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Park SY, Son SY, Lee I, Nam H, Ryu B, Park S, Yun C. Highly Sensitive Biosensors Based on All-PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Laser-Induced Micropatterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:46664-46676. [PMID: 39180554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in numerous biological applications have increased the accuracy of monitoring the level of biologically significant analytes in the human body to manage personal nutrition and physiological conditions. However, despite promising reports about costly wearable devices with high sensing performance, there has been a growing demand for inexpensive sensors that can quickly detect biological molecules. Herein, we present highly sensitive biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which are types of organic semiconductor-based sensors that operate consistently at low operating voltages in aqueous solutions. Instead of the gold or platinum electrode used in current electrochemical devices, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was used as both the channel and gate electrodes in the OECT. Additionally, to overcome the patterning resolution limitations of conventional solution processing, we confirmed that the irradiation of a high-power IR laser (λ = 1064 nm) onto the coated PEDOT:PSS film was able to produce spatially resolvable micropatterns in a digital-printing manner. The proposed patterning technique exhibits high suitability for the fabrication of all-PEDOT:PSS OECT devices. The device geometry was optimized by fine-tuning the gate area and the channel-to-gate distance. Consequently, the sensor for detecting ascorbic acid (vitamin C) concentrations in an electrolyte exhibited the best sensitivity of 125 μA dec-1 with a limit of detection of 1.3 μM, which is nearly 2 orders of magnitude higher than previous findings. Subsequently, an all-plastic flexible epidermal biosensor was established by transferring the patterned all-PEDOT:PSS OECT from a glass substrate to a PET substrate, taking full advantage of the flexibility of PEDOT:PSS. The prepared all-plastic sensor device is highly cost-effective and suitable for single-use applications because of its acceptable sensing performance and reliable signal for detecting vitamin C. Additionally, the epidermal sensor successfully obtained the temporal profile of vitamin C in the sweat of a human volunteer after the consumption of vitamin C drinks. We believe that the highly sensitive all-PEDOT:PSS OECT device fabricated using the accurate patterning process exhibits versatile potential as a low-cost and single-use biosensor for emerging bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yeon Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeong Son
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Inwoo Lee
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuckjin Nam
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Boeun Ryu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejung Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yun
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Dallaire N, Boileau NT, Myers I, Brixi S, Ourabi M, Raluchukwu E, Cranston R, Lamontagne HR, King B, Ronnasi B, Melville OA, Manion JG, Lessard BH. High Throughput Characterization of Organic Thin Film Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406105. [PMID: 39149766 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Automation is vital to accelerating research. In recent years, the application of self-driving labs to materials discovery and device optimization has highlighted many benefits and challenges inherent to these new technologies. Successful automated workflows offer tangible benefits to fundamental science and industrial scale-up by significantly increasing productivity and reproducibility all while enabling entirely new types of experiments. However, it's implemtation is often time-consuming and cost-prohibitive and necessitates establishing multidisciplinary teams that bring together domain-specific knowledge with specific skillsets in computer science and engineering. This perspective article provides a comprehensive overview of how the research group has adopted "hybrid automation" over the last 8 years by using simple automatic electrical testers (autotesters) as a tool to increase productivity and enhance reproducibility in organic thin film transistor (OTFT) research. From wearable and stretchable electronics to next-generation sensors and displays, OTFTs have the potential to be a key technology that will enable new applications from health to aerospace. The combination of materials chemistry, device manufacturing, thin film characterization and electrical engineering makes OTFT research challenging due to the large parameter space created by both diverse material roles and device architectures. Consequently, this research stands to benefit enormously from automation. By leveraging the multidisciplinary team and taking a user-centered design approach in the design and continued improvement of the autotesters, the group has meaningfully increased productivity, explored research avenues impossible with traditional workflows, and developed as scientists and engineers capable of effectively designing and leveraging automation to build the future of their fields to encourage this approach, the files for replicating the infrastructure are included, and questions and potential collaborations are welcomed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dallaire
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicholas T Boileau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ian Myers
