1
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Quintanilla ME, Israel Y. Role of Metabolism on Alcohol Preference, Addiction, and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37221350 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies presented in this chapter show that: (1) in the brain, ethanol is metabolized by catalase to acetaldehyde, which condenses with dopamine forming salsolinol; (2) acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol increases the release of dopamine mediating, via opioid receptors, the reinforcing effects of ethanol during the acquisition of ethanol consumption, while (3) brain acetaldehyde does not influence the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake, it is suggested that a learned cue-induced hyperglutamatergic system takes precedence over the dopaminergic system. However, (4) following a prolonged ethanol deprivation, the generation of acetaldehyde in the brain again plays a role, contributing to the increase in ethanol intake observed during ethanol re-access, called the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), a model of relapse behavior; (5) naltrexone inhibits the high ethanol intake seen in the ADE condition, suggesting that acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol via opioid receptors also contributes to the relapse-like drinking behavior. The reader is referred to glutamate-mediated mechanisms that trigger the cue-associated alcohol-seeking and that also contribute to triggering relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, ICM Clinica Alemana-Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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2
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D’aloisio G, Acevedo MB, Angulo-Alcalde A, Trujillo V, Molina JC. Moderate ethanol exposure during early ontogeny of the rat alters respiratory plasticity, ultrasonic distress vocalizations, increases brain catalase activity, and acetaldehyde-mediated ethanol intake. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1031115. [DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1031115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early ontogeny of the rat (late gestation and postnatal first week) is a sensitive period to ethanol’s positive reinforcing effects and its detrimental effects on respiratory plasticity. Recent studies show that acetaldehyde, the first ethanol metabolite, plays a key role in the modulation of ethanol motivational effects. Ethanol brain metabolization into acetaldehyde via the catalase system appears critical in modulating ethanol positive reinforcing consequences. Catalase system activity peak levels occur early in the ontogeny. Yet, the role of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde during the late gestational period on respiration response, ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), and ethanol intake during the first week of the rat remains poorly explored. In the present study, pregnant rats were given a subcutaneous injection of an acetaldehyde-sequestering agent (D-penicillamine, 50 mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl), 30 min prior to an intragastric administration of ethanol (2.0 g/kg) or water (vehicle) on gestational days 17–20. Respiration rates (breaths/min) and apneic episodes in a whole-body plethysmograph were registered on postnatal days (PDs) 2 and 4, while simultaneously pups received milk or ethanol infusions for 40-min in an artificial lactation test. Each intake test was followed by a 5-min long USVs emission record. On PD 8, immediately after pups completed a 15-min ethanol intake test, brain samples were collected and kept frozen for catalase activity determination. Results indicated that a moderate experience with ethanol during the late gestational period disrupted breathing plasticity, increased ethanol intake, as well brain catalase activity. Animals postnatally exposed to ethanol increased their ethanol intake and exerted differential affective reactions on USVs and apneic episodes depending on whether the experience with ethanol occur prenatal or postnatally. Under the present experimental conditions, we failed to observe, a clear role of acetaldehyde mediating ethanol’s effects on respiratory plasticity or affective states, nevertheless gestational acetaldehyde was of crucial importance in determining subsequent ethanol intake affinity. As a whole, results emphasize the importance of considering the participation of acetaldehyde in fetal programming processes derived from a brief moderate ethanol experience early in development, which in turn, argues against “safe or harmless” ethanol levels of exposure.
