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Li Y, Zhang B, Xu J, Jiang X, Jing L, Tian Y, Wang K, Zhang J. Inhibiting the JNK Signaling Pathway Attenuates Hypersensitivity and Anxiety-Like Behavior in a Rat Model of Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:73. [PMID: 39046556 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) has become a leading cause of disability worldwide. Astrocyte activation in the spinal cord plays an important role in the maintenance of latent sensitization of dorsal horn neurons in LBP. However, the role of spinal c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in astrocytes in modulating pain behavior of LBP model rats and its neurobiological mechanism have not been elucidated. Here, we investigate the role of the JNK signaling pathway on hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behavior caused by repetitive nerve growth factor (NGF) injections in male non-specific LBP model rats. LBP was produced by two injections (day 0, day 5) of NGF into multifidus muscle of the low backs of rats. We observed prolonged mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in the low backs or hindpaws. Persistent anxiety-like behavior was observed, together with astrocyte, p-JNK, and neuronal activation and upregulated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) proteins in the spinal L2 segment. Second, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 was intrathecally administrated in rats from day 10 to day 12. It attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity of the low back or hindpaws and anxiety-like behavior. Meanwhile, SP600125 decreased astrocyte and neuronal activation and the expression of MCP-1 and CXCL1 proteins. These results showed that hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behavior induced by NGF in LBP rats could be attenuated by the JNK inhibitor, together with downregulation of spinal astrocyte activation, neuron activation, and inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicate that intervening with the spinal JNK signaling pathway presents an effective therapeutic approach to alleviating LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Liang Jing
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230000, Anhui Province, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230000, Anhui Province, China
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, 230000, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230000, Anhui Province, China.
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Yang C, Hu Z, Drolkar G, Jia K, Zhu C, Wang C, Li Q, Wang L, Zhang G, Jokyab T, Hu X, Li H, Xu L, Wang J, Liu C, Lin N. Tibetan medicine Ruyi Zhenbao Pill ameliorates neuropathic pain by inhibiting the CXCL10-CXCR3 pathway in spinal cord of spinal nerve ligation model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117653. [PMID: 38163561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ruyi Zhenbao Pill (RYZBP) is a traditional Tibetan medicine that has been used for over 300 years in China to treat neurological diseases, specifically neuropathic pain (NP). However, its characteristics and mechanism of action in treating NP remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on animal experiments and transcriptomics to evaluate the characteristics and mechanism of RYZBP in treating NP. METHODS Mice were divided into six groups using random assignment: sham-operation group, spinal nerve ligation (SNL) group, RYZBP low (0.65 g kg-1), medium (1.30 g kg-1), high (2.60 g kg-1) doses groups, and positive drug pregabalin (PGB, 0.05 g kg-1) group. Mice received intragastrical administered for 14 consecutive days. SNL and intrathecal injection models were employed. The analgesic effects were assessed using the Von Frey test, Acetone test, and Hot Plate test. L5 spinal dorsal horns were collected for transcriptomics on day 15. The potential signaling pathways and Hub genes of RYZBP to ameliorate NP were obtained through transcriptomics and network pharmacology. Molecular docking was utilized to evaluate the binding ability of candidate active ingredients with the Hub genes. Finally, western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to validate the predicted targets. RESULTS RYZBP demonstrated a dose-dependent alleviation of mechanical allodynia, cold and heat stimulus-induced pain in SNL mice. Transcriptomics analysis identified 24 differentially expressed genes, and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the CXCL10-CXCR3 signal axis may be the primary biological pathway through which RYZBP relieve NP. Molecular docking test indicated that the active ingredient in RYZBP exhibit a strong affinity for the target protein CXCL10. WB and IF tests showed that RYZBP can significantly inhibit CXCL10 and CXCR3 and its downstream molecules expression in the spinal dorsal horn of SNL mice. Additionally, intrathecal injection of rmCXCL10 worsened pain hypersensitivity, while RYZBP was able to suppress the pain hypersensitivity response induced by rmCXCL10 and reduce the expression levels of CXCL10 and CXCR3 and its downstream molecules. CONCLUSION RYZBP had a significant analgesic effect on NP model, and this effect may be related to inhibiting the CXCL10-CXCR3 pathway in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China; Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.1688 Meiling Avenue, Wanli District, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Zhixing Hu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Gyap Drolkar
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, Beijing Tibetology Reserch Center, No.218, Xiaoguan Beili, Anwai, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Kexin Jia
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Qun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Tsering Jokyab
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, Beijing Tibetology Reserch Center, No.218, Xiaoguan Beili, Anwai, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Xianda Hu
