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Ahn S, Bae S. Synthesis and Characterization of a Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Ionic Liquid/Polyaniline Adsorbent for a Solvent-Free In-Needle Microextraction Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083517. [PMID: 37110753 PMCID: PMC10142705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is an essential process when handling complex matrices. Extraction without using a solvent requires the direct transfer of analytes from the sample to the adsorbent either in the gas or liquid phase. In this study, a wire coated with a new adsorbent was fabricated for in-needle microextraction (INME) as a solvent-free sample extraction method. The wire inserted into the needle was placed in the headspace (HS), which was saturated with volatile organic compounds from the sample in a vial. A new adsorbent was synthesized via electrochemical polymerization by mixing aniline with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in the presence of an ionic liquid (IL). The newly synthesized adsorbent using IL is expected to achieve high thermal stability, good solvation properties, and high extraction efficiency. The characteristics of the electrochemically synthesized surfaces coated with MWCNT-IL/polyaniline (PANI) adsorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Then, the proposed HS-INME-MWCNT-IL/PANI method was optimized and validated. Accuracy and precision were evaluated by analyzing replicates of a real sample containing phthalates, showing spike recovery between 61.13% and 108.21% and relative standard deviations lower than 15%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the proposed method were computed using the IUPAC definition as 15.84~50.56 μg and 52.79~168.5 μg, respectively. We concluded that HS-INME using a wire coated with the MWCNT-IL/PANI adsorbent could be repeatedly used up to 150 times without degrading its extraction performance in an aqueous solution; it constitutes an eco-friendly and cost-effective extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
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Zhang XW, Chu YJ, Li YH, Li XJ. Matrix compatibility of typical sol-gel solid-phase microextraction coatings in undiluted plasma and whole blood for the analysis of phthalic acid esters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2493-2503. [PMID: 35171297 PMCID: PMC8853384 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03890-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sol-gel materials have been widely used for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coatings due to their outstanding performance; in contrast, sol-gel SPME coatings have seldom been used for in vivo sampling. The main reason is that their matrix compatibility is unclear. In order to promote the application of this type of coating and accelerate the development of in vivo SPME, in this study, the matrix compatibility of several typical sol-gel coatings was assessed in plasma and whole blood using phthalic acid esters as analytes. The service life of five kinds of sol-gel coatings was among 20-35 times in undiluted plasma, while it was 27 times for a homemade commercial polydimethylsiloxane coating, which indicates good matrix compatibility of sol-gel coatings in untreated plasma. The sol-gel hydroxy-terminated silicone oil/methacrylic acid fiber achieved the highest extraction ability among all of the fibers, and it was tested in pig whole blood. It could be continuously used for at least 22 times, demonstrating good potential for in vivo sampling. Subsequently, a direct-immersion SPME/gas chromatography-flame ionization detection method was established for the determination of 5 phthalic acid esters in blood. Compared with other methods reported in the literature, this method is rapid, simple, sensitive, and accurate, and does not need expensive instruments or tedious procedures. A simulation system of animal blood circulation was constructed to verify the practicability of sol-gel SPME coatings in animal vein sampling. The result illustrated the feasibility of that coating for in vivo blood sampling, but a more accurate quantification calibration approach needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yao-Juan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science &Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Lou C, Guo D, Zhang K, Wu C, Zhang P, Zhu Y. Simultaneous determination of 11 phthalate esters in bottled beverages by graphene oxide coated hollow fiber membrane extraction coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1007:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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In-needle Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Phthalates Generating from Food Containers. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rocha BA, de Oliveira ARM, Barbosa F. A fast and simple air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for the simultaneous determination of bisphenols, parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 183:94-101. [PMID: 29567194 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The increasing awareness and public concern with hazard exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals calls for methods capable to handle numerous samples in short analysis time. In this present study, a novel method combining air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed and validated for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of 7 bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol S, bisphenol AP, bisphenol P, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF, bisphenol Z), 7 parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, benzyl-paraben, methyl-protocatechuic acid, and ethyl-protocatechuic acid), 5 benzophenones (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-8, and 4-hydroxybenzophenone), and two antimicrobials (triclosan and triclocarban) in human urine samples. Type and volume of solvent, extraction time (cycles), pH sample, ionic strength, agitation, and needle dimensions were evaluated. The matrix-matched calibration curves of all analytes were linear with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 in the range level of 1.0-20.0 ng mL-1. The relative standard deviation, precision, at three concentrations (1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng mL-1) was lower than 15% with accuracy ranging from 90% to 114%. The biomonitoring capability of the new proposed method was confirmed with the analysis of 50 human urine samples randomly collected from Brazilian children. High urinary concentrations of several EDCs associated with usage of personal care products were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Alves Rocha