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3
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Wen W, Li H, Luo J. Potential Role of MANF, an ER Stress Responsive Neurotrophic Factor, in Protecting Against Alcohol Neurotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2992-3015. [PMID: 35254650 PMCID: PMC10928853 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy is harmful to the fetus and causes a wide range of long-lasting physiological and neurocognitive impairments, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The neurobehavioral deficits observed in FASD result from structural and functional damages in the brain, with neurodegeneration being the most destructive consequence. Currently, there are no therapies for FASD. It is exigent to delineate the underlying mechanisms of alcohol neurotoxicity and develop an effective strategy of treatment. ER stress, caused by the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER, is the hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a newly discovered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responsive neurotrophic factor that regulates diverse neuronal functions. This review summarizes the recent findings revealing the effects of MANF on the CNS and its protective role against neurodegeneration. Particularly, we focus the role of MANF on alcohol-induced ER stress and neurodegeneration and discuss the therapeutic potential of MANF in treating alcohol neurotoxicity such as FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
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4
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Bassareo V, Frau R, Maccioni R, Caboni P, Manis C, Peana AT, Migheli R, Porru S, Acquas E. Ethanol-Dependent Synthesis of Salsolinol in the Posterior Ventral Tegmental Area as Key Mechanism of Ethanol's Action on Mesolimbic Dopamine. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:675061. [PMID: 34262429 PMCID: PMC8273231 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.675061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal consumption of ethanol, the ingredient responsible for alcoholic drinks' addictive liability, causes millions of deaths yearly. Ethanol's addictive potential is triggered through activation, by a still unknown mechanism, of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, part of a key motivation circuit, DA neurons in the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) projecting to the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). The present in vivo brain microdialysis study, in dually-implanted rats with one probe in the pVTA and another in the ipsilateral or contralateral AcbSh, demonstrates this mechanism. As a consequence of the oral administration of a pharmacologically relevant dose of ethanol, we simultaneously detect a) in the pVTA, a substance, 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (salsolinol), untraceable under control conditions, product of condensation between DA and ethanol's first by-product, acetaldehyde; and b) in the AcbSh, a significant increase of DA release. Moreover, such newly generated salsolinol in the pVTA is responsible for increasing AcbSh DA release via μ opioid receptor (μOR) stimulation. In fact, inhibition of salsolinol's generation in the pVTA or blockade of pVTA μORs prevents ethanol-increased ipsilateral, but not contralateral, AcbSh DA release. This evidence discloses the long-sought key mechanism of ethanol's addictive potential and suggests the grounds for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies against abnormal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bassareo
- Center of Excellence for the Study of Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra T Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Experimental Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Simona Porru
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elio Acquas
- Center of Excellence for the Study of Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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5
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Xu JF, Lu JJ, Cao Y, Wang W, Li HH, Chen JG, Wang F, Wu PF. Sulforaphane alleviates ethanol-mediated central inhibition and reverses chronic stress-induced aggravation of acute alcoholism via targeting Nrf2-regulated catalase expression. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108235. [PMID: 32710977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute ethanol intoxication by excessive drinking is an important cause of alcohol-induced death. Stress exposure has been identified as one risk factor for alcohol abuse. Previous reports indicated that stressors may augment inhibitory effects of alcohol, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we reported that chronic unpredictable stress increased the sensitivity to the acute ethanol intoxication in mice via impairing nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-catalase signaling. Nrf2 activity regulates the expression of catalase, a key antioxidant enzyme that mediates ethanol oxidation in the brain. Pharmacological blockade of catalase or Nrf2 activity significantly aggravated acute ethanol intoxication. Sulforaphane, a cruciferous vegetable-derived activator of Nrf2, significantly attenuated acute ethanol intoxication. Furthermore, the stress-induced aggravation of acute alcoholism was rapidly reversed by sulforaphane. Our findings suggest that Nrf2 may function as a novel drug target for the prevention of acute alcoholism, especially in psychiatric patients, by controlling catalase-mediated ethanol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Jing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hou-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Quintanilla ME, Ezquer F, Morales P, Ezquer M, Olivares B, Santapau D, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. N-Acetylcysteine and Acetylsalicylic Acid Inhibit Alcohol Consumption by Different Mechanisms: Combined Protection. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:122. [PMID: 32848653 PMCID: PMC7412547 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol intake results in brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which have been postulated to perpetuate alcohol intake and to induce alcohol relapse. The present study assessed the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of: (i) oxidative stress; (ii) neuroinflammation; and (iii) ethanol intake that follow the administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the anti-inflammatory acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to animals that had consumed ethanol chronically. At doses used clinically, NAC [40 mg/kg per day orally (p.o.)] and ASA (15 mg/kg per day p.o.) significantly inhibited chronic alcohol intake and relapse intake in alcohol-preferring rats. The coadministration of both drugs reduced ethanol intake by 65% to 70%. N-acetylcysteine administration: (a) induced the Nrf2-ARE system, lowering the hippocampal oxidative stress assessed as the ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/reduced glutathione (GSH); (b) reduced the neuroinflammation assessed by astrocyte and microglial activation by immunofluorescence; and (c) inhibited chronic and relapse ethanol intake. These effects were blocked by sulfasalazine, an inhibitor of the xCT transporter, which incorporates cystine (precursor of GSH) and extrudes extracellular glutamate, an agonist of the inhibitory mGlu2/3 receptor, which lowers the synaptic glutamatergic tone. The inhibitor of mGlu2/3 receptor (LY341495) blocked the NAC-induced inhibition of both relapse ethanol intake and neuroinflammation without affecting the GSSG/GSH ratio. Unlike N-acetylcysteine, ASA inhibited chronic alcohol intake and relapse via lipoxin A4, a strong anti-inflammatory metabolite of arachidonic acid generated following the ASA acetylation of cyclooxygenases. Accordingly, the lipoxin A4 receptor inhibitor, WRW4, blocked the ASA-induced reduction of ethanol intake. Overall, via different mechanisms, NAC and ASA administered in clinically relevant doses combine their effects inhibiting ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belen Olivares
- Centro de Química Médica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Miranda-Morales RS, D'Aloisio G, Anunziata F, Abate P, Molina JC. Fetal Alcohol Programming of Subsequent Alcohol Affinity: A Review Based on Preclinical, Clinical and Epidemiological Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:33. [PMID: 32210775 PMCID: PMC7077749 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomo-physiological disruptions inherent to different categories of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder do not encompass all the negative consequences derived from intrauterine ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Preclinical, clinical and epidemiological studies show that prenatal EtOH exposure also results in early programming of alcohol affinity. This affinity has been addressed through the examination of how EtOH prenatally exposed organisms recognize and prefer the drug’s chemosensory cues and their predisposition to exhibit heightened voluntary EtOH intake during infancy and adolescence. In altricial species these processes are determined by the interaction of at least three factors during stages equivalent to the 2nd and 3rd human gestational trimester: (i) fetal processing of the drug’s olfactory and gustatory attributes present in the prenatal milieu; (ii) EtOH’s recruitment of central reinforcing effects that also imply progressive sensitization to the drug’s motivational properties; and (iii) an associative learning process involving the prior two factors. This Pavlovian learning phenomenon is dependent upon the recruitment of the opioid system and studies also indicate a significant role of EtOH’s principal metabolite (acetaldehyde, ACD) which is rapidly generated in the brain via the catalase system. The central and rapid accumulation of this metabolite represents a major factor involved in the process of fetal alcohol programming. According to recent investigations, it appears that ACD exerts early positive reinforcing consequences and antianxiety effects (negative reinforcement). Finally, this review also acknowledges human clinical and epidemiological studies indicating that moderate and binge-like drinking episodes during gestation result in neonatal recognition of EtOH’s chemosensory properties coupled with a preference towards these cues. As a whole, the studies under discussion emphasize the notion that even subteratogenic EtOH exposure during fetal life seizes early functional sensory and learning capabilities that pathologically shape subsequent physiological and behavioral reactivity towards the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sebastián Miranda-Morales
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Genesis D'Aloisio
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Anunziata