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, Beijing Tibetology Reserch Center, No.218, Xiaoguan Beili, Anwai, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Honghong Li
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, Beijing Tibetology Reserch Center, No.218, Xiaoguan Beili, Anwai, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Liting Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Jialing Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Chunfang Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
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Donepezil attenuates the development of morphine tolerance in rats with cancer-induced bone pain: The role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neurosci Lett 2021; 747:135678. [PMID: 33516802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP), which is associated with poor quality of life, is most commonly treated using opioids. However, long-term use of morphine for analgesia induces tolerance and can diminish the treatment's effectiveness. The mechanisms that underlie morphine tolerance have been reported to be related to the inflammation of the nervous system and hyperactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Donepezil is an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drug that is thought to alleviate morphine tolerance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of three different dosages of donepezil (1, 1.5 and 2 mg/kg) on morphine tolerance in rats with CIBP, and the possible involvement of donepezil-mediated NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1). We found that donepezil can prolong the analgesic efficacy of morphine and delay the development of chronic morphine tolerance. Furthermore, continuous morphine injection increased the expression of NR1, and this was suppressed by co-administration with donepezil using both western blotting and immunofluorescence. Our findings demonstrate that donepezil has the potential to attenuate morphine tolerance, possibly by inhibiting NR1 activity in the cortex.
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Carvalho AMS, Heimfarth L, Pereira EWM, Oliveira FS, Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Picot L, Antoniolli AR, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Phytol, a Chlorophyll Component, Produces Antihyperalgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antiarthritic Effects: Possible NFκB Pathway Involvement and Reduced Levels of the Proinflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1107-1117. [PMID: 32091204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytol is a diterpene constituent of chlorophyll and has been shown to have several pharmacological properties, particularly in relation to the management of painful inflammatory diseases. Arthritis is one of the most common of these inflammatory diseases, mainly affecting the synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone in joints. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and the NFκB signaling pathway play a pivotal role in arthritis. However, as the mechanisms of action of phytol and its ability to reduce the levels of these cytokines are poorly understood, we decided to investigate its pharmacological effects using a mouse model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Our results showed that phytol was able to inhibit joint swelling and hyperalgesia throughout the whole treatment period. Moreover, phytol reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and proinflammatory cytokine release in synovial fluid and decreased IL-6 production as well as the COX-2 immunocontent in the spinal cord. It also downregulated the p38MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that phytol can be an innovative antiarthritic agent due to its capacity to attenuate inflammatory reactions in joints and the spinal cord, mainly through the modulation of mediators that are key to the establishment of arthritic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irwin R A Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63100-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63100-000, Brazil
| | - Laurent Picot
- UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, University of La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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Casarrubea M, Aiello S, Santangelo A, Di Giovanni G, Crescimanno G. Different Representation Procedures Originated from Multivariate Temporal Pattern Analysis of the Behavioral Response to Pain in Wistar Rats Tested in a Hot-Plate under Morphine. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E233. [PMID: 31547468 PMCID: PMC6770233 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal pattern analysis is an advanced multivariate technique able to investigate the structure of behavior by unveiling the existence of statistically significant constraints among the interval length separating events in sequence. If on the one hand, such an approach allows investigating the behavioral response to pain in its most intimate and inner features, on the other hand, due to the meaning of the studies on pain, it is of relevant importance that the results utilize intuitive and easily comprehensible ways of representation. The aim of this paper is to show various procedures useful to represent the results originating from the multivariate T-pattern analysis of the behavioral response to pain in Wistar rats tested in a hot-plate and IP injected morphine or saline as a control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Casarrubea
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Biomedicine Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
| | - Stefania Aiello
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Biomedicine Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
| | - Andrea Santangelo
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Biomedicine Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida 2080, Malta.
