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Evtyugin DD, Evtuguin DV, Casal S, Domingues MR. Advances and Challenges in Plant Sterol Research: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications and Production. Molecules 2023; 28:6526. [PMID: 37764302 PMCID: PMC10535520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are cholesterol-like terpenoids widely spread in the kingdom Plantae. Being the target of extensive research for more than a century, PS have topped with evidence of having beneficial effects in healthy subjects and applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, many gaps in several fields of PS's research still hinder their widespread practical applications. In fact, many of the mechanisms associated with PS supplementation and their health benefits are still not fully elucidated. Furthermore, compared to cholesterol data, many complex PS chemical structures still need to be fully characterized, especially in oxidized PS. On the other hand, PS molecules have also been the focus of structural modifications for applications in diverse areas, including not only the above-mentioned but also in e.g., drug delivery systems or alternative matrixes for functional foods and fats. All the identified drawbacks are also superimposed by the need of new PS sources and technologies for their isolation and purification, taking into account increased environmental and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, current and future trends in PS research warrant discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Evtyugin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Jayantha JBSK, Mashayekhy Rad F, Vidanarachchi JK, Bergquist J, Kumari A Ubhayasekera SJ. A fast ultra performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for profiling of targeted phytosterols. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1225:123737. [PMID: 37210885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are essential structural components of plant cell membranes and possess health-related benefits, including lowering blood cholesterol levels in humans. Numerous analytical methods are being used to profile plant and animal sterols. Chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry, is a better option due to its specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. An ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and evaluated for fingerprint analysis of seven phytosterols. Mass spectrometry fragmentation behavior was used for phytosterol identification, and multiple reaction monitoring scanning was utilized for phytosterol confirmation, where APCI outperformed superiority in terms of ion intensity, particularly in the production of [M + H-H2O]+ ions rather than [M + H]+ ions. The chromatographic conditions were thoroughly evaluated, and the ionization parameters were optimized as well. In a 3 min. run, the seven phytosterols were separated concurrently. The calibration and repeatability tests were conducted to check the instrument's performance, and the results indicated that all of the phytosterols tested had correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.9911 over the concentration range of 5-5000 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was below 20 ng/mL for all the tested analytes except for stigmasterol and campesterol. The partially validated method was applied for the evaluation of phytosterols in pure coconut oil and palm oil in order to demonstrate its applicability. Total sterols in coconut and palm oils were 126.77 ng/mL and 101.73 ng/mL, respectively. In comparison to earlier methods of phytosterol analysis, the novel method offers a far faster, more sensitive, and more selective analytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B S K Jayantha
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | | | - J K Vidanarachchi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Schlag S, Huang Y, Vetter W. GC/EI-MS method for the determination of phytosterols in vegetable oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1061-1071. [PMID: 34716783 PMCID: PMC8724214 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are a highly complex group of lipophilic compounds present in the unsaponifiable matter of virtually all living organisms. In this study, we developed a novel gas chromatography with mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) method for the comprehensive analysis of sterols after saponification and silylation. A new referencing system was introduced by means of a series of saturated fatty acid pyrrolidides (FAPs) as internal standards. Linked with retention time locking (RTL), the resulting FAP retention indices (RIFAP) of the sterols could be determined with high precision. The GC/MS-SIM method was based on the parallel measurement of 17 SIM ions in four time windows. This set included eight molecular ions and seven diagnostic fragment ions of silylated sterols as well as two abundant ions of FAPs. Altogether, twenty molecular ions of C27- to C31-sterols with 0-3 double bonds were included in the final method. Screening of four common vegetable oils (sunflower oil, hemp oil, rapeseed oil, and corn oil) enabled the detection of 30 different sterols and triterpenes most of which could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schlag
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170B), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yining Huang