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Abate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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8
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Mesenchymal stem cells as new perspective for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Gene Ther 2020; 27:471-473. [PMID: 32107474 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matsumura Y, Li N, Alwaseem H, Pagovich OE, Crystal RG, Greenblatt MB, Stiles KM. Systemic Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Therapy Prevents the Multiorgan Disorders Associated with Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Deficiency and Chronic Ethanol Ingestion. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:163-182. [PMID: 31801381 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (ALDH2), a key enzyme in ethanol metabolism, processes toxic acetaldehyde to nontoxic acetate. ALDH2 deficiency affects 8% of the world population and 35-45% of East Asians. The ALDH2*2 allele common genetic variant has a glutamic acid-to-lysine substitution at position 487 (E487K) that reduces the oxidizing ability of the enzyme resulting in systemic accumulation of acetaldehyde with ethanol ingestion. With chronic ethanol ingestion, mutations in ALDH2 are associated with a variety of hematological, neurological, and dermatological abnormalities, and an increased risk for esophageal cancer and osteoporosis. Based on our prior studies demonstrating that a one-time administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype rh.10 gene transfer vector expressing the human ALDH2 cDNA (AAVrh.10hALDH2) prevents the acute effects of ethanol administration (the "Asian flush syndrome"), we hypothesized that AAVrh.10hALDH2 would also prevent the chronic disorders associated with ALDH2 deficiency and chronic ethanol ingestion. To assess this hypothesis, AAVrh.10hALDH2 (1011 genome copies) was administered intravenously to two models of ALDH2 deficiency, Aldh2 knockout homozygous (Aldh2-/-) and knockin homozygous (Aldh2E487K+/+) mice (n = 10 per group). Four weeks after vector administration, mice were given drinking water with 10-15% ethanol for 12 weeks. Strikingly, compared with nonethanol drinking littermates, AAVrh.10hALDH2 administration prevented chronic ethanol-induced serum acetaldehyde accumulation and elevated liver malondialdehyde levels, loss of body weight, reduced hemoglobin levels, reduced performance in locomotor activity tests, accumulation of esophageal DNA damage and DNA adducts, and development of osteopenia. AAVrh.10hALDH2 should be considered as a preventative therapy for the increased risk of chronic disorders associated with ALDH2 deficiency and chronic alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsumura
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Na Li
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Odelya E Pagovich
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Katie M Stiles
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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10
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Ezquer F, Quintanilla ME, Morales P, Santapau D, Ezquer M, Kogan MJ, Salas-Huenuleo E, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reduces oxidative stress and markedly inhibits ethanol consumption and post-deprivation relapse drinking. Addict Biol 2019; 24:994-1007. [PMID: 30239077 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption leads to brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, conditions known to potentiate and perpetuate each other. Several studies have shown that neuroinflammation results in increases in chronic ethanol consumption. Recent reports showed that the intra-cerebroventricular administration of mesenchymal stem cells to rats consuming alcohol chronically markedly inhibited oxidative-stress, abolished neuroinflammation and greatly reduced chronic alcohol intake and post deprivation relapse-like alcohol intake. However, the intra-cerebroventricular administration of living cells is not suitable as a treatment of a chronic condition. The present study aimed at inhibiting ethanol intake by the non-invasive intranasal administration of human mesenchymal stem cell products: exosomes, microvesicles (40 to 150 nm) with marked antioxidant activity extruded from mesenchymal stem cells. The exosome membrane can fuse with the plasma membrane of cells in different tissues, thus delivering their content intracellularly. The study showed that the weekly intranasal administration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes to rats consuming alcohol chronically (1) inhibited their ethanol intake by 84 percent and blunted the relapse-like 'binge' drinking that follows an alcohol deprivation period and ethanol re-access. (2) Intranasally administered exosomes were found in the brain within 24 hours; (3) fully reversed both alcohol-induced hippocampal oxidative-stress, evidenced by a lower ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione, and neuroinflammation, shown by a reduced astrocyte activation and microglial density; and (4) increased glutamate transporter GLT1 expression in nucleus accumbens, counteracting the inhibition of glutamate transporter activity, reportedly depressed under oxidative-stress conditions. Possible translational implications are envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo; Chile
| | - María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile; Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile; Chile