- University of Ottawa Electronics shop, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Samantha Brixi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - May Ourabi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ewenike Raluchukwu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rosemary Cranston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Halynne R Lamontagne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Benjamin King
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bahar Ronnasi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Owen A Melville
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, 80 St George St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Joseph G Manion
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Chiodini S, Dinelli F, Martinez NF, Donati S, Albonetti C. Identification of ultra-thin molecular layers atop monolayer terraces in sub-monolayer organic films with scanning probe microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 240:113598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Chu Y, Tan H, Zhao C, Wu X, Ding SJ. Power-Efficient Gas-Sensing and Synaptic Diodes Based on Lateral Pentacene/a-IGZO PN Junctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9368-9376. [PMID: 35147029 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Function convergence of gas sensing and neuromorphic computing is attracting much research attention due to the promising potential in electronic olfactory, artificial intelligence, and internet of everything systems. However, the current neuromorphic gas-sensing systems are either realized via integration of gas detectors and neuromorphic devices or operating with three-terminal synaptic transistors at high voltages, leading to a rather high system complexity or power consumption. Herein, gas-modulated synaptic diodes with lateral structures are developed to converge sensing, processing, and storage functions into a single device. The lateral synaptic diode is based on a p-n junction of an organic semiconductor (OSC) and amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O, in which the upper OSC layer can directly interact with the gas molecules in the atmosphere. Typical synaptic behaviors triggered by ammonia, including inhibitory postsynaptic current and paired-pulse depression, are successfully demonstrated. Meanwhile, a low power consumption of 6.3 pJ per synaptic event has been achieved, which benefits from the simple device structure, the decent chemosensitivity of the OSC, and the low operation voltage. A simulated ammonia analysis in human exhaled breath is further conducted to explore the practical application of the synaptic diode. Therefore, this work provides a gas-modulated synaptic diode for circuit-compact and power-efficient artificial olfactory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Chu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haotian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shi-Jin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- National Integrated Circuit Innovation Center, Shanghai 201203, China
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Gas Sensors Based on Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010213. [PMID: 28117760 PMCID: PMC5298784 DOI: 10.3390/s17010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on polymer field-effect transistor (PFET) based gas sensor with polymer as the sensing layer, which interacts with gas analyte and thus induces the change of source-drain current (ΔISD). Dependent on the sensing layer which can be semiconducting polymer, dielectric layer or conducting polymer gate, the PFET sensors can be subdivided into three types. For each type of sensor, we present the molecular structure of sensing polymer, the gas analyte and the sensing performance. Most importantly, we summarize various analyte–polymer interactions, which help to understand the sensing mechanism in the PFET sensors and can provide possible approaches for the sensor fabrication in the future.
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Huang L, Wang Z, Zhu X, Chi L. Electrical gas sensors based on structured organic ultra-thin films and nanocrystals on solid state substrates. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2016; 1:383-393. [PMID: 32260628 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensors, as useful tools to detect specific gas species such as toxic and explosive gases or volatile organic compounds, are the key components for environmental monitoring, fruit maturity and food safety monitoring, health care, and so on. The present commercial products based on porous metal oxide materials still face problems, such as high temperature operation and low level of selectivity. Thin films or nanostructures of organic materials with thickness or grain size down to nanometer scale represent promising candidates for gas sensing due to their potential for achieving high selectivity, portability and low cost. However, there are still challenges related to their stability, reproducibility and response/recovery speed despite the efforts in materials design, morphology control or device configuration, all of which have been expended during the last few decades. In this review, we summarize the progress of recent research on gas sensors based on organic ultra-thin films and nanostructures. We specifically discuss the effect of microstructure in the active layer on the sensing performance and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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Lv A, Wang M, Wang Y, Bo Z, Chi L. Investigation into the Sensing Process of High-Performance H2S Sensors Based on Polymer Transistors. Chemistry 2016; 22:3654-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Lv
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech); Universität Münster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Xinjiekouwaidajie Street 19 Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Yandong Wang
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech); Universität Münster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Zhishan Bo