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170B), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170B), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Gachumi G, El-Aneed A. Mass Spectrometric Approaches for the Analysis of Phytosterols in Biological Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10141-10156. [PMID: 29058915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant sterols (phytosterols) are important structural components of plant cellular membranes, and they play a major role during development and metabolism. They have health-associated benefits, especially in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Because of their many health claims, there is a growing interest in their analysis. Although various analytical strategies have been employed in analyzing phytosterols, chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (MS) is superior due to its sensitivity. Furthermore, specificity and selectivity are enhanced by utilizing tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This article reviews the various mass spectrometric strategies used for the analysis of phytosterols. It highlights the applications and limitations associated with each MS strategy in various sample matrixes such as plant, human, animal, food, and dietary supplements. GC-MS was historically the method of choice for analysis; however, the derivatization step rendered it tedious and time-consuming. On the other hand, liquid chromatography coupled to MS (LC-MS) simplifies the analysis. Many ionization techniques have been used, namely, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). APCI showed superiority in terms of ion intensity and consistency in ion formation, primarily forming [M + H - H2O]+ ions rather than [M + H]+. In addition, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) as well as ambient mass spectrometry such as direct analysis in real time (DART) have also been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gachumi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada , S7N 5E5
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada , S7N 5E5
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Kim D, Park JB, Choi WK, Lee SJ, Lim I, Bae SK. Simultaneous determination of β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol in rat plasma by using LC-APCI-MS/MS: Application in a pharmacokinetic study of a titrated extract of the unsaponifiable fraction ofZea mays L. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4060-4070. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bae Park
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Kee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Republic of Korea
| | - Ilho Lim
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Republic of Korea
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Mendiara I, Bentayeb K, Nerín C, Domeño C. Online solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine free sterols in human serum. Talanta 2015; 132:690-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Pereira J, Silva CL, Perestrelo R, Gonçalves J, Alves V, Câmara JS. Re-exploring the high-throughput potential of microextraction techniques, SPME and MEPS, as powerful strategies for medical diagnostic purposes. Innovative approaches, recent applications and future trends. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2101-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spietelun A, Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1667-85. [PMID: 23273266 DOI: 10.1021/cr300148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Spietelun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Andrade I, Santos L, Ramos F. Advances in analytical methods to study cholesterol metabolism: the determination of serum noncholesterol sterols. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:1234-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lèlita Santos
- Internal Medicine Department; Coimbra University Hospitals; Medicine Faculty; 3000-075; Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pharmacy Faculty; Coimbra University; 3000-548; Coimbra; Portugal
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Mendiara I, Domeño C, Nerín C. Development of a fast sample treatment for the analysis of free and bonded sterols in human serum by LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3308-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mendiara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza; Spain
| | - Celia Domeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza; Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza; Spain
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Balme S, Gülaçar FO. Rapid screening of phytosterols in orange juice by solid-phase microextraction on polyacrylate fibre derivatisation and gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric. Food Chem 2012; 132:613-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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García-Llatas G, Vidal C, Cilla A, Barberá R, Lagarda MJ. Simultaneous quantification of serum phytosterols and cholesterol precursors using a simple gas chromatographic method. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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An ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for determining phytosterol uptake by Caco-2 cells. Anal Biochem 2011; 421:86-91. [PMID: 22119071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the determination of cellular uptake of phytosterols by Caco-2 cells has been developed by ultra performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV). UPLC-UV was established using an ODS column, acetonitrile/H(2)O (9:1, v/v) as a mobile phase, and a detection wavelength at 210 nm. As analytes, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol were selected based on the abundance in foods and the similarity of their structures. A linear relation was observed between the peak area and the amount of sterol injected from 50 to 2000 pmol (r>0.999) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2.5% (n=6). This method was applied to the determination of cellular uptake of phytosterols by Caco-2 cells. Recovery tests showed that phytosterols were extracted from the cell lysates by chloroform and determined by UPLC-UV with a recovery rate of more than 80.2% and an RSD of less than 11.3% (n=3). When Caco-2 cells were incubated with phytosterols at 37°C, their uptake was increased with time in a concentration-dependent manner. This method will be useful for the simultaneous determination of cellular phytosterols in an in vitro intestine model.