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departmento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Analytical methods for the assessment of endocrine disrupting chemical exposure during human fetal and lactation stages: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:27-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Krieger S, Schmitz OJ. Non-destructive plasticizer screening using a direct inlet probe-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source and ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1862-1870. [PMID: 25088130 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent years, several ambient ionization techniques, where solid and/or liquid samples are brought directly into the ion source without any sample preparation and chromatographic separation, have been introduced for mass spectrometric (MS) analyses. Using the direct inlet probe-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DIP-APCI)-MS and DIP-APCI-MS(n) methods presented here, a non-destructive screening analysis for plasticizers directly from plastic articles can be performed. METHODS The DIP-APCI ion source developed in our laboratory uses a temperature-programmed push rod to introduce solid or liquid samples into a homemade APCI ion source. The DIP-APCI ion source was coupled to an ion trap (IT) mass spectrometer and selected source parameters were optimized. To enable a screening analysis for plasticizers, standards substances of several phthalates and other plasticizers were analyzed and their fragmentation behavior during collision-induced dissociation (CID) was studied. RESULTS Using DIP-APCI-ITMS, plasticizers can be detected directly from plastic articles and identification is possible through MS(n) experiments. For example, the isomeric phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate can be differentiated according to their fragmentation behavior. CONCLUSIONS There are several advantages of the DIP-APCI source in comparison to many other ambient desorption ion sources: (i) well-defined gas phase matrix, (ii) precisely adjustable reagent gases (e.g. O2 for negative APCI), (iii) well-defined probe temperature, and (iv) fully automated operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krieger
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Özer ET, Güçer Ş. Determination of some phthalate acid esters in artificial saliva by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after activated carbon enrichment. Talanta 2011; 84:362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kole PL, Venkatesh G, Kotecha J, Sheshala R. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:199-217. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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He J, Lv R, Zhan H, Wang H, Cheng J, Lu K, Wang F. Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted solid-phase micro-extraction fibers for selective extraction of phthalates in an aqueous sample. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 674:53-8. [PMID: 20638499 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) that was applied to a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) device, which could be coupled directly to gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (GC/MS), was prepared using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as the template molecule. The characteristics and application of this fiber were investigated. Electron microscope images indicated that the MIP-coated solid-phase micro-extraction (MI-SPME) fibers were homogeneous and porous. The extraction yield of DBP with the MI-SPME fibers was higher than that of the non-imprinted polymer (NIP)-coated SPME (NI-SPME) fibers. The MI-SPME fibers had a higher selectivity to other phthalates that had similar structures as DBP. A method was developed for the determination of phthalates using MI-SPME fibers coupled with GC/MS. The extraction conditions were optimized. Detection limits for the phthalate samples were within the range of 2.17-20.84 ng L(-1). The method was applied to five kinds of phthalates dissolved in spiked aqueous samples and resulted in recoveries of up to 94.54-105.34%, respectively. Thus, the MI-SPME fibers are suitable for the extraction of trace phthalates in complicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of, Technology, LianHua Road, Zhengzhou 450051, China.
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Akapo SO, McCrea CM. SPME–GC determination of potential volatile organic leachables in aqueous-based pharmaceutical formulations packaged in overwrapped LDPE vials. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:526-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xue R, Dong L, Zhang S, Deng C, Liu T, Wang J, Shen X. Investigation of volatile biomarkers in liver cancer blood using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1181-1186. [PMID: 18350562 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the detection of liver cancer volatile biomarkers. Headspace SPME conditions (fiber coating, extraction temperature and extraction time) and desorption conditions were optimized and applied to the determination of volatiles in human blood. Between the liver cancer group (n = 19) and the normal group (n = 18), positive rates of 19 volatile compounds among the total of 47 detected were found to be different with statistical significance (p < 0.05, chi-squared test). We suggested hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and octane, of the 19 compounds, as biomarkers of liver cancer with clinical diagnostic value. The sensitivity and specificity of 94.7% and 100% for hexanal, 84.2% and 100% for 1-octen-3-ol, and 89.5% and 100% for octane were obtained, respectively, after the cutoff values had been properly established. These results show that SPME-GC/MS is a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the investigation of volatile disease markers in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Xue
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang R, Yue Y, Hua R, Yan W. Factors affecting the separation of phthalate esters, and their analysis, by HPTLC. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2007. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.20.2007.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Colón I, Richoll SM. Determination of methyl and ethyl esters of methanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids in active pharmaceutical ingredients by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to GC/SIM-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:477-85. [PMID: 15950423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development, optimization and validation of an extraction method for methyl and ethyl esters of various sulfonic acids is presented. The extraction and determination of these esters in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was accomplished using solid-phase microextraction coupled to GC/MS in the SIM mode. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency are discussed. This method was validated as a limits test and allows the determination of the sulfonic esters at the 5 ppm level in APIs. The method proved to be reproducible (%R.S.D.s less than 6%) and suitable for use with external standard quantitation, and also met basic validation requirements. This method offers numerous advantages over liquid-liquid extraction methods and was also compared to other extraction techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) also being developed in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelisse Colón
- Pfizer Global R and D, Analytical R and D, Eastern Point Road, Mail Stop 4077, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:973-84. [PMID: 16034836 DOI: 10.1002/jms.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Tienpont B, David F, Dewulf E, Sandra P. Pitfalls and Solutions for the Trace Determination of Phthalates in Water Samples. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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