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo; Chile
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo; Chile
| | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis); Chile
| | - Edison Salas-Huenuleo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis); Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile; Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile; Chile
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11
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Baliño P, Romero-Cano R, Sánchez-Andrés JV, Valls V, Aragón CG, Muriach M. Effects of Acute Ethanol Administration on Brain Oxidative Status: The Role of Acetaldehyde. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1672-1681. [PMID: 31211868 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH), one of the most widely consumed substances of abuse, can induce brain damage and neurodegeneration. EtOH is centrally metabolized into acetaldehyde, which has been shown to be responsible for some of the neurophysiological and cellular effects of EtOH. Although some of the consequences of chronic EtOH administration on cell oxidative status have been described, the mechanisms by which acute EtOH administration affects the brain's cellular oxidative status and the role of acetaldehyde remain to be elucidated in detail. METHODS Swiss CD-I mice were pretreated with the acetaldehyde-sequestering agent d-penicillamine (DP; 75 mg/kg, i.p.) or the antioxidant lipoic acid (LA; 50 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 minutes before EtOH (2.5 g/kg, i.p.) administration. Animals were sacrificed 30 minutes after EtOH injection. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mRNA levels; GPx and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymatic activities; reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutamate, g-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine (Glut-Cys), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations; and protein carbonyl group (CG) content were determined in whole-brain samples. RESULTS Acute EtOH administration enhanced GPx activity and the GSH/GSSG ratio, while it decreased GR activity and GSSG concentration. Pretreatment with DP or LA only prevented GPx activity changes induced by EtOH. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results show the capacity of a single dose of EtOH to unbalance cellular oxidative homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Baliño
- From the, Unitat predepartamental de Medicina, (PB, RR-C, JVS-A, VV, MM), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ricard Romero-Cano
- From the, Unitat predepartamental de Medicina, (PB, RR-C, JVS-A, VV, MM), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Juan Vicente Sánchez-Andrés
- From the, Unitat predepartamental de Medicina, (PB, RR-C, JVS-A, VV, MM), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Victoria Valls
- From the, Unitat predepartamental de Medicina, (PB, RR-C, JVS-A, VV, MM), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - María Muriach
- From the, Unitat predepartamental de Medicina, (PB, RR-C, JVS-A, VV, MM), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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12
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Peana AT, Bassareo V, Acquas E. Not Just from Ethanol. Tetrahydroisoquinolinic (TIQ) Derivatives: from Neurotoxicity to Neuroprotection. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:653-668. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Gene and cell therapy on the acquisition and relapse-like binge drinking in a model of alcoholism: translational options. Gene Ther 2019; 26:407-417. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Acetaldehyde Induces Neurotoxicity In Vitro via Oxidative Stress- and Ca 2+ Imbalance-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2593742. [PMID: 30728884 PMCID: PMC6343137 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2593742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Excessive drinking can damage brain tissue and cause cognitive dysfunction. Studies have found that the early stage of neurodegenerative disease is closely related to heavy drinking. Acetaldehyde (ADE) is the main toxic metabolite of alcohol. However, the exact mechanisms of ADE-induced neurotoxicity are not fully clear. In this article, we studied the cytotoxic effect of ADE in HT22 cells and primary cultured cortical neuronal cells. We found that ADE exhibited cytotoxicities against HT22 cells and primary cultured cortical neuronal cells in dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, ADE induced apoptosis of HT22 cells by upregulating the expression of caspase family proapoptotic proteins. Moreover, ADE treatment could significantly increase the intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and activate endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in HT22 cells. ADE upregulated ERS-related CHOP expression dose-dependently in primary cultured cortical neuronal cells. In addition, inhibition of ROS with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reduced the accumulation of ROS and reversed ADE-induced increase of ERS-related protein and apoptosis-related protein levels. Mitigation of ERS with ERS inhibitor 4-PBA obviously suppressed ADE-induced apoptosis and the expression of ERS-related proteins. Therefore, ADE induces neurotoxicity of HT22 cells via oxidative stress- and Ca2+ imbalance-mediated ERS.
