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Wang Y, Liang J, Xu B, Yang J, Wu Z, Cheng L. TrkB/BDNF signaling pathway and its small molecular agonists in CNS injury. Life Sci 2024; 336:122282. [PMID: 38008209 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system (CNS), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a significant role in CNS injury by binding to its specific receptor Tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB). The BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway is crucial for neuronal survival, structural changes, and plasticity. BDNF acts as an axonal growth and extension factor, a pro-survival factor, and a synaptic modulator in the CNS. BDNF also plays an important role in the maintenance and plasticity of neuronal circuits. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of BDNF in the treatment and recovery of neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic disorders. By undertaking in-depth study on the mechanism of BDNF/TrkB function, important novel therapeutic strategies for treating neuropsychiatric disorders have been discovered. In this review, we discuss the expression patterns and mechanisms of the TrkB/BDNF signaling pathway in CNS damage and introduce several intriguing small molecule TrkB receptor agonists produced over the previous several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China; Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Boyu Xu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China; Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China; Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Singh P, Srivastava A, Guin D, Thakran S, Yadav J, Chandna P, Sood M, Chadda RK, Kukreti R. Genetic Landscape of Major Depressive Disorder: Assessment of Potential Diagnostic and Antidepressant Response Markers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:692-738. [PMID: 36655406 PMCID: PMC10586057 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical heterogeneity in major depressive disorder (MDD), variable treatment response, and conflicting findings limit the ability of genomics toward the discovery of evidence-based diagnosis and treatment regimen. This study attempts to curate all genetic association findings to evaluate potential variants for clinical translation. METHODS We systematically reviewed all candidates and genome-wide association studies for both MDD susceptibility and antidepressant response, independently, using MEDLINE, particularly to identify replicated findings. These variants were evaluated for functional consequences using different in silico tools and further estimated their diagnostic predictability by calculating positive predictive values. RESULTS A total of 217 significantly associated studies comprising 1200 variants across 545 genes and 128 studies including 921 variants across 412 genes were included with MDD susceptibility and antidepressant response, respectively. Although the majority of associations were confirmed by a single study, we identified 31 and 18 replicated variants (in at least 2 studies) for MDD and antidepressant response. Functional annotation of these 31 variants predicted 20% coding variants as deleterious/damaging and 80.6% variants with regulatory effect. Similarly, the response-related 18 variants revealed 25% coding variant as damaging and 88.2% with substantial regulatory potential. Finally, we could calculate the diagnostic predictability of 19 and 5 variants whose positive predictive values ranges from 0.49 to 0.66 for MDD and 0.36 to 0.66 for response. CONCLUSIONS The replicated variants presented in our data are promising for disease diagnosis and improved response outcomes. Although these quantitative assessment measures are solely directive of available observational evidence, robust homogenous validation studies are required to strengthen these variants for molecular diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Sarita Thakran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Chandna
- Indian Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ISCCP), Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Sood
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Gredicak M, Sagud M, Nedic Erjavec G, Uzun S, Pivac N. The association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with the diagnosis and treatment response in depression. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:283-296. [PMID: 37038358 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2200937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence from the studies evaluating the association between brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration/levels, BDNF Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphism and major depressive disorders, referred as depression, and the association between BDNF levels and/or BDNF Val66Met with the treatment response in depression, is presented. AREAS COVERED This mini review focuses on the changes in the peripheral BDNF levels in blood (serum, plasma, platelets) in patients with depression before or after treatment with antidepressant drugs or different therapeutic strategies. In addition, this review describes the recent data on the possible association between different antidepressants/therapeutic strategies and the particular BDNF Val66Met genotypes, evaluating the risk alleles associated with the response in patients with depression. EXPERT OPINION BDNF has an important role in the pathophysiology and treatment response in depression. Most data reveal that peripheral BDNF levels are lower before than after antidepressant treatment and might be used as potential biomarkers of therapeutic response. Novel therapeutic strategies should target restoring/increasing BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Gredicak
