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Aly AA, Górecki T. Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:E1719. [PMID: 32283595 PMCID: PMC7180442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparing a sample for analysis is a crucial step of many analytical procedures. The goal of sample preparation is to provide a representative, homogenous sample that is free of interferences and compatible with the intended analytical method. Green approaches to sample preparation require that the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and energy be minimized or even eliminated in the analytical process. While no sample preparation is clearly the most environmentally friendly approach, complete elimination of this step is not always practical. In such cases, the extraction techniques which use low amounts of solvents or no solvents are considered ideal alternatives. This paper presents an overview of green extraction procedures and sample preparation methodologies, briefly introduces their theoretical principles, and describes the recent developments in food, pharmaceutical, environmental and bioanalytical chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A. Aly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate 61519, Egypt
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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2
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Magnetic nanoparticle-molecular imprinted polymer: A new impedimetric sensor for tributyltin detection. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou M, Tsopelas F, Ruzik L, Bierła K, Szpunar J. Selenium and Selenium Species. Metallomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527694907.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou
- National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Iroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou Campus 157 80 Athens Greece
| | - Fotios Tsopelas
- Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Lena Ruzik
- National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Iroon Polytechneiou 9, Zografou Campus 157 80 Athens Greece
| | - Katarzyna Bierła
- Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- CNRS-UPPA IPREM; , Laboratory of Bioinorganic Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, UMR 5254; 2, Avenue Président Angot 64053 Pau France
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Levine KE, Young DJ, Afton SE, Harrington JM, Essader AS, Weber FX, Fernando RA, Thayer K, Hatch EE, Robinson VG, Waidyanatha S. Development, validation, and application of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of six organotin compounds in human serum. Talanta 2015; 140:115-121. [PMID: 26048832 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTCs) are heavily employed by industry for a wide variety of applications, including the production of plastics and as biocides. Reports of environmental prevalence, differential toxicity between OTCs, and poorly characterized human exposure have fueled the demand for sensitive, selective speciation methods. The objective of this investigation was to develop and validate a rapid, sensitive, and selective analytical method for the simultaneous determination of a suite of organotin compounds, including butyl (mono-, di-, and tri-substituted) and phenyl (mono-, di-, and tri-substituted) species in human serum. The analytical method utilized ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). The small (sub-2 µm) particle size of the UPLC column stationary phase and the sensitivity of the SF-ICP-MS enabled separation and sensitive determination of the analyte suite with a runtime of approximately 3 min. Validation activities included demonstration of method linearity over the concentration range of approximately 0.250-13.661 ng mL(-1), depending on the species; intraday precision of less than 21%, interday precision of less than 18%, intraday accuracy of -5.3% to 19%, and interday accuracy of -14% to 15% for all species; specificity, and matrix impact. In addition, sensitivity, and analyte stability under different storage scenarios were evaluated. Analyte stability was found to be limited for most species in freezer, refrigerator, and freeze-thaw conditions. The validated method was then applied for the determination of the OTCs in human serum samples from women participating in the Snart-Foraeldre/MiljØ (Soon-Parents/Environment) Study. The concentration of each OTC ranged from below the experimental limit of quantitation to 10.929 ng tin (Sn) mL(-1) serum. Speciation values were confirmed by a total Sn analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Levine
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Daniel J Young
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Scott E Afton
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Amal S Essader
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Frank X Weber
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Kristina Thayer
- Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Hatch
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Noventa S, Barbaro J, Formalewicz M, Gion C, Rampazzo F, Brusà RB, Gabellini M, Berto D. A fast and effective routine method based on HS-SPME–GC–MS/MS for the analysis of organotin compounds in biota samples. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 858:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cacho J, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. Headspace sorptive extraction for the analysis of organotin compounds using thermal desorption and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1279:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pharmacokinetic Study of Di-Phenyl-Di-(2,4-Difluobenzohydroxamato)Tin(IV): Novel Metal-Based Complex with Promising Antitumor Potential. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2012; 2012:210682. [PMID: 22400014 PMCID: PMC3287010 DOI: 10.1155/2012/210682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-phenyl-di-(2,4-difluobenzohydroxamato)tin(IV)(DPDFT), a new metal-based arylhydroxamate antitumor complex, showed high in vivo and in vitro antitumor activity with relative low toxicity, but no data was reported regarding its pharmacokinetics and dependent toxicity. In this paper, a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible HPLC method in vivo using Diamonsil ODS column with a mixture of methanol and phosphoric acid in water (30 : 70, V/V, pH 3.0) as mobile phase was developed and validated for the determination of DPDFT. The plasma was deproteinized with methanol that contained acetanilide as the internal standard (I.S.). The photodiode array detector was set at a wavelength of 228 nm at room temperature and a linear curve over the concentration range 0.1~25 μg·mL−1 (r = 0.9993) was obtained. The method was used to determine the concentration-time profiles for DPDFT in the plasma after single intravenous administration with doses of 5, 10, 15 mg·kg−1 to rats. The pharmacokinetics parameter calculations and modeling were carried out using the 3p97 software. The results showed that the concentration-time curves of DPDFT in rat plasma could be fitted to two-compartment model.
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Campillo N, Viñas P, Peñalver R, Cacho JI, Hernández-Córdoba M. Solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography for the speciation of organotin compounds in honey and wine samples: A comparison of atomic emission and mass spectrometry detectors. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cui Z, Zhang K, Zhou Q, Liu J, Jiang G. Determination of methyltin compounds in urine of occupationally exposed and general population by in situ ethylation and headspace SPME coupled with GC-FPD. Talanta 2011; 85:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Optimisation of stir bar sorptive extraction and in-tube derivatisation–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of several endocrine disruptor compounds in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:339-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tzollas NM, Zachariadis GA. Speciation of inorganic and tetramethyltin by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1610-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for butyltin analysis in sediments: Optimization and validation. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lambropoulou DA, Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA. Recent developments in headspace microextraction techniques for the analysis of environmental contaminants in different matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:70-96. [PMID: 17379234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Headspace microextraction procedures such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and single drop microextraction (SDME) or liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) are increasingly used for the extraction of environmental organic pollutants from a variety of aqueous, viscous, semisolid and solid environmental and biological matrices. In this article, recent analytical applications of these methodologies when used as an isolation and trace enrichment step prior to the analysis of organic pollutants (pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, organotin compounds, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, phthalates, etc.) by gas and liquid chromatography are reviewed. The applicability and inherent limitations of headspace microextraction are also discussed. The future direction of research in this field and general trends toward commercial applications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Ouyang G, Pawliszyn J. SPME in environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1059-73. [PMID: 16673085 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in environmental analysis, including fiber coatings, derivatization techniques, and in-tube SPME, are reviewed in this article. Several calibration methods for SPME, including traditional calibration methods, the equilibrium extraction method, the exhaustive extraction method, and several diffusion-based calibration methods, are presented. Recent developed SPME devices for on-site sampling and several applications of SPME in environmental analysis are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Ouyang
- chool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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