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Xinjiekouwaidajie Street 19 Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech); Universität Münster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials; Devices Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM); Soochow University; Renai Rd. 199 215123 Suzhou P.R. China
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Vishinkin R, Haick H. Nanoscale Sensor Technologies for Disease Detection via Volatolomics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6142-64. [PMID: 26448487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of many diseases is missed because of delayed diagnoses or the low efficacy of some treatments. This emphasizes the urgent need for inexpensive and minimally invasive technologies that would allow efficient early detection, stratifying the population for personalized therapy, and improving the efficacy of rapid bed-side assessment of treatment. An emerging approach that has a high potential to fulfill these needs is based on so-called "volatolomics", namely, chemical processes involving profiles of highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from body fluids, including breath, skin, urine and blood. This article presents a didactic review of some of the main advances related to the use of nanomaterial-based solid-state and flexible sensors, and related artificially intelligent sensing arrays for the detection and monitoring of disease with volatolomics. The article attempts to review the technological gaps and confounding factors related to VOC testing. Different ways to choose nanomaterial-based sensors are discussed, while considering the profiles of targeted volatile markers and possible limitations of applying the sensing approach. Perspectives for taking volatolomics to a new level in the field of diagnostics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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Mirza M, Wang J, Li D, Arabi SA, Jiang C. Novel top-contact monolayer pentacene-based thin-film transistor for ammonia gas detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5679-5684. [PMID: 24684368 DOI: 10.1021/am5001954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) of a monolayer pentacene thin film with top-contact electrodes for the aim of ammonia (NH3) gas detection by monitoring changes in its drain current. A top-contact configuration, in which source and drain electrodes on a flexible stamp [poly(dimethylsiloxane)] were directly contacted with the monolayer pentacene film, was applied to maintain pentacene arrangement ordering and enhance the monolayer OFET detection performance. After exposure to NH3 gas, the carrier mobility at the monolayer OFET channel decreased down to one-third of its original value, leading to a several orders of magnitude decrease in the drain current, which tremendously enhanced the gas detection sensitivity. This sensitivity enhancement to a limit of the 10 ppm level was attributed to an increase of charge trapping in the carrier channel, and the amount of trapped states was experimentally evaluated by the threshold voltage shift induced by the absorbed NH3 molecular analyte. In contrast, a conventional device with a 50-nm-thick pentacene layer displayed much higher mobility but lower response to NH3 gas, arising from the impediment of analyte penetrating into the conductive channel, owing to the thick pentacene film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Mirza
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Tremblay NJ, Jung BJ, Breysse P, Katz HE. Digital Inverter Amine Sensing via Synergistic Responses by n and p Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2011; 21:4314-4319. [PMID: 23754969 PMCID: PMC3676732 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemiresistors and sensitive OFETs have been substantially developed as cheap, scalable, and versatile sensing platforms. While new materials are expanding OFET sensing capabilities, the device architectures have changed little. Here we report higher order logic circuits utilizing OFETs sensitive to amine vapors. The circuits depend on the synergistic responses of paired p- and n-channel organic semiconductors, including an unprecedented analyte-induced current increase by the n-channel semiconductor. This represents the first step towards 'intelligent sensors' that utilize analog signal changes in sensitive OFETs to produce direct digital readouts suitable for further logic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Tremblay
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Jiang H, Zhao H, Zhang KK, Chen X, Kloc C, Hu W. High-performance organic single-crystal field-effect transistors of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole and their potential applications in gas controlled organic memory devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:5075-5074. [PMID: 21956583 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798.
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Advances in organic transistor-based biosensors: from organic electrochemical transistors to electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1813-26. [PMID: 21910013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Organic electronics have, over the past two decades, developed into an exciting area of research and technology to replace classic inorganic semiconductors. Organic photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, and thin-film transistors are already well developed and are currently being commercialized for a variety of applications. More recently, organic transistors have found new applications in the field of biosensors. The progress made in this direction is the topic of this review. Various configurations are presented, with their detection principle, and illustrated by examples from the literature.
