cancers with clinical drugs and experimental compounds. Ferroptosis is stimulated in tumours with inherently high levels of ferrous ions by a reaction with abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids and the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, which can overcome treatment resistance in cancers mainly through GPX4. In this review, we focus on the intrinsic cellular regulators against ferroptosis in cancer resistance, such as GPX4, NRF2 and the thioredoxin system. We summarize the application of novel compounds and drugs to circumvent treatment resistance. We also introduce the application of nanoparticles for the treatment of resistant cancers. In conclusion, targeting ferroptosis represents a considerable strategy for resistant cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingyao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Shilei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China.
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Zhang J, Sun Y, Wang R, Zhang J. Gut Microbiota-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction between Amoxicillin and Aspirin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16194. [PMID: 31700098 PMCID: PMC6838174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of antibiotics on the intestinal flora can create potential drug-drug interactions. The combination of amoxicillin and aspirin is high and there is a high probability of interaction. We used 16S rRNA, incubation experiments and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze rat biological samples to characterize the effect of amoxicillin on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin metabolites. We first discovered that amoxicillin reduced the species and number of intestinal flora in rats, such as reducing the abundance of Helicobacter pylori and Prevotella_copri. After 12, 24, and 36 hours of incubation, the remaining amount of aspirin in the aspirin and amoxicillin treatment groups decreased, and salicylic acid production increased, suggesting that aspirin is metabolized by the intestinal flora, and the main metabolite is salicylic acid. As the incubation time prolonged, the reduction of aspirin and the production of salicylic acid in the amoxicillin treatment group were slower. It is indicated that the metabolic activity of aspirin through the intestinal flora is slowed down after administration of amoxicillin. The pharmacokinetic experiments showed that after administration of amoxicillin, the area under the salicylic acid curve increased by 91.38%, the peak concentration increased by 60.43%, and the clearance rate decreased by 43.55%.The results demonstrated that amoxicillin affected the pharmacokinetics of aspirin active metabolite salicylic acid by slowing down the metabolic activity of intestinal flora on aspirin. The interaction between amoxicillin and aspirin mediated by the intestinal flora may affect the efficacy of aspirin and cause more significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuemei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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In Vitro Inhibitory Effects of APINACA on Human Major Cytochrome P450, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes, and Drug Transporters. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24163000. [PMID: 31430908 PMCID: PMC6720883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
APINACA (known as AKB48, N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide), an indazole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid, has been used worldwide as a new psychoactive substance. Drug abusers take various drugs concomitantly, and therefore, it is necessary to characterize the potential of APINACA-induced drug–drug interactions due to the modulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In this study, the inhibitory effects of APINACA on eight major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and six uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in human liver microsomes, as well as on the transport activities of six solute carrier transporters and two efflux transporters in transporter-overexpressed cells, were investigated. APINACA exhibited time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated midazolam 1′-hydroxylation (Ki, 4.5 µM; kinact, 0.04686 min−1) and noncompetitive inhibition of UGT1A9-mediated mycophenolic acid glucuronidation (Ki, 5.9 µM). APINACA did not significantly inhibit the CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8/9/19, or 2D6 or the UGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, or 2B7 at concentrations up to 100 µM. APINACA did not significantly inhibit the transport activities of organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, organic cation transporter (OCT)1, OCT2, P-glycoprotein, or breast cancer resistance protein at concentrations up to 250 μM. These data suggest that APINACA can cause drug interactions in the clinic via the inhibition of CYP3A4 or UGT1A9 activities.
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