- General Hospital Zabok and Hospital for the Croatian Veterans, Zabok, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine,University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Uzun
- School of Medicine,University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatry, Clinics for Psychiatry Vrapce, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Zagorje Polytechnic Krapina,Krapina, Croatia
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Chen MH, Lin YS, Tsai SJ. Associations between brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism, melancholic feature, and treatment refractoriness in patients with treatment-resistant depression. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_15_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ochi T, Vyalova NM, Losenkov IS, Levchuk LA, Osmanova DZ, Mikhalitskaya EV, Loonen AJM, Bosker FJ, Simutkin GG, Bokhan NA, Wilffert B, Ivanova SA. Investigating the potential role of BDNF and PRL genotypes on antidepressant response in depression patients: A prospective inception cohort study in treatment-free patients. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:432-439. [PMID: 31611000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with response to antidepressant drugs in mood and anxiety disorders. Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone with behavioural effects, acting as a neurotrophic factor within the brain and may be involved in antidepressant response. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between BDNF and PRL genotypes with antidepressant drug response. METHODS Prospective inception cohort of 186 Russian treatment-free participants (28 men and 158 women) between 18 and 70 years clinically diagnosed with depressive disorder who initiated antidepressant medication. DNA polymorphisms were genotyped for PRL rs1341239, BDNF rs6265 and rs7124442. Primary outcome was measured by differences in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (∆HAM-D) scores between baseline/week two, week two/week four, and baseline/week four. Linear regression and independent t-test determined the significance between polymorphisms and ∆HAM-D. RESULTS Comparisons between genotypes did not reveal any significant differences in scores during the first two weeks of treatment. In the latter two weeks, BDNF rs7124442 homozygous C patients responded significantly worse in comparison to homozygous T patients during this period. Further analysis within women and in post-menopausal women found a similar comparison between alleles. LIMITATIONS Study lasted four weeks, which may be considered short to associate genuine antidepressant effects. CONCLUSIONS Patients taking tricylic antidepressants were noted to have a significant improvement in ∆HAM-D compared to patients taking SSRIs. Homozygous C BDNF rs712442 patients were found to respond significantly worse in the last two weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ochi
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Natalya M Vyalova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Innokentiy S Losenkov
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Lyudmila A Levchuk
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Z Osmanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina V Mikhalitskaya
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anton J M Loonen
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands; GGZ Westelijk Noord-Brabant, Hoofdlaan 8, 4661AA Halsteren, the Netherlands.
| | - Fokko J Bosker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Centre for Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - German G Simutkin
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation; National Research Tomsk State University, Department of Psychotherapy and Psychological Counseling, Lenin Avenue, 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Moscowski Trakt, 2, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Bob Wilffert
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya street, 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Moscowski Trakt, 2, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, School of Non-Destructive Testing & Security, Division for Control and Diagnostics, Lenin Avenue, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
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Riparin II ameliorates corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior in mice: Role of antioxidant and neurotrophic mechanisms. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lin M, Zhu J, Yuan Y, Ren L, Qian M, Shen Z, Shao Y, Shen X. Association Analysis of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Val66Met Polymorphism and Gender with Efficacy of Antidepressants in the Chinese Han Population with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2018; 22:199-206. [PMID: 29446659 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lie Ren
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mincai Qian
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxia Shen
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongliang Shao
- Department of Radiology, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Shen
- Department of Neurosis and Psychosomatic Diseases, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, P.R. China
