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Taghavi SF, Ghorbani M, Panahi M, Nazem S, Karimi M, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. Differential expression levels of β-catenin are associated with invasive behavior of both functional and non-functional pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6425-6434. [PMID: 37326745 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although research continues to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying pituitary tumor pathogenesis, limited information is available on the potential role and expression profile of β-catenin in functional and non-functional pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). METHODS AND RESULTS In the current study, 104 pituitary samples (tumors and cadaveric healthy pituitary tissues) were included and the gene and protein expression levels of β-catenin were assessed by Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The correlation between expression level of β-catenin and tumor invasive feature and size as well as patient age, gender, and hormonal level was measured. The data showed that PitNET samples expressed higher levels of the β-catenin gene and protein compared to healthy pituitary tissues. Although there was no difference in β-catenin expression level between non-functioning (NF-PitNETs) and growth hormone-producing tumors (GH-PitNETs), both tumor types showed significantly elevated β-catenin levels compared to healthy pituitary tissues. The high level of β-catenin in the invasive functional and non-functional tumors is indicative of the association of β-catenin with PitNETs invasion. The expression pattern of the β-catenin gene and protein was consistently and significantly associated with these tumor types. The correlation between β-catenin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in GH-PitNETs indicates the potential relevance of β-catenin and IGF-1 for GH-PitNETs. CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous increase in the expression of β-catenin gene and protein level in PitNET tissues and their relationship to the tumor severity indicates the possible contributing role of β-catenin and its underlying signaling mediators in PitNET pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fahimeh Taghavi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Pathology Department, Firozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Nazem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Karimi
- Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
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Mazin ME, Yarushkin AA, Pustylnyak YA, Prokopyeva EA, Pustylnyak VO. Promotion of NR1I3-mediated liver growth is accompanied by STAT3 activation. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4089-4093. [PMID: 35305226 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3)-mediated mechanisms regulating hepatocyte proliferation and growth of the liver did not yet experience complete elucidation. We investigated whether STAT3 could be activated in vivo by NR1I3 signaling in mouse liver. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assays and real-time PCR we established the state of STAT3 activation when it comes to the mouse liver subsequent to treatment ofNR1I3 agonist,1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP). STAT3 nuclear relocation and hepatocyte growth were both induced by NR1I3-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3. Moreover, the NR1I3-STAT3 signaling pathway's proliferation impact was facilitated, partly, by cMyc and Cyclin D1 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS This work's evidence demonstrates that NR1I3-pushed STAT3 activation contributes to TCPOBOP-induced liver growth and hepatocyte proliferation, at least in part, through its molecular targets cMyc and CyclinD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Mazin
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.,Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Andrei A Yarushkin
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Yuliya A Pustylnyak
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Elena A Prokopyeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.,Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Vladimir O Pustylnyak
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090. .,Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117.
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Skoda J, Dohnalova K, Chalupsky K, Stahl A, Templin M, Maixnerova J, Micuda S, Grøntved L, Braeuning A, Pavek P. Off-target lipid metabolism disruption by the mouse constitutive androstane receptor ligand TCPOBOP in humanized mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114905. [PMID: 34971590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) controls xenobiotic clearance, regulates liver glucose, lipid metabolism, and energy homeostasis. These functions have been mainly discovered using the prototypical mouse-specific CAR ligand TCPOBOP in wild-type or CAR null mice. However, TCPOBOP is reported to result in some off-target metabolic effects in CAR null mice. In this study, we compared the metabolic effects of TCPOBOP using lipidomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses in wild-type and humanized CAR-PXR-CYP3A4/3A7 mice. In the model, human CAR retains its constitutive activity in metabolism regulation; however, it is not activated by TCPOBOB. Notably, we observed that TCPOBOP affected lipid homeostasis by elevating serum and liver triglyceride levels and promoted hepatocyte hypertrophy in humanized CAR mice. Hepatic lipidomic analysis revealed a significant accumulation of triglycerides and decrease of its metabolites in humanized CAR mice. RNA-seq analysis has shown divergent gene expression levels in wild-type and humanized CAR mice. Gene expression regulation in humanized mice is mainly involved in lipid metabolic processes and in the PPAR, leptin, thyroid, and circadian clock pathways. In contrast, CAR activation by TCPOBOP in wild-type mice reduced liver and plasma triglyceride levels and induced a typical transcriptomic proliferative response in the liver. In summary, we identified TCPOBOP as a disruptor of lipid metabolism in humanized CAR mice. The divergent effects of TCPOBOP in humanized mice in comparison with the prototypical CAR-mediated response in WT mice warrant the use of appropriate model ligands and humanized animal models during the testing of endocrine disruption and the characterization of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Skoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Dohnalova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron Stahl
- NMI - Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Markus Templin
- NMI - Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jana Maixnerova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Grøntved
- Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kawase A, Mukai H, Tateishi S, Kuroda S, Kazaoka A, Satoh R, Shimada H, Sugiura R, Iwaki M. Protein Kinase N Family Negatively Regulates Constitutive Androstane Receptor-Mediated Transcriptional Induction of Cytochrome P450 2b10 in the Livers of Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:53-63. [PMID: 34312179 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In receptor-type transcription factors-mediated cytochrome P450 (P450) induction, few studies have attempted to clarify the roles of protein kinase N (PKN) in the transcriptional regulation of P450s. This study aimed to examine the involvement of PKN in the transcriptional regulation of P450s by receptor-type transcription factors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and pregnane X receptor. The mRNA and protein levels and metabolic activity of P450s in the livers of wild-type (WT) and double-mutant (D) mice harboring both PKN1 kinase-negative knock-in and PKN3 knockout mutations [PKN1 T778A/T778A; PKN3 -/-] were determined after treatment with activators for receptor-type transcription factors. mRNA and protein levels and metabolic activity of CYP2B10 were significantly higher in D mice treated with the CAR activator phenobarbital (PB) but not with 1,4-bis((3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)oxy)benzene compared with WT mice. We examined the CAR-dependent pathway regulated by PKN after PB treatment because the extent of CYP2B10 induction in WT and D mice was notably different in response to treatment with different CAR activators. The mRNA levels of Cyp2b10 in primary hepatocytes from WT and D mice treated with PB alone or in combination with Src kinase inhibitor 1 (SKI-1) or U0126 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor) were evaluated. Treatment of hepatocytes from D mice with the combination of PB with U0126 but not SKI-1 significantly increased the mRNA levels of Cyp2b10 compared with those from the corresponding WT mice. These findings suggest that PKN may have inhibitory effects on the Src-receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) pathway in the CAR-mediated induction of Cyp2b10 in mice livers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first report of involvement of PKN in the transcriptional regulation of P450s. The elucidation of mechanisms responsible for induction of P450s could help optimize the pharmacotherapy and improve drug development. We examined whether the mRNA and protein levels and activities of P450s were altered in double-mutant mice harboring both PKN1 kinase-negative knock-in and PKN3 knockout mutations. PKN1/3 negatively regulates CAR-mediated induction of Cyp2b10 through phosphorylation of a signaling molecule in the Src-RACK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Shunsuke Tateishi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Shintaro Kuroda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Akira Kazaoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
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Lai B, Xie X, Li F, Cui Q, Dang E, Luo W, Wang N, Zheng Y, Wang G, Xiao L, Wang N. Xenobiotic Receptor CAR Is Highly Induced in Psoriasis and Promotes Keratinocyte Proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2895-2907.e7. [PMID: 34097921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with abnormal epidermal proliferation. Xenobiotics contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The mechanism linking xenobiotic stimuli with epidermal proliferation remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of CAR, a nuclear receptor (NR1I3) responsible for xenobiotics detoxification. We showed that CAR and its target genes were induced in the lesions from patients with psoriasis and imiquimod-treated mice. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α) synergistically increased the expressions of CAR and its target genes in both human and mouse keratinocytes. Overexpression of CAR promoted the G1/S transition by regulating cyclin E and c-Myc expressions, whereas the silencing of CAR attenuated it. Importantly, a selective CAR agonist 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime or the proinflammatory cytokines induced cyclin E and c-Myc, which were largely blocked by clotrimazole, a selective CAR antagonist, or CAR small interfering RNA. In addition, we showed that topical application of 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, a selective agonist for mouse CAR, exacerbated the IMQ-induced psoriasis lesions with increased expressions of proliferative and inflammatory markers. In contrast, Car-knockout mice developed significantly milder lesions. In conclusion, these results showed that CAR plays a pathogenic role and, potentially, may be a target for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochang Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinya Xie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhuan Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China.
| | - Nanping Wang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Bae SDW, Nguyen R, Qiao L, George J. Role of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in human liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188516. [PMID: 33529650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily (subfamily 1, group I, member 3, also known as NR1I3) that is almost exclusively expressed in the liver. CAR interacts with key signalling pathways such as those involved in drug, energy and bilirubin metabolism. In mouse models, activation of CAR leads to tumorigenesis by inducing pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic signalling. However, many previous reports have shown species differences between CAR activity in animal models and humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that the mode of action of CAR in rodent liver tumorigenesis is not applicable to humans. Despite this, many studies still continue to study the role of CAR in animal models, hence, there is a need to further explore the role of CAR in human diseases particularly cancers. While there is limited evidence for a role of CAR in human cancers, some studies have proposed a tumour-suppressive role of CAR in liver cancer. In addition, recent studies exploring CAR in human livers demonstrated a hepato-protective role for CAR in and more specifically, its ability to drive differentiation and liver regeneration. This review will discuss the role of CAR in liver cancer, with a focus on species differences and its emerging, tumour-suppressive role in liver cancer and its role in the regulation of liver cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Da Won Bae
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Romario Nguyen
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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