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Würger LTD, Alarcan J, Braeuning A. Effects of marine biotoxins on drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes and their regulation in mammalian cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1311-1322. [PMID: 38416141 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are a heterogenous group of natural toxins, which are able to trigger different types of toxicological responses in animals and humans. Health effects arising from exposure to marine biotoxins are ranging, for example, from gastrointestinal symptoms to neurological effects, depending on the individual toxin(s) ingested. Recent research has shown that the marine biotoxin okadaic acid (OA) can strongly diminish the expression of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in human liver cells by a mechanism involving proinflammatory signaling. By doing so, OA may interfere with the metabolic barrier function of liver and intestine, and thus alter the toxico- or pharmacokinetic properties of other compounds. Such effects of marine biotoxins on drug and xenobiotic metabolism have, however, not been much in the focus of research yet. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the effects of marine biotoxins on CYP enzymes in mammalian cells. In addition, the role of CYP-regulating nuclear receptors as well as inflammatory signaling in the regulation of CYPs by marine biotoxins is discussed. Strong evidence is available for effects of OA on CYP enzymes, along with information about possible molecular mechanisms. For other marine biotoxins, knowledge on effects on drug metabolism, however, is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T D Würger
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jimmy Alarcan
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Zhang J, Wang J, Chen L, Yu X, Zhang S, Yu Y. Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of a Four-Week Repeated Gavage of Levamisole in Male Beagle Dogs: A Good Laboratory Practice Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:141. [PMID: 38276014 PMCID: PMC10819294 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Levamisole (LVM) is considered an immunomodulatory agent that has the potential to treat various cancer and inflammation diseases. However, there is still much debate surrounding the toxicokinetic and toxicological information of LVM. Therefore, it is crucial to assess its toxicity to provide useful data for future human LVM risk assessments. In this study, a barrier environment was established under the guidance of good laboratory practice (GLP) at the Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation. Male beagle dogs were orally administered with 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg of LVM daily for four weeks. Toxicity assessment was based on various factors such as mortality, clinical signs, food and water consumption, body weight, body temperature, electrocardiogram, ophthalmological examination, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ/body coefficients, histopathological study, and toxicokinetic analysis. The results of this study showed that LVM did not exhibit any significant toxicological effects on beagle dogs at the exposure levels tested. A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of LVM was set at 30 mg/kg/day for male beagle dogs, which is equivalent to a 12-fold clinical dose in humans. Moreover, the repeated exposure to LVM for four weeks did not lead to any bioaccumulation. These findings provide valuable insights for future human LVM risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lingfan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiangbin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shuihua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
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Pelkonen O, Abass K, Parra Morte JM, Panzarea M, Testai E, Rudaz S, Louisse J, Gundert-Remy U, Wolterink G, Jean-Lou CM D, Coecke S, Bernasconi C. Metabolites in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the EU. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1304885. [PMID: 38188093 PMCID: PMC10770266 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1304885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A large majority of chemicals is converted into metabolites through xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Metabolites may present a spectrum of characteristics varying from similar to vastly different compared with the parent compound in terms of both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In the pesticide arena, the role of metabolism and metabolites is increasingly recognised as a significant factor particularly for the design and interpretation of mammalian toxicological studies and in the toxicity assessment of pesticide/metabolite-associated issues for hazard characterization and risk assessment purposes, including the role of metabolites as parts in various residues in ecotoxicological adversities. This is of particular relevance to pesticide metabolites that are unique to humans in comparison with metabolites found in in vitro or in vivo animal studies, but also to disproportionate metabolites (quantitative differences) between humans and mammalian species. Presence of unique or disproportionate metabolites may underlie potential toxicological concerns. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art of comparative metabolism and metabolites in pesticide research for hazard and risk assessment, including One Health perspectives, and future research needs based on the experiences gained at the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Louisse
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolterink