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Niciu MJ, Iadarola ND, Banerjee D, Luckenbaugh DA, Park M, Lener M, Park L, Ionescu DF, Ballard ED, Brutsche NE, Akula N, McMahon FJ, Machado-Vieira R, Nugent AC, Zarate CA. The antidepressant efficacy of subanesthetic-dose ketamine does not correlate with baseline subcortical volumes in a replication sample with major depressive disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1570-1577. [PMID: 29039254 PMCID: PMC5863225 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117732514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to reproduce, in a larger sample, previous findings of a correlation between smaller raw 3-Tesla (3T) hippocampal volumes and improved antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). A secondary analysis stratified subjects according to functional BDNF rs6265 (val66met) genotype. METHODS Unmedicated subjects with treatment-resistant MDD ( n=55) underwent baseline structural 3T MRI. Data processing was conducted with FSL/FIRST and Freesurfer software. The amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus were selected a priori for analysis. All subjects received a single 0.5mg/kg × 40-minute ketamine infusion. Pearson correlations were performed with subcortical volumes and percent change in MADRS score (from baseline to 230 minutes, 1 day, and 1 week post-infusion). RESULTS Raw and corrected subcortical volumes did not correlate with antidepressant response at any timepoint. In val/val subjects ( n=23), corrected left and right thalamic volume positively correlated with antidepressant response to ketamine at 230 minutes post-infusion but did not reach statistical significance. In met carriers ( n=14), corrected left and right thalamic volume negatively correlated with antidepressant response to ketamine. CONCLUSION Baseline subcortical volumes implicated in MDD did not correlate with ketamine's antidepressant efficacy. Baseline thalamic volume and BDNF genotype may be a combinatorial rapid antidepressant response biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Niciu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Nicolas D Iadarola
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Dipavo Banerjee
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - David A Luckenbaugh
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Minkyung Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Marc Lener
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Lawrence Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Dawn F Ionescu
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Ballard
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Nancy E Brutsche
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Nirmala Akula
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Allison C Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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Eliwa H, Belzung C, Surget A. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Is it the alpha and omega of antidepressant action? Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:86-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tayyab M, Shahi MH, Farheen S, Mariyath MPM, Khanam N, Castresana JS, Hossain MM. Sonic hedgehog, Wnt, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor cell signaling pathway crosstalk: potential therapy for depression. J Neurosci Res 2017. [PMID: 28631844 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are various theories to explain the pathophysiology of depression and support its diagnosis and treatment. The roles of monoamines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Wnt signaling are well researched, but sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and its downstream transcription factor Gli1 are not well studied in depression. Shh signaling plays a fundamental role in embryonic development and adult hippocampal neurogenesis and also involved in the growth of cancer. In this article, we summarize the evidence for the Shh signaling pathway in depression and the potential crosstalk of Shh with Wnt and BDNF. Antidepressants are known to upregulate the adult hippocampal neurogenesis to treat depression. Shh plays an important role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and its downstream signaling components regulate the synthesis of Wnt proteins. Moreover, the expression of Gli1 and Smo is downregulated in depression. BDNF and Wnt signaling are also regulated by various available antidepressants, so there is the possibility that Shh may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Therefore, the crosstalk between the Shh, Wnt, and BDNF signaling pathways is being discussed to identify the potential targets. Specifically, the potential role of the Shh signaling pathway in depression is explored as a new target for better therapies for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tayyab
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mehdi H Shahi
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Shirin Farheen
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mubeena P M Mariyath
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Nabeela Khanam
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Javier S Castresana