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Saito K, Koga K, Kudo A. Lithium niobate nanowires for photocatalytic water splitting. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3909-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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García G, Timón V, Hernández-Laguna A, Navarro A, Fernández-Gómez M. Influence of the alkyl and alkoxy side chains on the electronic structure and charge-transport properties of polythiophene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10091-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20116f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xia H, Liu D, Song K, Miao Q. Vapochromic and semiconducting solids of a bifunctional hydrocarbon. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Guo Y, Yu G, Liu Y. Functional organic field-effect transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4427-47. [PMID: 20853375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted increasing attention in the past few years due to their wide variety of potential applications. Research on functional OFETs underpins future advances in organic electronics. In this review, different types of functional OFETs including organic phototransistors, organic memory FETs, organic light emitting FETs, sensors based on OFETs and other functional OFETs are introduced. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of this field, the history, current status of research, main challenges and prospects for functional OFETs are all discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Virkar AA, Mannsfeld S, Bao Z, Stingelin N. Organic semiconductor growth and morphology considerations for organic thin-film transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3857-75. [PMID: 20715062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Analogous to conventional inorganic semiconductors, the performance of organic semiconductors is directly related to their molecular packing, crystallinity, growth mode, and purity. In order to achieve the best possible performance, it is critical to understand how organic semiconductors nucleate and grow. Clever use of surface and dielectric modification chemistry can allow one to control the growth and morphology, which greatly influence the electrical properties of the organic transistor. In this Review, the nucleation and growth of organic semiconductors on dielectric surfaces is addressed. The first part of the Review concentrates on small-molecule organic semiconductors. The role of deposition conditions on film formation is described. The modification of the dielectric interface using polymers or self-assembled mono-layers and their effect on organic-semiconductor growth and performance is also discussed. The goal of this Review is primarily to discuss the thin-film formation of organic semiconducting species. The patterning of single crystals is discussed, while their nucleation and growth has been described elsewhere (see the Review by Liu et. al).([¹]) The second part of the Review focuses on polymeric semiconductors. The dependence of physico-chemical properties, such as chain length (i.e., molecular weight) of the constituting macromolecule, and the influence of small molecular species on, e.g., melting temperature, as well as routes to induce order in such macromolecules, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay A Virkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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Sokolov AN, Roberts ME, Johnson OB, Cao Y, Bao Z. Induced sensitivity and selectivity in thin-film transistor sensors via calixarene layers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2349-2353. [PMID: 20376848 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Niu Q, Zhou Y, Wang L, Luo C, Luo J, Peng J, Cao Y, Pei J, Wang J. A solution process for size-controlled growth and transfer of organic nanostructures with manufacture scalability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5213-5216. [PMID: 19883106 DOI: 10.1021/la9036937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple and robust process has been developed to control the growth of the organic nanowires in situ self-assembled in a polymer matrix, lift off the nanostructure/polymer composite film from the mother substrate for storage and transfer, and remove the polymer host prior to usage. Every step was completed through a solution process, which ensured the process's simplicity and low cost. The realization of large-sized nanowire/polymer composite film demonstrated the necessary process scalability required by the industrial roll-to-roll manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Niu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Key Lab of Specially Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Sun X, Di CA, Liu Y. Engineering of the dielectric–semiconductor interface in organic field-effect transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b921449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Virkar AA, Mannsfeld SCB, Bao Z. Energetics and stability of pentacene thin films on amorphous and crystalline octadecylsilane modified surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b921767c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Di CA, Yu G, Liu Y, Guo Y, Sun X, Zheng J, Wen Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Zhu D. Effect of dielectric layers on device stability of pentacene-based field-effect transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7268-73. [PMID: 19672538 DOI: 10.1039/b902476j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report stable organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on pentacene. It was found that device stability strongly depends on the dielectric layer. Pentacene thin-film transistors based on the bare or polystyrene-modified SiO(2) gate dielectrics exhibit excellent electrical stabilities. In contrast, the devices with the octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)-treated SiO(2) dielectric layer showed the worst stabilities. The effects of the different dielectrics on the device stabilities were investigated. We found that the surface energy of the gate dielectric plays a crucial role in determining the stability of the pentacene thin film, device performance and degradation of electrical