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Yang HS, Kim KM, Boonpraman N, Yoon SM, Seo JE, Park MW, Moon JS, Yoo SY, Yi SS. Respiratory Safety Evaluation in Mice and Inhibition of Adenoviral Amplification in Human Bronchial Endothelial Cells Using a Novel Type of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Reactor. TOXICS 2022; 10:38. [PMID: 35051080 PMCID: PMC8778764 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing demand for effective and safe disinfectants. A novel use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas, which can satisfy such demand, has been reported. However, its efficacy and safety remain unclear. For the safe use of this gas, the stable release of specific concentrations is a must. A new type of ClO2 generator called Dr.CLOTM has recently been introduced. This study aimed to investigate: (1) the effects of Dr.CLOTM on inhibiting adenoviral amplification on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells; and (2) the acute inhalation safety of using Dr.CLOTM in animal models. After infecting HBE cells with a recombinant adenovirus, the inhibitory power of Dr.CLOTM on the virus was expressed as IFU/mL in comparison with the control group. The safety of ClO2 gas was indirectly predicted using mice by measuring single-dose inhalation toxicity in specially designed chambers. Dr.CLOTM was found to evaporate in a very constant concentration range at 0-0.011 ppm/m3 for 42 days. In addition, 36-100% of adenoviral amplification was suppressed by Dr.CLOTM, depending on the conditions. The LC50 of ClO2 gas to mice was approximately 68 ppm for males and 141 ppm for females. Histopathological evaluation showed that the lungs of female mice were more resistant to the toxicity from higher ClO2 gas concentrations than those of male mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Dr.CLOTM can be used to provide a safe indoor environment due to its technology that maintains the stable concentration and release of ClO2 gas, which could suppress viral amplification and may prevent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Sung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
| | - Kyeong-Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
| | - Napissara Boonpraman
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-M.Y.)
| | - Sun-Mi Yoon
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-M.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Eun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
| | - Min-Woo Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.-W.P.); (J.-S.M.)
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.-W.P.); (J.-S.M.)
| | | | - Sun-Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-M.Y.)
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Boron and its compounds: current biological research activities. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2719-2722. [PMID: 28601966 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rusch GM, Bast CB, Cavender FL. Establishing a point of departure for risk assessment using acute inhalation toxicology data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Uemura T. Development of Pulmonary Lesions Following Acute Exposure to Diborane in Male ICR Mice. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.38.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takamoto Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthSchool of Medicine, Keio University
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Garnier R. Questions-réponses. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1775-8785(05)79109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nomiyama T. Inhalation toxicity of diborane in rats assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage examination. Arch Toxicol 1995; 70:43-50. [PMID: 8750904 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were examined to assess the toxic effects of diborane (B2H6, CAS: 19287-45-7) on the lung. Male Wistar rats were exposed to diborane at 20 ppm (intended concentration) for 4 h (phase I study) to evaluate time-course changes up to 14 days, and at 10 or 1 ppm (intended concentrations) to assess the dose-effect relationship after 3 days (phase II study). BALF parameters [leukocyte counts, alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total protein, phospholipids etc.] were examined and biochemical and histopathological studies were also carried out. In the phase I study, neutrophils (%) in BALF increased on the day of exposure and then decreased gradually for 3 days. Rapid and marked increases in alpha 1-AT and SOD activity in BALF were detected on the day of exposure, and phospholipids had sharply increased on day 3. After 14 days, these parameters in the exposed rats had returned to their background level and alpha 1-AT decreased significantly. In the phase II study, total protein, alpha 1-AT activity and phospholipids in BALF showed dose-dependent increases, and serum alpha 1-AT activity increased significantly. Alveolar capillary and alveolar cell damage were confirmed in rats exposed to 20 ppm, 10 ppm or 1 ppm diborane for 4 h by evaluating the parameters examined. The protection system appeared to start operating immediately after exposure, and the recovery mechanism seemed to start operating 1 day after exposure and cease by day 14. The no-observed-effect level could not be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nomiyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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