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Faculty of Sciences, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Mobarak Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.,Department of Physiology, JNMC, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Amare AT, Schubert KO, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Cohen-Woods S, Baune BT. The genetic overlap between mood disorders and cardiometabolic diseases: a systematic review of genome wide and candidate gene studies. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1007. [PMID: 28117839 PMCID: PMC5545727 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (meta-GWASs) and candidate gene studies have identified genetic variants associated with cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and mood disorders. Although previous efforts were successful for individual disease conditions (single disease), limited information exists on shared genetic risk between these disorders. This article presents a detailed review and analysis of cardiometabolic diseases risk (CMD-R) genes that are also associated with mood disorders. First, we reviewed meta-GWASs published until January 2016, for the diseases 'type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension' and/or for the risk factors 'blood pressure, obesity, plasma lipid levels, insulin and glucose related traits'. We then searched the literature for published associations of these CMD-R genes with mood disorders. We considered studies that reported a significant association of at least one of the CMD-R genes and 'depression' or 'depressive disorder' or 'depressive symptoms' or 'bipolar disorder' or 'lithium treatment response in bipolar disorder', or 'serotonin reuptake inhibitors treatment response in major depression'. Our review revealed 24 potential pleiotropic genes that are likely to be shared between mood disorders and CMD-Rs. These genes include MTHFR, CACNA1D, CACNB2, GNAS, ADRB1, NCAN, REST, FTO, POMC, BDNF, CREB, ITIH4, LEP, GSK3B, SLC18A1, TLR4, PPP1R1B, APOE, CRY2, HTR1A, ADRA2A, TCF7L2, MTNR1B and IGF1. A pathway analysis of these genes revealed significant pathways: corticotrophin-releasing hormone signaling, AMPK signaling, cAMP-mediated or G-protein coupled receptor signaling, axonal guidance signaling, serotonin or dopamine receptors signaling, dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cAMP signaling, circadian rhythm signaling and leptin signaling. Our review provides insights into the shared biological mechanisms of mood disorders and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Amare
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - K O Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Mental Health Services, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M Klingler-Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Cohen-Woods
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. E-mail:
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Weng L, Guo X, Li Y, Yang X, Han Y. Apigenin reverses depression-like behavior induced by chronic corticosterone treatment in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 774:50-4. [PMID: 26826594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous researches found that apigenin exerted antidepressant-like effects in rodents. However, it is unclear whether the neurotrophic system is involved in the antidepressant-like effects of apigenin. Our present study aimed to explore the neurotrophic related mechanism of apigenin in depressive-like mice induced by chronic corticosterone treatment. Mice were repeatedly injected with corticosterone (40 mg/kg) subcutaneously (s.c) once daily for consecutive 21 days. Apigenin (20 and 40 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) were administered 30 min prior to the corticosterone injection. The behavioral tests indicated that apigenin reversed the reduction of sucrose preference and the elevation of immobility time in mice induced by chronic corticosterone treatment. In addition, the increase in serum corticosterone levels and the decrease in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in corticosterone-treated mice were also ameliorated by apigenin administration. Taken together, our findings intensively confirmed the antidepressant-like effects of apigenin and indicated that the antidepressant-like mechanism of apigenin was mediated, at least partly by up-regulation of BDNF levels in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjin Weng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, No. 668, Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, No. 668, Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, No. 668, Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, No. 668, Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, No. 668, Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
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Stacy D, Bruce C. Advancing pediatric psychiatry research: linking neurobiological processes to novel treatment and diagnosis through Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Ther Innov Regul Sci 2015; 49:643-646. [PMID: 26366331 DOI: 10.1177/2168479015596019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drury Stacy
- Tulane - Psychiatry, 1430 Tulane Ave #8055, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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de Sousa CNS, Meneses LN, Vasconcelos GS, Silva MCC, da Silva JC, Macêdo D, de Lucena DF, Vasconcelos SMM. Reversal of corticosterone-induced BDNF alterations by the natural antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid alone and combined with desvenlafaxine: Emphasis on the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:211-9. [PMID: 26350703 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is linked to the pathophysiology of depression. We hypothesized that BDNF is one of the neurobiological pathways related to the augmentation effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) when associated with antidepressants. Female mice were administered vehicle or CORT 20mg/kg during 14 days. From the 15th to 21st days the animals were divided in groups that were further administered: vehicle, desvenlafaxine (DVS) 10 or 20mg/kg, ALA 100 or 200mg/kg or the combinations of DVS10+ALA100, DVS20+ALA100, DVS10+ALA200 or DVS20+ALA200. ALA or DVS alone or in combination reversed CORT-induced increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test and decrease in sucrose preference, presenting, thus, an antidepressant-like effect. DVS10 alone reversed CORT-induced decrease in BDNF in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and striatum (ST). The same was observed in the HC and ST of ALA200 treated animals. The combination of DVS and ALA200 reversed CORT-induced alterations in BDNF and even, in some cases, increased the levels of this neurotrophin when compared to vehicle-treated animals in HC and ST. Taken together, these results suggest that the combination of the DVS+ALA may be valuable for treating conditions in which BDNF levels are decreased, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Nádia Soares de Sousa
