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A group of cationic amphiphilic drugs activates MRGPRX2 and induces scratching behavior in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:506-522.e8. [PMID: 33617860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mas gene-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPRs) are a G protein-coupled receptor family responsive to various exogenous and endogenous agonists, playing a fundamental role in pain and itch sensation. The primate-specific family member MRGPRX2 and its murine orthologue MRGPRB2 are expressed by mast cells mediating IgE-independent signaling and pseudoallergic drug reactions. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to increase knowledge about the function and regulation of MRGPRX2/MRGPRB2, which is of major importance in prevention of drug hypersensitivity reactions and drug-induced pruritus. METHODS To identify novel MRGPR (ant)agonists, we screened a library of pharmacologically active compounds by utilizing a high-throughput calcium mobilization assay. The identified hit compounds were analyzed for their pseudoallergic and pruritogenic effects in mice and human. RESULTS We found a class of commonly used drugs activating MRGPRX2 that, to a large extent, consists of antidepressants, antiallergic drugs, and antipsychotics. Three-dimensional pharmacophore modeling revealed structural similarities of the identified agonists, classifying them as cationic amphiphilic drugs. Mast cell activation was investigated by using the 3 representatively selected antidepressants clomipramine, paroxetine, and desipramine. Indeed, we were able to show a concentration-dependent activation and MRGPRX2-dependent degranulation of the human mast cell line LAD2 (Laboratory of Allergic Diseases-2). Furthermore, clomipramine, paroxetine, and desipramine were able to induce degranulation of human skin and murine peritoneal mast cells. These substances elicited dose-dependent scratching behavior following intradermal injection into C57BL/6 mice but less so in MRGPRB2-mutant mice, as well as wheal-and-flare reactions following intradermal injections in humans. CONCLUSION Our results contribute to the characterization of structure-activity relationships and functionality of MRGPRX2 ligands and facilitate prediction of adverse reactions such as drug-induced pruritus to prevent severe drug hypersensitivity reactions.
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Molinari G, Molinari L, Nervo E. Environmental and Endogenous Acids Can Trigger Allergic-Type Airway Reactions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4688. [PMID: 32610702 PMCID: PMC7370125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory allergic and nonallergic respiratory disorders are spreading worldwide and often coexist. The root cause is not clear. This review demonstrates that, from a biochemical point of view, it is ascribable to protons (H+) released into cells by exogenous and endogenous acids. The hypothesis of acids as the common cause stems from two considerations: (a) it has long been known that exogenous acids present in air pollutants can induce the irritation of epithelial surfaces, particularly the airways, inflammation, and bronchospasm; (b) according to recent articles, endogenous acids, generated in cells by phospholipases, play a key role in the biochemical mechanisms of initiation and progression of allergic-type reactions. Therefore, the intracellular acidification and consequent Ca2+ increase, induced by protons generated by either acid pollutants or endogenous phospholipases, may constitute the basic mechanism of the multimorbidity of these disorders, and environmental acidity may contribute to their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Molinari
- Studio Tecnico Ing. Laura Molinari, Environmental Health and Safety Via Quarto Ponte 17, 37138 Verona, Italy;
| | - Laura Molinari
- Studio Tecnico Ing. Laura Molinari, Environmental Health and Safety Via Quarto Ponte 17, 37138 Verona, Italy;
| | - Elsa Nervo
- Elsa Nervo, Società Chimica Italiana, 00198 Rome, Italy;
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Pundir P, Liu R, Vasavda C, Serhan N, Limjunyawong N, Yee R, Zhan Y, Dong X, Wu X, Zhang Y, Snyder SH, Gaudenzio N, Vidal JE, Dong X. A Connective Tissue Mast-Cell-Specific Receptor Detects Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Molecules and Mediates Antibacterial Immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:114-122.e8. [PMID: 31278040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) are secreted by bacteria to signal population density. Upon reaching a critical concentration, QSMs induce transcriptional alterations in bacteria, which enable virulence factor expression and biofilm formation. It is unclear whether mammalian hosts can recognize QSMs to trigger responsive antibacterial immunity. We report that mouse mast-cell-specific G-protein-coupled receptor Mrgprb2 and its human homolog MRGPRX2 are receptors for Gram-positive QSMs, including competence-stimulating peptide (CSP)-1. CSP-1 activates Mrgprb2 and MRGPRX2, triggering mast cell degranulation, which inhibits bacterial growth and prevents biofilm formation. Such antibacterial functions are reduced in Mrgprb2-deficient mast cells, while wild-type mast cells fail to inhibit the growth of bacterial strains lacking CSP-1. Mrgprb2-knockout mice exhibit reduced bacterial clearance, while pharmacologically activating Mrgprb2 in vivo eliminates bacteria and improves disease score. These findings identify a host defense mechanism that uses QSMs as an "Achilles heel" and suggest MRGPRX2 as a potential therapeutic target for controlling bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pundir
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chirag Vasavda
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nadine Serhan
- Unité de Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31000, France
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca Yee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yingzhuan Zhan
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xintong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Unité de Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31000, France
| | - Jorge E Vidal