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15
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Rivera-Meza M, Vásquez D, Quintanilla ME, Lagos D, Rojas B, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Activation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) by ALDA-1 reduces both the acquisition and maintenance of ethanol intake in rats: A dual mechanism? Neuropharmacology 2018; 146:175-183. [PMID: 30521820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of pre-clinical studies have shown that brain-generated acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, exerts reinforcing effects that promote the acquisition of ethanol intake, while chronic intake maintenance appears to be mediated by alcohol-induced brain neuroinflammation/oxidative stress. Recently, it was described that N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (ALDA-1) activates aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde to acetate. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ALDA-1 on both the acquisition and the maintenance of alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring UChB rats. For ethanol acquisition studies, naïve UChB rats were treated with five daily doses of ALDA-1 (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) from one day before the start of ethanol exposure. For chronic intake studies, UChB rats exposed for 98 days to a free access to 10% ethanol and water were treated daily with ALDA-1 (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) for five days. The administration of ALDA-1 reduced by 72-90% (p < 0.001) the acquisition of ethanol consumption in naïve rats. At chronic ethanol consumption, ALDA-1 reduced ethanol intake by 61-82% (p < 0.001). ALDA-1 administration increased by 3- and 2.3-fold the activity of ALDH2 in brain and liver, respectively. ALDA-1 did not affect saccharin consumption, nor it modified the rate of ethanol elimination. The study shows that the activation of ALDH2 by ALDA-1 is effective for inhibiting both the acquisition and the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake by alcohol-preferring rats. Thus, the activation of brain ALDH2 may constitute a novel approach in the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rivera-Meza
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David Vásquez
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elena Quintanilla
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Lagos
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Braulio Rojas
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Peana AT, Pintus FA, Bennardini F, Rocchitta G, Bazzu G, Serra PA, Porru S, Rosas M, Acquas E. Is catalase involved in the effects of systemic and pVTA administration of 4-methylpyrazole on ethanol self-administration? Alcohol 2017; 63:61-73. [PMID: 28847383 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative metabolism of ethanol into acetaldehyde involves several enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and catalase-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this regard, while it is well known that 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) acts by inhibiting ADH in the liver, little attention has been placed on its ability to interfere with fatty acid oxidation-mediated generation of H2O2, a mechanism that may indirectly affect catalase whose enzymatic activity requires H2O2. The aim of our investigation was twofold: 1) to evaluate the effect of systemic (i.p. [intraperitoneal]) and local (into the posterior ventral tegmental area, pVTA) administration of 4-MP on oral ethanol self-administration, and 2) to assess ex vivo whether or not systemic 4-MP affects liver and brain H2O2 availability. The results show that systemic 4-MP reduced ethanol but not acetaldehyde or saccharin self-administration, and decreased the ethanol deprivation effect. Moreover, local intra-pVTA administration of 4-MP reduced ethanol but not saccharin self-administration. In addition, although unable to affect basal catalase activity, systemic administration of 4-MP decreased H2O2 availability both in liver and in brain. Overall, these results indicate that 4-MP interferes with ethanol self-administration and suggest that its behavioral effects could be due to a decline in catalase-H2O2 system activity as a result of a reduction of H2O2 availability, thus highlighting the role of central catalase-mediated metabolism of ethanol and further supporting the key role of acetaldehyde in the reinforcing properties of ethanol.