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Nascimento Meneses
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Germana Silva Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Calheiros Chaves Silva
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Danielle Macêdo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Treatment-resistant depression: are animal models of depression fit for purpose? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3473-95. [PMID: 26289353 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to antidepressant drug treatment remains a major health problem. Animal models of depression are efficient in detecting effective treatments but have done little to increase the reach of antidepressant drugs. This may be because most animal models of depression target the reversal of stress-induced behavioural change, whereas treatment-resistant depression is typically associated with risk factors that predispose to the precipitation of depressive episodes by relatively low levels of stress. Therefore, the search for treatments for resistant depression may require models that incorporate predisposing factors leading to heightened stress responsiveness. METHOD Using a diathesis-stress framework, we review developmental, genetic and genomic models against four criteria: (i) increased sensitivity to stress precipitation of a depressive behavioural phenotype, (ii) resistance to chronic treatment with conventional antidepressants, (iii) a good response to novel modes of antidepressant treatment (e.g. ketamine; deep brain stimulation) that are reported to be effective in treatment-resistant depression and (iv) a parallel to a known clinical risk factor. RESULTS We identify 18 models that may have some potential. All require further validation. Currently, the most promising are the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and congenital learned helplessness (cLH) rat strains, the high anxiety behaviour (HAB) mouse strain and the CB1 receptor knockout and OCT2 null mutant mouse strains. CONCLUSION Further development is needed to validate models of antidepressant resistance that are fit for purpose. The criteria used in this review may provide a helpful framework to guide research in this area.
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Fabbri C, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of major depressive disorder: top genes and pathways toward clinical applications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:50. [PMID: 25980509 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacogenetics of antidepressants has been not only a challenging but also frustrating research field since its birth in the 1990s. Indeed, great expectations followed the first evidence of familiar aggregation of antidepressant response. Despite the progress from candidate gene studies to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), results fell out the expectations and they were often inconsistent. Anyway, the cumulative evidence supports the involvement of some genes and molecular pathways in antidepressant efficacy. The best single genes are SLC6A4, HTR2A, BDNF, GNB3, FKBP5, ABCB1, and cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2D6 and CYP2C19). Molecular pathways involved in inflammation and neuroplasticity show the greatest support. The first studies evaluating benefits of genotype-guided antidepressant treatments provided encouraging results and confirmed the relevance of SLC6A4, HTR2A, ABCB1, and cytochrome P450 genes. Further progress in genotyping and data analysis would allow to move forward and complete the understanding of antidepressant pharmacogenetics and its translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123, Bologna, Italy,
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Colle R, Deflesselle E, Martin S, David DJ, Hardy P, Taranu A, Falissard B, Verstuyft C, Corruble E. BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms and their consequences on antidepressant efficacy in depressed patients. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:997-1013. [PMID: 26122862 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose an extensive review of the literature about BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms and their consequences on antidepressant efficacy in depressed patients. Five genome-wide association studies and 30 association studies were included. Twenty seven studies focused on the Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265), the Met allele being associated with a higher antidepressant efficacy only in Asian patients. Other BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms (BDNF: rs7103411, rs7124442, rs908867, rs2049046, rs61888800, rs10501087, rs1491850; TRKB: rs10868223, rs11140778, rs1565445, rs1659412; P75NTR: rs2072446) were reported to be associated with antidepressant efficacy but these results were not replicated. Finally, there are 15 positive studies among 30 studies regarding BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms. The only SNP which benefits of at least three positive studies is the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265). Consequently, with a lack of good and consistent studies, the clinical utility of BDNF in treatment selection is far from clear. We propose several recommendations for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Colle
