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Pejcic B, Crooke E, Doherty CM, Hill AJ, Myers M, Qi X, Ross A. The impact of water and hydrocarbon concentration on the sensitivity of a polymer-based quartz crystal microbalance sensor for organic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 703:70-9. [PMID: 21843677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term environmental monitoring of organic compounds in natural waters requires sensors that respond reproducibly and linearly over a wide concentration range, and do not degrade with time. Although polymer coated piezoelectric based sensors have been widely used to detect hydrocarbons in aqueous solution, very little information exists regarding their stability and suitability over extended periods in water. In this investigation, the influence of water aging on the response of various polymer membranes [polybutadiene (PB), polyisobutylene (PIB), polystyrene (PS), polystyrene-co-butadiene (PSB)] was studied using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). QCM measurements revealed a modest increase in sensitivity towards toluene for PB and PIB membranes at concentrations above 90 ppm after aging in water for 4 days. In contrast, the sensitivity of PS and PSB coated QCM sensors depended significantly on the toluene concentration and increased considerably at concentrations above 90 ppm after aging in water for 4 days. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) showed that there is a change in the sorption mechanism at higher toluene levels for PS and PSB. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) studies were performed to investigate the free volume properties of all polymers and to monitor any changes in the free volume size and distribution due to water and toluene exposure. The PALS did not detect any considerable variation in the free volume properties of the polymer films as a function of solution composition and soaking time, implying that viscoelastic and/or interfacial processes (i.e. surface area changes) are probably responsible for variations in the QCM sensitivity at high hydrocarbon concentrations. The results suggest that polymer membrane conditioning in water is an issue that needs to be considered when performing QCM measurements in the aqueous phase. In addition, the study shows that the hydrocarbon response is concentration dependant for polymers with a high glass transition temperature, and this feature is often neglected when comparing sensor sensitivity in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Pejcic
- CSIRO, Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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Thomas PC, Halter M, Tona A, Raghavan SR, Plant AL, Forry SP. A Noninvasive Thin Film Sensor for Monitoring Oxygen Tension during in Vitro Cell Culture. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9239-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9013379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Thomas
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and SAIC, Arlington, VA 22203
| | - Michael Halter
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and SAIC, Arlington, VA 22203
| | - Alessandro Tona
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and SAIC, Arlington, VA 22203
| | - Srinivasa R. Raghavan
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and SAIC, Arlington, VA 22203
| | - Anne L. Plant
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and SAIC, Arlington, VA 22203
| | - Samuel P. Forry
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and SAIC, Arlington, VA 22203
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Pejcic B, Myers M, Ross A. Mid-infrared sensing of organic pollutants in aqueous environments. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:6232-53. [PMID: 22454582 PMCID: PMC3312441 DOI: 10.3390/s90806232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of chemical sensors for monitoring the levels of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment has received a great deal of attention in recent decades. In particular, the mid-infrared (MIR) sensor based on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) is a promising analytical tool that has been used to detect a variety of hydrocarbon compounds (i.e., aromatics, alkyl halides, phenols, etc.) dissolved in water. It has been shown that under certain conditions the MIR-ATR sensor is capable of achieving detection limits in the 10-100 ppb concentration range. Since the infrared spectral features of every single organic molecule are unique, the sensor is highly selective, making it possible to distinguish between many different analytes simultaneously. This review paper discusses some of the parameters (i.e., membrane type, film thickness, conditioning) that dictate MIR-ATR sensor response. The performance of various chemoselective membranes which are used in the fabrication of the sensor will be evaluated. Some of the challenges associated with long-term environmental monitoring are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Pejcic
- CSIRO Petroleum, P.O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia; E-Mails: ;
| | - Matthew Myers
- CSIRO Petroleum, P.O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia; E-Mails: ;
| | - Andrew Ross
- CSIRO Petroleum, P.O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia; E-Mails: ;
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Dhoot G, Auras R, Rubino M, Dolan K, Soto-Valdez H. Determination of eugenol diffusion through LLDPE using FTIR-ATR flow cell and HPLC techniques. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guo J, Barbari TA. A Dual Mode, Local Equilibrium Relaxation Model for Small Molecule Diffusion in a Glassy Polymer. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juchen Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Timothy A. Barbari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Dobbs GT, Balu B, Young C, Kranz C, Hess DW, Mizaikoff B. Mid-Infrared Chemical Sensors Utilizing Plasma-Deposited Fluorocarbon Membranes. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9566-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac070832g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary T. Dobbs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Balamurali Balu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Christina Young
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Christine Kranz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Dennis W. Hess
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
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Flavin K, Mullowney J, Murphy B, Owens E, Kirwan P, Murphy K, Hughes H, McLoughlin P. The development of novel organically modified sol-gel media for use with ATR/FTIR sensing. Analyst 2007; 132:224-9. [PMID: 17325755 DOI: 10.1039/b612402j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to prepare and develop novel pre-concentration media by the sol-gel process, and their integration with mid-infrared transparent waveguides has been demonstrated. This research approach resulted in a mid-infrared sensing methodology in which the properties (porosity, functionality, polarity, etc.) of the recognition layer could be tailored by variation of the sol-gel precursors and processing conditions. Cross-linker type and concentration notably influenced p-xylene absorption and diffusion rate. Unreacted silanol groups appeared to be the dominant factor in the hydrophobicity of sol-gel layers. Variation of sol-gel precursors and thermal treatment altered both film cross-link density and polarity, as demonstrated by variation in the rate of analyte diffusion and equilibrium analyte concentration. The use of a novel 1 : 1 PTMOS : DPDMS material as pre-concentration medium in this analytical sensing approach was validated through the determination of p-nitrochlorobenzene in an aqueous environment. The response demonstrated linearity between 0-30 mg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.989 and a limit of detection of 0.7 mg L(-1). Sensing times for p-nitrochlorobenzene were also reduced from several hours to 24 minutes, without loss of measurement accuracy or sensitivity, by a 10 degrees C increase in the sensing temperature and the use of a predictive Fickian model previously developed by this research group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Flavin
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road, Waterford City, Ireland
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Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Gallego M, Valcárcel M. ATR-FT-IR Membrane-Based Sensor for Integrated Microliquid−Liquid Extraction and Detection. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7472-7. [PMID: 16285702 DOI: 10.1021/ac0507643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel straightforward membrane-based sensor, which uses attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy has been developed. The flow cell designed permits the on-line microliquid-liquid extraction of the target analyte into a organic solvent layer (OSL), which was deposited on the ATR surface using a sequential injection manifold. The aqueous and organic phases are separated via a commercial hydrophobic membrane placed on the PTFE piece of the cell. The main advantage of the proposed device is that the OSL can be created and regenerated in a continuous manner using the automatic manifold without opening the cell. The analytes are enriched into the OSL after diffusion through the membrane, which excludes the typical absorption bands of water. In addition, the behavior of different organic solvents was evaluated in order to increase the applicability and versatility of the proposed system. Finally, the analytical performance of the design was established for the detection and quantitation of Triton X100 in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lucena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Spain
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