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17
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Enrico P, Diana M. On the Accuracy of In Vivo Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Monitoring, a Key Tile in the Puzzle of Acetaldehyde as a Neuroactive Agent. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:97. [PMID: 28611604 PMCID: PMC5447755 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years researchers have explored the postulated role of acetaldehyde (ACD) as a mediator of some of the actions of ethanol (EtOH) in the central nervous system (CNS). However, efforts have been hampered mainly by the difficulty of directly measuring in vivo EtOH and ACD levels in the CNS and thus, our knowledge is based on indirect evidences. Although technically challenging, the development of reliable methods for in vivo measurement of ACD and EtOH is of paramount importance to solve the “puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent.” In this short review we discuss the recent advances on brain EtOH pharmacokinetic and state-of-the-art available techniques that could be used for in vivo detect EtOH and ACD both non-invasively (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and invasively (microdialysis and biosensors). Among the different in vivo sampling techniques described, particular emphasis is paid to the field of enzyme-based amperometric biosensors. Biosensors have gained much attention in recent years for their ability to online monitor biological signals in vivo, and several micro- and nano-structured devices have been successfully used for in vivo studies. Owing to their high temporal and spatial resolution, biosensors could provide the adequate technology for studying in vivo EtOH pharmacokinetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Enrico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Marco Diana
- 'G. Minardi' Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of SassariSassari, Italy
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18
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Peana AT, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Hipólito L, Rosas M, Porru S, Bennardini F, Romualdi P, Caputi FF, Candeletti S, Polache A, Granero L, Acquas E. Mystic Acetaldehyde: The Never-Ending Story on Alcoholism. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:81. [PMID: 28553209 PMCID: PMC5425597 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of uncertainties and drawbacks, the study on the role and significance of acetaldehyde in the effects of ethanol seemed to have found its main paths. Accordingly, the effects of acetaldehyde, after its systemic or central administration and as obtained following ethanol metabolism, looked as they were extensively characterized. However, almost 5 years after this research appeared at its highest momentum, the investigations on this topic have been revitalized on at least three main directions: (1) the role and the behavioral significance of acetaldehyde in different phases of ethanol self-administration and in voluntary ethanol consumption; (2) the distinction, in the central effects of ethanol, between those arising from its non-metabolized fraction and those attributable to ethanol-derived acetaldehyde; and (3) the role of the acetaldehyde-dopamine condensation product, salsolinol. The present review article aims at presenting and discussing prospectively the most recent data accumulated following these three research pathways on this never-ending story in order to offer the most up-to-date synoptic critical view on such still unresolved and exciting topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María J. Sánchez-Catalán
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Lucia Hipólito
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Michela Rosas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Porru
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Francesca F. Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Ana Polache
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Luis Granero
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Elio Acquas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
- Centre of Excellence on Neurobiology of Addiction, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
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19
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Orrico A, Martí-Prats L, Cano-Cebrián MJ, Granero L, Polache A, Zornoza T. Pre-Clinical Studies with D-Penicillamine as a Novel Pharmacological Strategy to Treat Alcoholism: Updated Evidences. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:37. [PMID: 28326026 PMCID: PMC5339308 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol, as other drugs of abuse, is able to activate the ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) neurons leading to positively motivational alcohol-seeking behavior and use, and, ultimately to ethanol addiction. In the last decades, the involvement of brain-derived acetaldehyde (ACD) in the ethanol actions in the mesolimbic pathway has been widely demonstrated. Consistent published results have provided a mechanistic support to the use of ACD inactivating agents to block the motivational and reinforcing properties of ethanol. Hence, in the last years, several pre-clinical studies have been performed in order to analyze the effects of the sequestering ACD agents in the prevention of ethanol relapse-like drinking behavior as well as in chronic alcohol consumption. In this sense, one of the most explored interventions has been the administration of D-Penicillamine (DP). These pre-clinical studies, that we critically summarize in this article, are considered a critical step for the potential development of a novel pharmacotherapeutic strategy for alcohol addiction treatment that could improve the outcomes of current ones. Thus, on one hand, several experimental findings provide the rationale for using DP as a novel therapeutic intervention alone and/or in combination to prevent relapse into alcohol seeking and consumption. On the other hand, its effectiveness in reducing voluntary ethanol consumption in long-term experienced animals still remains unclear. Finally, this drug offers the additional advantage that has already been approved for use in humans, hence it could be easily implemented as a new therapeutic intervention for relapse prevention in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Orrico
