1
|
The Production and Evaluation of an Electrochemical Sensors for Strychnine and Its Main Metabolite Strychnine N-Oxide for Their Use in Biological Samples. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061826. [PMID: 35335189 PMCID: PMC8954432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strychnine (STN) and its major metabolite Strychnine N-Oxide (SNO) were examined electrochemically. Both parent compounds and its major metabolite showed electroactivity on glassy carbon electrodes using CV and DPV techniques. One oxidation peak at 1008 mV was observed for STN with the optimum peak intensity at pH 7. SNO produced two oxidation peaks, at 617 mV and 797 mV, at pH 5. The peaks demonstrated irreversible behaviour and the irreversibility of the system was confirmed at different scan rates. A calibration curve was produced for both CV and DPV measurements and the sensitivity of the proposed EC method was good compared with previous electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods. The precision of oxidation peak of STN using the STN-MIP method produced a maximum value of 11.5% and 2.32% for inter-day and intraday %RSD, respectively. The average% recovery was around 92%. The electrochemical method has been successfully applied to the determination of STN in spiked plasma and urine samples. For SNO, both anodic peaks of SNO demonstrated irreversible behaviour. A different sweep rate was used for calculating the number of ‘transfer electrons’ in the system; based on this, the mechanism of oxidation reaction was proposed. Calibration curves for both oxidative peaks were produced using DPV measurements. The second anodic peak demonstrated high linearity and precision with %RSD < 1.96%.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Z, Zhong F, Guo Y, Liu M. A Novel Strategy to Prepare Palladium‐silver Nano‐alloy by Methanol Reduction for Brucine Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Faqiang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Science Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Min Liu
- China Institute of Nuclear Information and Economics Beijing 100048 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sensitive detection of brucine an anti-metastatic drug for hepatocellular carcinoma at carbon nanotubes – nafion composite based biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:371-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
4
|
Feng Z, Yang R, Du B. Fast SPE and HPLC–DAD determination of brucine in human urine using multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with magnetic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817080159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Ju HX, Zhuang QK, Long YT. The Preface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Mümin Y, Filik H, Aydar S, Avan AA. Electrochemical Determination of Brucine in Urine with a Poly(Alizarin Red S)-modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1154569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
7
|
Rackus DG, Shamsi MH, Wheeler AR. Electrochemistry, biosensors and microfluidics: a convergence of fields. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5320-40. [PMID: 25962356 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry, biosensors and microfluidics are popular research topics that have attracted widespread attention from chemists, biologists, physicists, and engineers. Here, we introduce the basic concepts and recent histories of electrochemistry, biosensors, and microfluidics, and describe how they are combining to form new application-areas, including so-called "point-of-care" systems in which measurements traditionally performed in a laboratory are moved into the field. We propose that this review can serve both as a useful starting-point for researchers who are new to these topics, as well as being a compendium of the current state-of-the art for experts in these evolving areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darius G Rackus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Zhao F, Zeng B. Preparation of surface-imprinted polymer grafted with water-compatible external layer via RAFT precipitation polymerization for highly selective and sensitive electrochemical determination of brucine. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 60:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Behpour M, Ghoreishi SM, Khayatkashani M, Motaghedifard M. A new method for the simultaneous analysis of strychnine and brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica unprocessed and processed seeds using a carbon-paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:95-102. [PMID: 21618309 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae), widely used in folk medicine, is grown extensively in southern Asian countries. Its major bioactive constituents are strychnine and brucine, which are frequently used in traditional herbal medicines for treatment of nervous diseases, vomiting and traumatic pain. OBJECTIVE A new method using a carbon-paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT/CPE) was developed and validated for single or simultaneous determination of strychnine and brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. Additionally, an environmentally friendly method was successfully applied to reduce the levels of strychnine and brucine in seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry and differential pulse voltammetry were used with multi-walled carbon nanotube modified carbon-paste electrodes. RESULTS The peak currents increase linearly with the strychnine and brucine concentrations in the ranges of 50-1000 and 5-355 µ m, and the detection limits for strychnine and brucine were 0.43 and 0.28 µ m, respectively. Of the processing methods used, the greatest reduction in the strychnine and brucine levels was observed in samples processed using milk and saltwater. CONCLUSION A new, sensitive and selective method was developed for the measurement of strychnine and brucine. This method was successfully applied to the determination of strychnine and brucine in unprocessed and processed Strychnos nux-vomica seed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Behpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R., Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
KIHM ZD, VEEN EM, BERGEN-HARTIGAN JD, ZHANG Y, LIU Y. Modification of Electroosmotic Flow for a Polydimethylsiloxane Electrophoresis Microchip via Polyelectrolyte Coating. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:183-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik M. VEEN
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Michigan University
| | | | - Yang ZHANG
- Institute of Electronic Devices and Applications, School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University
| | - Yan LIU