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Jomaa M, Pelletier G, Dieme D, Côté J, Fetoui H, Nong A, Bouchard M. Toxicokinetics of praseodymium and cerium administered as chloride salts in Sprague-Dawley rats: impacts of the dose and of co-exposure with additional rare earth elements. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3061-3074. [PMID: 37679595 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a rat exposure study to assess the impacts of dose and co-exposure with other rare earth elements (REEs) on the toxicokinetics of praseodymium (Pr) and cerium (Ce). We first determined the kinetic profiles of elemental Pr and Ce in blood, urine and feces along with tissue levels at sacrifice on the seventh day following intravenous injection of PrCl3 or CeCl3 at 0.3 or 1 mg/kg bw (of the chloride salts) in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5 per group). In blood, Pr and Ce half-lives for the initial phase (t1/2α) increased with increasing doses, while their half-lives for the terminal phase (t1/2β) were similar at both doses. In urine, a minor excretion route, no significant effect of the dose on the cumulative excretion was apparent. In feces, a major excretion route, the fraction of the Pr dose recovered was significantly lower at the 1 mg/kg bw dose compared to the 0.3 mg/kg bw dose, while no significant dose effect was apparent for Ce. In the liver and spleen, which are the main sites of REEs accumulation, there was a significant effect of the dose only for Ce retention in the spleen (i.e., increased retention of Ce in spleen at higher dose). Results were compared with those of a previous toxicokinetic study with a similar design but an exposure to a quaternary mixture of CeCl3, PrCl3, NdCl3 and YCl3, each administered at 0.3 mg/kg bw or 1 mg/kg bw. A mixture effect was apparent for the initial elimination phase (t1/2α) of Pr and Ce from blood and for the fecal excretion of Ce at the 1 mg/kg bw. In urine and liver, there was no evident overall mixture effect; in the spleen, there was a higher retention of Pr and Ce in rats exposed to the mixture at the 0.3 mg/kg bw, but not at the 1 mg/kg bw dose. Overall, this study showed that the dose and mixture exposure are two important factors to consider as determinants of the toxicokinetics of REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Jomaa
- Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Montreal, Roger-Gaudry Building, U436, Main Station, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Pelletier
- Hazard Identification Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Denis Dieme
- Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Montreal, Roger-Gaudry Building, U436, Main Station, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Côté
- Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Montreal, Roger-Gaudry Building, U436, Main Station, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Andy Nong
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Montreal, Roger-Gaudry Building, U436, Main Station, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Braeuning A, Bloch D, Karaca M, Kneuer C, Rotter S, Tralau T, Marx-Stoelting P. An approach for mixture testing and prioritization based on common kinetic groups. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1661-1671. [PMID: 35306572 PMCID: PMC9095521 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In light of an ever-increasing exposure to chemicals, the topic of potential mixture toxicity has gained increased attention, particularly as the toxicological toolbox to address such questions has vastly improved. Routinely toxicological risk assessments will rely on the analysis of individual compounds with mixture effects being considered only in those specific cases where co-exposure is foreseeable, for example for pesticides or food contact materials. In the field of pesticides, active substances are summarized in so-called cumulative assessment groups (CAG) which are primarily based on their toxicodynamic properties, that is, respective target organs and mode of action (MoA). In this context, compounds causing toxicity by a similar MoA are assumed to follow a model of dose/concentration addition (DACA). However, the respective approach inherently falls short of addressing cases where there are dissimilar or independent MoAs resulting in wider toxicokinetic effects. Yet, the latter are often the underlying cause when effects deviate from the DACA model. In the present manuscript, we therefore suggest additionally to consider toxicokinetic effects (especially related to xenobiotic metabolism and transporter interaction) for the grouping of substances to predict mixture toxicity. In line with the concept of MoA-based CAGs, we propose common kinetics groups (CKGs) as an additional tool for grouping of chemicals and mixture prioritization. Fundamentals of the CKG concept are discussed, along with challenges for its implementation, and methodological approaches and examples are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Denise Bloch
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mawien Karaca
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Kneuer
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Rotter
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Karaca M, Fischer BC, Willenbockel CT, Tralau T, Marx-Stoelting P, Bloch D. Effects of co-formulants on the absorption and secretion of active substances in plant protection products in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3205-3221. [PMID: 34417632 PMCID: PMC8448693 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the authorisation process for plant protection products (PPPs) relies on the testing of acute and topological toxicity only. Contrastingly, the evaluation of active substances includes a more comprehensive set of toxicity studies. Nevertheless, mixture effects of active ingredients and co-formulants may result in increased toxicity. Therefore, we investigated effects of surface active co-formulants on the toxicity of two PPPs focussing on qualitative and quantitative toxicokinetic effects on absorption and secretion. The respective products are based on the active substances abamectin and fluroxypyr-meptyl and were tested for cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of the corresponding surfactants and co-formulants using Caco-2 cells. In addition, the effect of co-formulants on increased cellular permeation was quantified using LC-MS/MS, while potential kinetic mixture effects were addressed by fluorescence anisotropy measurements and ATPase assays. The results show that surface active co-formulants significantly increase the cytotoxicity of the investigated PPPs, leading to more than additive mixture effects. Moreover, analytical investigations show higher efflux ratios of both active substances and the metabolite fluroxypyr upon combination with certain concentrations of the surfactants. The results further point to a significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of Pgp transporters by most of the surfactants as well as to increased membrane fluidity. Altogether, these findings strongly support the hypothesis that surfactants contribute to increased cytotoxicity of PPPs and do so by increasing the bioavailability of the respective active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawien Karaca
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Christian Fischer
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Tobias Willenbockel
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Denise Bloch
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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