properties. Pentacene aggregation, phase transfer and film morphology are also important factors that influence the device stability of pentacene devices. As a result of the surface energy mismatch between the dielectric layer and organic semiconductor, the electronic performance was degraded. Moreover, when pentacene was deposited on the OTS-treated SiO(2) dielectric layer with very low surface energy, pentacene aggregation occurred and resulted in a dramatic decrease of device performance. These results demonstrated that the stable OFETs could be obtained by using pentacene as a semiconductor layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-an Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Wang L, Zhou Y, Yan J, Wang J, Pei J, Cao Y. Organic supernanostructures self-assembled via solution process for explosive detection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:1306-1310. [PMID: 19117473 DOI: 10.1021/la8038494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three different polymorphic crystalline structures, including microbelts and flowerlike supernanostructures, were obtained via a simple solution process by utilizing different solvents from an oligoarene derivative. Explosive chemosensors based on these self-assembled organic crystalline nanostructures were successfully fabricated. The differences in the structures on the microscopic level and in the film morphologies led to dramatic enhancements of the explosive detection speed. With the evolution of structures from the netted 1D microbelts to the flowerlike supernanostructures, the detection speed of the chemosensors for DNT and TNT was improved by more than 700 times. Our discovery demonstrates that the morphology control through self-assembly provides a new platform to utilize organic crystalline microstructures for chemosensors, optoelectronics, biosensors and bioelectronics, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Roberts ME, Sokolov AN, Bao Z. Material and device considerations for organic thin-film transistor sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b816386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Madec MB, Morrison JJ, Sanchez-Romaguera V, Turner ML, Yeates SG. Organic field effect transistors from ambient solution processed poly(triarylamine)–insulator blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b910476c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bernards DA, Macaya DJ, Nikolou M, DeFranco JA, Takamatsu S, Malliaras GG. Enzymatic sensing with organic electrochemical transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b713122d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jaeckel B, Sambur JB, Parkinson BA. Ubiquitous pentacene monolayer on metals deposited onto pentacene films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11366-11368. [PMID: 17935365 DOI: 10.1021/la701859g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) was used to study the deposition of metal layers (Ag, Cu, and Au) onto pentacene films. Very low work functions were measured (PhiAg = 3.91 eV, PhiCu = 3.93 eV, and PhiAu = 4.3 eV) for all of the metals, in agreement with results from the literature. The intensities of the C 1s core-level signals from pentacene that were monitored during stepwise metal deposition leveled off at a value of about 30% of a thick pentacene film. This C 1s intensity is comparable to that of one monolayer of pentacene deposited onto the respective metal. The valence band spectra of metals deposited onto pentacene and spectra collected for pentacene deposited onto bare metal surfaces are very similar. These findings lead to the conclusion that approximately one monolayer of pentacene is always present on top of the freshly deposited metal film, which explains the very low work function of the metals when they are deposited onto organic films. We expect similar behavior with other nonreactive metals deposited onto stable organic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jaeckel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Dholakia GR, Meyyappan M, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Monolayer to multilayer nanostructural growth transition in N-type oligothiophenes on Au(111) and implications for organic field-effect transistor performance. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:2447-55. [PMID: 17090072 DOI: 10.1021/nl061566+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The evolution in growth morphology and molecular orientation of n-type semiconducting alpha,omega-diperfluorohexyl-quaterthiophene (DFH-4T) on Au(111) is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy as the film thickness is increased from one monolayer to multilayers. Monolayer-thick DFH-4T films are amorphous and morphologically featureless with a large pit density, whereas multilayer films exhibit drastically different terraced structures consisting of overlapping platelets. Large changes in DFH-4T molecular orientation are observed on transitioning from two to four monolayers. Parallel electrical characterization of top-versus-bottom contact configuration DFH-4T FETs with Au source/drain electrodes reveals greatly different mobilities (mu(TOP) = 1.1 +/- 0.2 10(-2) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) versus mu(BOTTOM) = 2.3 +/- 0.5 10(-5) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1)) and contact resistances (R(C-TOP) = 4-12 MOmegacm vs R(C-BOTTOM) > 1 GOmegacm). This study provides important information on the organic semiconductor-source\drain electrode interfaces and explains why top-contact OFET devices typically have superior performance. By direct visualization, it demonstrates that the DFH-4T film growth transition from monolayer to multilayer on Au is accompanied by dramatic morphology and molecular orientation changes, starting from an amorphous, pitted, and disordered monolayer, to crystalline and smooth bi/tetralayers but with the molecules reoriented by 90 degrees . These chemisorption-derived inhomogenities at the contact-molecule interface and the large monolayer --> multilayer --> bulk microstructural changes are in accord with the large bottom-contact device resistance and poor OFET performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha R Dholakia
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA.
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