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Michigan University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Klasner SA, Metto EC, Roman GT, Culbertson CT. Synthesis and characterization of a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer for fabrication of amphiphilic surfaces on microfluidic devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10390-10396. [PMID: 19572528 DOI: 10.1021/la900920q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO) vinyl terminated block copolymer has been synthesized via a simple hydrosilylation reaction between hydride-terminated PDMS and PEO divinyl ether. This prepolymer can be subsequently cross-linked into an elastomer in a second hydrosilylation reaction involving a methylhydrosiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, forming a material suitable for the purposes of fabricating microfluidic devices. The presence of the PEO block in the prepolymer chain results in a much more hydrophilic material following cross-linking. The surface water contact angle of the PDMS-PEO material is 65 degrees +/- 3 (n = 6), as opposed to approximately 110 degrees for native PDMS. Droplets of water straddled by air within molded channels of the PDMS-PEO are concave in shape with contact angles where the fluid meets the side walls of 32 degrees +/- 4 (n = 8), while droplets in PDMS microchannels are more convex with contact angles of 95 degrees +/- 6 (n = 6). The length of the PDMS-PEO prepolymer chain and the multifunctional hydride cross-linker chains appear to dictate the durability of the elastomeric material. Young's modulus measurements yielded values of 0.94 +/- 0.08, 2.6 +/- 0.8, and 1.91 +/- 0.06 MPa for a [5% vinyl excess prepolymer and 10-fold excess of cross-linker], [10% vinyl excess prepolymer and 5-fold excess of cross-linker], and 10:1 PDMS, respectively, confirming that the elasticity of the cross-linked PDMS-PEO is similar to that of PDMS (Sylgard 184:10:1 mixture of elastomeric base to elastomer curing agent). The PDMS-PEO material still possesses enough PDMS character to allow molded channel architectures to be sealed between two pieces of the block copolymer by conformal contact. As a result of the more hydrophilic nature of the material, the channels of devices fabricated from this polymer are self-filling when using aqueous buffers, making it more user-friendly than PDMS for applications calling for background electrolytes void of organic modifiers. Different compositions of PDMS-PEO devices feature different electroosmotic flow values with the 5% vinyl excess prepolymer EOF values of 2.5 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4) and 5.7 +/- 0.8 x 10(-4) cm(2)/(V s) at pHs 6 and 9, respectively, and 1.2 +/- 0.3 x 10(-4) and 2.5 +/- 0.3 x 10(-4) cm(2)/(V s) for the 10% vinyl excess prepolymer device at pHs 6 and 9, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Klasner
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 111 Willard Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li XY, Zhang QL, Lian HZ, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Separation of three water-soluble vitamins by poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2320-5. [PMID: 17668908 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A method for rapid separation and sensitive determination of three water-soluble vitamins, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid (VC), and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) has been developed by PDMS microchannel electrophoresis integrated with amperometric detection. After treatment of the microchip with oxygen plasma, the peak shapes of the three analytes were essentially improved. Pyridoxine, VC, and PABA were well separated within only 80 s in a running buffer of 20 mM borate solution (pH 8.5). Good linearity was obtained within the concentration range of 2-200 microM for the three water-soluble vitamins. The detection limits were 1.0 microM for pyridoxine and VC, and 1.5 microM for PABA. The proposed method has been successfully applied to real human urine sample, without solid phase extraction, with recoveries of 80-122% for the three water-soluble vitamins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yun Li
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Du Y, Wang E. Capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:875-90. [PMID: 17536733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances and key strategies in capillary electrophoresis and microchip CE with electrochemical detection (ECD) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection are reviewed. This article consists of four main parts: CE-ECD; microchip CE-ECD; CE-ECL; and microchip CE-ECL. It is expected that ECD and ECL will become powerful tools for CE microchip systems and will lead to the creation of truly disposable devices. The focus is on papers published in the last two years (from 2005 to 2006).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dawoud AA, Kawaguchi T, Jankowiak R. Integrated microfluidic device with an electroplated palladium decoupler for more sensitive amperometric detection of the 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) DNA adduct. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:245-52. [PMID: 17345068 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) DNA adduct is one of the most frequently used biomarkers reporting on the oxidative stress that leads to DNA damage. More sensitive and reliable microfluidic devices are needed for the detection of these biomarkers of interest. We have developed a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based microfluidic device with an electroplated palladium decoupler that provides significantly improved detection limit, separation efficiency, and resolving power. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/glass hybrid device has fully integrated gold microelectrodes covered in situ with palladium nanoparticles using an electroplating technique. The performance and coverage of the electrodes electroplated with palladium particles were evaluated electrochemically and via scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, respectively. The performance of the device was tested and evaluated with different buffer systems, pH values, and electric field strengths. The results showed that this device has significantly improved resolving power, even at separation electric field strengths as high as 600 V cm-1. The detection limit for the 8-OH-dG adduct is about 20 attomoles; the concentration limit is on the order of 100 nM (S/N=3). A linear response is reported for both 8-OH-dG and dG in the range from 100 nM to 150 microM (approximately 100 pA microM-1) with separation efficiencies of approximately 120,000-170,000 plates m-1.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Liu CY, Xu X, Gao HJ, Chen JR. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microchips with Two Sharpened Stretching Tips and Its Application to Protein Separation Using Dynamic Coating. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Wang SF, Xie F, Hu RF. Electrochemical study of brucine on an electrode modified with magnetic carbon-coated nickel nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:933-9. [PMID: 17180337 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of glassy carbon electrode modified with magnetic carbon-coated nickel nanoparticles (C-Ni/GCE) was fabricated and the electrochemical properties of brucine were studied using it. The carbon-coated nickel nanoparticles showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the redox of brucine and an enhanced electron transfer rate. The electrochemical behavior of brucine on the C-Ni/GCE was explored by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and a redox mechanism for brucine was proposed. A series of electrochemical parameters were calculated for brucine by CV and controlled-potential electrolysis. The C-Ni/GCE showed good sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and was applied to determine the concentration of brucine. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response of the C-Ni/GCE showed that the catalytic current was linear with the concentration of brucine in the range of 4.7 x 10(-8) to 2.4 x 10(-4) mol l(-1), with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The detection limit was 1.4 x 10(-8) mol l(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fu Wang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|