- Área de Investigación en Vacunas, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María J Cano-Cebrián
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Granero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Polache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Teodoro Zornoza
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
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20
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Gaztañaga M, Angulo-Alcalde A, Spear NE, Chotro MG. The Role of Acetaldehyde in the Increased Acceptance of Ethanol after Prenatal Ethanol Exposure. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:14. [PMID: 28197082 PMCID: PMC5281627 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that acetaldehyde, the first metabolite in the oxidation of ethanol, can be responsible for both, the appetitive and the aversive effects produced by ethanol intoxication. More specifically, it has been hypothesized that acetaldehyde produced in the periphery by the liver is responsible for the aversive effects of ethanol, while the appetitive effects relate to the acetaldehyde produced centrally through the catalase system. On the other hand, from studies in our and other laboratories, it is known that ethanol exposure during the last gestational days (GD) consistently enhances the postnatal acceptance of ethanol when measured during early ontogeny in the rat. This increased liking of ethanol is a conditioned appetitive response acquired by the fetus by the association of ethanol’s flavor and an appetitive reinforcer. Although this reinforcer has not yet been fully identified, one possibility points to acetaldehyde produced centrally in the fetus as a likely candidate. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that very early in the rat’s ontogeny brain catalases are functional, while the liver’s enzymatic system is still immature. In this study, rat dams were administered on GD 17–20 with water or ethanol, together with an acetaldehyde-sequestering agent (D-penicillamine). The offspring’s responses to ethanol was then assessed at different postnatal stages with procedures adequate for each developmental stage: on day 1, using the “odor crawling locomotion test” to measure ethanol’s odor attractiveness; on day 5, in an operant conditioning procedure with ethanol as the reinforcer; and on day 14 in an ethanol intake test. Results show that the absence of acetaldehyde during prenatal ethanol exposure impeded the observation of the increased acceptance of ethanol at any age. This seems to confirm the crucial role of acetaldehyde as a reinforcer in the appetitive learning occurring during prenatal ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirari Gaztañaga
- Departamento de Procesos Psicológicos Básicos y su Desarrollo, Facultad de Psicología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Asier Angulo-Alcalde
- Departamento de Procesos Psicológicos Básicos y su Desarrollo, Facultad de Psicología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Norman E Spear
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - M Gabriela Chotro
- Departamento de Procesos Psicológicos Básicos y su Desarrollo, Facultad de Psicología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián Gipuzkoa, Spain
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21
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Peana AT, Rosas M, Porru S, Acquas E. From Ethanol to Salsolinol: Role of Ethanol Metabolites in the Effects of Ethanol. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 10:137-146. [PMID: 27891052 PMCID: PMC5117487 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the global reputation of ethanol as the psychopharmacologically active ingredient of alcoholic drinks, the neurobiological basis of the central effects of ethanol still presents some dark sides due to a number of unanswered questions related to both its precise mechanism of action and its metabolism. Accordingly, ethanol represents the interesting example of a compound whose actions cannot be explained as simply due to the involvement of a single receptor/neurotransmitter, a scenario further complicated by the robust evidence that two main metabolites, acetaldehyde and salsolinol, exert many effects similar to those of their parent compound. The present review recapitulates, in a perspective manner, the major and most recent advances that in the last decades boosted a significant growth in the understanding on the role of ethanol metabolism, in particular, in the neurobiological basis of its central effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra T Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michela Rosas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Porru
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elio Acquas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.; Centre of Excellence on Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Quintanilla ME, Rivera-Meza M, Berríos-Cárcamo P, Salinas-Luypaert C, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Beyond the “First Hit”: Marked Inhibition byN-Acetyl Cysteine of Chronic Ethanol Intake But Not of Early Ethanol Intake. Parallel Effects on Ethanol-Induced Saccharin Motivation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1044-51. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Berríos-Cárcamo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Catalina Salinas-Luypaert
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
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