| | - Giuseppe Crescimanno
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Biomedicine Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
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Casarrubea M, Magnusson MS, Anguera MT, Jonsson GK, Castañer M, Santangelo A, Palacino M, Aiello S, Faulisi F, Raso G, Puigarnau S, Camerino O, Di Giovanni G, Crescimanno G. T-pattern detection and analysis for the discovery of hidden features of behaviour. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:24-32. [PMID: 29935197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behaviour of all living beings consists of hidden patterns in time; consequently, its nature and its underlying dynamics are intrinsically difficult to be perceived and detected by the unaided observer. METHOD Such a scientific challenge calls for improved means of detection, data handling and analysis. By using a powerful and versatile technique known as T-pattern detection and analysis (TPA) it is possible to unveil hidden relationships among the behavioural events in time. RESULTS TPA is demonstrated to be a solid and versatile tool to study the deep structure of behaviour in different experimental contexts, both in human and non human subjects. CONCLUSION This review deepens and extends contents recently published by adding new concepts and examples concerning the applications of TPA in the study of behaviour both in human and non-human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Casarrubea
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (Bio.Ne.C.), Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Italy.
| | - M S Magnusson
- Human Behavior Laboratory, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M T Anguera
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - G K Jonsson
- Human Behavior Laboratory, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Castañer
- INEFC (National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia) and IRBLLEIDA (Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation), University of Lleida, Spain
| | - A Santangelo
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (Bio.Ne.C.), Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Italy; Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Palacino
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (Bio.Ne.C.), Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Italy
| | - S Aiello
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (Bio.Ne.C.), Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Italy
| | - F Faulisi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (Bio.Ne.C.), Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Italy
| | - G Raso
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (Bio.Ne.C.), Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Italy
| | - S Puigarnau
- INEFC (National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia) and IRBLLEIDA (Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation), University of Lleida, Spain
| | - O Camerino
- INEFC (National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia) and IRBLLEIDA (Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation), University of Lleida, Spain
| | - G Di Giovanni
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - G Crescimanno
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (Bio.Ne.C.), Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Italy
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Santangelo A, Provensi G, Costa A, Blandina P, Ricca V, Crescimanno G, Casarrubea M, Passani MB. Brain histamine depletion enhances the behavioural sequences complexity of mice tested in the open-field: Partial reversal effect of the dopamine D2/D3 antagonist sulpiride. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:533-542. [PMID: 27833003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Markers of histaminergic dysregulation were found in several neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by repetitive behaviours, thoughts and stereotypies. We analysed the effect of acute histamine depletion by means of i. c.v. injections of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, a blocker of histidine decarboxylase, on the temporal organization of motor sequences of CD1 mice behaviour in the open-field test. An ethogram encompassing 9 behavioural components was employed. Durations and frequencies were only slightly affected by treatments. However, as revealed by multivariate t-pattern analysis, histamine depletion was associated with a striking increase in the number of behavioural patterns. We found 42 patterns of different composition occurring, on average, 520.90 ± 50.23 times per mouse in the histamine depleted (HD) group, whereas controls showed 12 different patterns occurring on average 223.30 ± 20.64 times. Exploratory and grooming behaviours clustered separately, and the increased pattern complexity involved exclusively exploratory patterns. To test the hypothesis of a histamine-dopamine interplay on behavioural pattern phenotype, non-sedative doses of the D2/D3 antagonist sulpiride (12.5-25-50 mg/kg) were additionally administered to different groups of HD mice. Sulpiride counterbalanced the enhancement of exploratory patterns of different composition, but it did not affect the mean number of patterns at none of the doses used. Our results provide new insights on the role of histamine on repetitive behavioural sequences of freely moving mice. Histamine deficiency is correlated with a general enhancement of pattern complexity. This study supports a putative involvement of histamine in the pathophysiology of tics and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy; S.O.D. Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessia Costa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Patrizio Blandina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy; S.O.D. Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Crescimanno
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casarrubea
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Passani
- Maria Beatrice Passani Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
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