- INSERM UMR 1178 Team 'Depression & Antidepressants', Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Deflesselle
- INSERM UMR 1178 Team 'Depression & Antidepressants', Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Séverine Martin
- INSERM UMR 1178 Team 'Depression & Antidepressants', Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Denis J David
- INSERM UMR 1178 Team 'Depression & Antidepressants', Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Hardy
- INSERM UMR 1178 Team 'Depression & Antidepressants', Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Adéla Taranu
- INSERM UMR 1178 Team 'Depression & Antidepressants', Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- INSERM UMR 1178, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Département de Biostatistiques, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94400 Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- INSERM U1184 'Immunologie des maladies virales et auto-immunes' University Paris Sud, Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France.,University Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- INSERM UMR 1178 Team 'Depression & Antidepressants', Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Colle R, Gressier F, Verstuyft C, Deflesselle E, Lépine JP, Ferreri F, Hardy P, Guilloux JP, Petit AC, Fève B, Falissard B, Becquemont L, Corruble E. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and 6-month antidepressant remission in depressed Caucasian patients. J Affect Disord 2015; 175:233-40. [PMID: 25658497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism can predict antidepressant drug efficacy in depressed patients remains unclear, suggesting that it may depend on antidepressant classes. We assessed the impact of Val66Met polymorphism on antidepressant response and remission depending on antidepressant classes. METHODS In a 6-month prospective, real-world setting, treatment study, 345 Caucasian depressed patients requiring a new or different drug treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), a serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) or a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), were genotyped and assessed for response and remission. RESULTS 231 (67%) patients were homozygous for the Val66 allele (Val/Val) and 114 (33%) were carriers of Met allele (Met). 152 (44.1%) patients were treated with SSRI, the others with SNRI/TCA. Both response and remission were explained by interactions between the Val66Met polymorphism and antidepressant drug classes (multivariate models adjusted for propensity-scores: p=0.02 and p=0.03 respectively). With SSRI, Val/Val patients had a higher response rate 3 months post-treatment than Met patients (68.1% versus 44%; adjusted-OR: 3.04, IC95% [1.05; 9.37], p=0.04). With SNRI/TCA, Val/Val patients had a lower remission rate 6 months post-treatment than Met patients (33.3% versus 60.9%, adjusted-OR: 0.27, IC95% [0.09; 0.76], p=0.02). LIMITATIONS Limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS This study argues for a personalized prescription of antidepressants in Caucasian patients with major depressive disorder, based on the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism: SSRI should be preferred for Val/Val patients and SNRI/TCA for Met patients. Further studies are required to confirm these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Colle
- INSERM U1178 Team «Depression and Antidepressants», Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - Florence Gressier
- INSERM U1178 Team «Depression and Antidepressants», Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- INSERM U1184 «Immunologie des maladies virales et auto-immunes» Univ Paris Sud, Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France; Univ Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Eric Deflesselle
- INSERM U1178 Team «Depression and Antidepressants», Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lépine
- Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Saint-Louis Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, F-75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Florian Ferreri
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Hardy
- INSERM U1178 Team «Depression and Antidepressants», Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Guilloux
- INSERM U1178 Team «Depression and Antidepressants», Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Petit
- INSERM U1178 Team «Depression and Antidepressants», Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- INSERM UMR S938, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F75012 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- INSERM UMR 1178, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Département de Biostatistiques, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94400 Villejuif, France
| | - Laurent Becquemont
- INSERM U1184 «Immunologie des maladies virales et auto-immunes» Univ Paris Sud, Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France; Univ Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- INSERM U1178 Team «Depression and Antidepressants», Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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