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Klein O, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Anaphylactic Degranulation of Mast Cells: Focus on Compound Exocytosis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9542656. [PMID: 31011586 PMCID: PMC6442490 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9542656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a notorious type 2 immune response which may result in a systemic response and lead to death. A precondition for the unfolding of the anaphylactic shock is the secretion of inflammatory mediators from mast cells in response to an allergen, mostly through activation of the cells via the IgE-dependent pathway. While mast cells are specialized secretory cells that can secrete through a variety of exocytic modes, the most predominant mode exerted by the mast cell during anaphylaxis is compound exocytosis-a specialized form of regulated exocytosis where secretory granules fuse to one another. Here, we review the modes of regulated exocytosis in the mast cell and focus on compound exocytosis. We review historical landmarks in the research of compound exocytosis in mast cells and the methods available for investigating compound exocytosis. We also review the molecular mechanisms reported to underlie compound exocytosis in mast cells and expand further with reviewing key findings from other cell types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in different mast cell models, and the open questions in the field which remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Klein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Stigmasterol Alleviates Cutaneous Allergic Responses in Rodents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3984068. [PMID: 30140696 PMCID: PMC6081592 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3984068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of stigmasterol, a natural steroid alcohol with established immune-modulatory properties, was assessed on allergic cutaneous responses. We examined its suppressive effect on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA), compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced pruritus, and irritant dermatitis induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Stigmasterol at 10–100 mg/kg significantly inhibited ACA with reduction in reaction area and concentration of the extravasated Evans blue dye. Given at 50 and 100 mg/kg, stigmasterol significantly inhibited C48/80-induced scratching behaviour when compared to saline-treated C48/80-injected control. Skin histopathology of injected sites confirmed that stigmasterol reduced mast cell trafficking and degranulation associated with C48/80-induced pruritus. Stigmasterol controlled inflammatory features such as ear skin oedema and neutrophilia and also reduced serum levels of TNFα induced by topical application of TPA. Epidermal layer thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration of ear skin tissue were significantly reduced by stigmasterol. Taken together, stigmasterol demonstrates significant potential as a molecule of interest in allergic skin disease therapy.
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Seifert R. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology under new editorship: change and continuity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:667-70. [PMID: 27222234 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Molderings GJ, Haenisch B, Brettner S, Homann J, Menzen M, Dumoulin FL, Panse J, Butterfield J, Afrin LB. Pharmacological treatment options for mast cell activation disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:671-94. [PMID: 27132234 PMCID: PMC4903110 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell activation disease (MCAD) is a term referring to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by aberrant release of variable subsets of mast cell (MC) mediators together with accumulation of either morphologically altered and immunohistochemically identifiable mutated MCs due to MC proliferation (systemic mastocytosis [SM] and MC leukemia [MCL]) or morphologically ordinary MCs due to decreased apoptosis (MC activation syndrome [MCAS] and well-differentiated SM). Clinical signs and symptoms in MCAD vary depending on disease subtype and result from excessive mediator release by MCs and, in aggressive forms, from organ failure related to MC infiltration. In most cases, treatment of MCAD is directed primarily at controlling the symptoms associated with MC mediator release. In advanced forms, such as aggressive SM and MCL, agents targeting MC proliferation such as kinase inhibitors may be provided. Targeted therapies aimed at blocking mutant protein variants and/or downstream signaling pathways are currently being developed. Other targets, such as specific surface antigens expressed on neoplastic MCs, might be considered for the development of future therapies. Since clinicians are often underprepared to evaluate, diagnose, and effectively treat this clinically heterogeneous disease, we seek to familiarize clinicians with MCAD and review current and future treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard J Molderings
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Britta Haenisch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Brettner
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Palliative Care, Kreiskrankenhaus Waldbröl, Waldbröl, Germany
| | - Jürgen Homann
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Menzen
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz Ludwig Dumoulin
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Panse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joseph Butterfield
- Program for the Study of Mast Cell and Eosinophil Disorders, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lawrence B Afrin
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Plattner H. Signalling in ciliates: long- and short-range signals and molecular determinants for cellular dynamics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:60-107. [PMID: 26487631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In ciliates, unicellular representatives of the bikont branch of evolution, inter- and intracellular signalling pathways have been analysed mainly in Paramecium tetraurelia, Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Tetrahymena thermophila and in part also in Euplotes raikovi. Electrophysiology of ciliary activity in Paramecium spp. is a most successful example. Established signalling mechanisms include plasmalemmal ion channels, recently established intracellular Ca2+ -release channels, as well as signalling by cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ . Ca2+ -binding proteins (calmodulin, centrin) and Ca2+ -activated enzymes (kinases, phosphatases) are involved. Many organelles are endowed with specific molecules cooperating in signalling for intracellular transport and targeted delivery. Among them are recently specified soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), monomeric GTPases, H+ -ATPase/pump, actin, etc. Little specification is available for some key signal transducers including mechanosensitive Ca2+ -channels, exocyst complexes and Ca2+ -sensor proteins for vesicle-vesicle/membrane interactions. The existence of heterotrimeric G-proteins and of G-protein-coupled receptors is still under considerable debate. Serine/threonine kinases dominate by far over tyrosine kinases (some predicted by phosphoproteomic analyses). Besides short-range signalling, long-range signalling also exists, e.g. as firmly installed microtubular transport rails within epigenetically determined patterns, thus facilitating targeted vesicle delivery. By envisaging widely different phenomena of signalling and subcellular dynamics, it will be shown (i) that important pathways of signalling and cellular dynamics are established already in ciliates, (ii) that some mechanisms diverge from higher eukaryotes and (iii) that considerable uncertainties still exist about some essential aspects of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, PO Box M625, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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