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Kataoka H, Saito K. Recent advances in SPME techniques in biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:926-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hojo K, Hakamata H, Kusu F. Simultaneous determination of serum lathosterol and cholesterol by semi-micro high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:751-5. [PMID: 21398191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of lathosterol and cholesterol by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Lathosterol was found to be electrochemically oxidized and its current peak height was linearly related to the amount of lathosterol injected, ranging from 0.15 μmol/L to 300 μmol/L (r=0.995). Similar results were obtained with cholesterol from 15 μmol/L to 600 μmol/L (r=0.995). The separation was carried out with an ODS column, acetonitrile containing 30 mmol/L lithium perchlorate as a mobile phase, and an applied potential at +2.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The detection limit (S/N=3) of lathosterol as well as cholesterol was 0.03 μmol/L (0.15 pmol). Total lathosterol in control human and rat serum was determined by the present method with a recovery of more than 95.8% and an RSD (n=5) of less than 7.3%. The present method was applied to an experiment with rats to examine the effect of lathosterol feeding. There were no significant changes in serum lathosterol or cholesterol levels in rats fed with a high-lathosterol diet for six days. Therefore, we found this method to be both simple and useful for the simultaneous determination of lathosterol and cholesterol in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Hojo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Headspace microextraction has already been established as the method of choice for analyzing volatiles blended in complex matrices, such as environmental, food and biological samples. The modern trend of analytical chemistry for ‘going small’ has led to the successful development of various sorbing materials and microextraction techniques. As it is anticipated, microextraction is usually combined with powerful separation and optical techniques permitting enhanced recoveries of analytes, selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, derivatization reactions are often employed for improved detectability of several classes of compounds. Volatile compounds of biological significance are key substances due to the fact that they may constitute a characteristic of the status of the organism. A closer look at the biological applications of the headspace microextraction techniques (solid-phase and single drop microextraction) is the primary aim of this review. The variability of biological samples and analytes are considered primarily, while derivatization and optimization strategies are also discussed.
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Spietelun A, Pilarczyk M, Kloskowski A, Namieśnik J. Current trends in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre coatings. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4524-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c003335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Böszörményi A, Szarka S, Héthelyi É, Gyurján I, László M, Simándi B, Szőke É, Lemberkovics É. Triterpenes in traditional and supercritical-fluid extracts ofMorus albaleaf and stem bark. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.21.2009.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stalikas C, Fiamegos Y, Sakkas V, Albanis T. Developments on chemometric approaches to optimize and evaluate microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:175-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Critical review on recent developments in solventless techniques for extraction of analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:809-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Daruházi ÁE, Szarka S, Héthelyi É, Simándi B, Gyurján I, László M, Szőke É, Lemberkovics É. GC-MS Identification and GC-FID Quantitation of Terpenoids in Ononidis spinosae Radix. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhou Y, Jiang Q, Peng Q, Xuan D, Qu W. Development of a solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of pentachlorophenol in human plasma using experimental design. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 70:256-62. [PMID: 17662334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A new method, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with in situ derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which was used for the determination of trace amount of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in human plasma was presented. The acetylation derivatization reaction was firstly optimized using a Doehlert design. Then a series of parameters relevant to the headspace SPME procedure, including fiber coating, extraction temperature, extraction time and salt addition, were optimized using a two-level full factorial design expanded further to a central composite design. The validation of method showed that the optimized method had good linearity (R(2)=0.999) within the concentration ranges 0.1-50.0ngml(-1), and was sensitive with the limit of detection of 0.02ngml(-1). Intra- and inter-day precision for pentachlorophenol in human plasma samples were not greater than 11.9% and 12.6%, respectively. The proposed method, to our knowledge, describes the first application of HS-SPME with GC-MS for analysis of PCP in blood plasma sample. Application of the method to real human plasma samples, PCP was successfully detected in some cases at concentration levels 1.2-6.3ngml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Pragst F. Application of solid-phase microextraction in analytical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1393-414. [PMID: 17476482 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a miniaturized and solvent-free sample preparation technique for chromatographic-spectrometric analysis by which the analytes are extracted from a gaseous or liquid sample by absorption in, or adsorption on, a thin polymer coating fixed to the solid surface of a fiber, inside an injection needle or inside a capillary. In this paper, the present state of practical performance and of applications of SPME to the analysis of blood, urine, oral fluid and hair in clinical and forensic toxicology is reviewed. The commercial coatings for fibers or needles have not essentially changed for many years, but there are interesting laboratory developments, such as conductive polypyrrole coatings for electrochemically controlled SPME of anions or cations and coatings with restricted-access properties for direct extraction from whole blood or immunoaffinity SPME. In-tube SPME uses segments of commercial gas chromatography (GC) capillaries for highly efficient extraction by repeated aspiration-ejection cycles of the liquid sample. It can be easily automated in combination with liquid chromatography but, as it is very sensitive to capillary plugging, it requires completely homogeneous liquid samples. In contrast, fiber-based SPME has not yet been performed automatically in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography. The headspace extractions on fibers or needles (solid-phase dynamic extraction) combined with GC methods are the most advantageous versions of SPME because of very pure extracts and the availability of automatic samplers. Surprisingly, substances with quite high boiling points, such as tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines, can be measured by headspace SPME from aqueous samples. The applicability and sensitivity of SPME was essentially extended by in-sample or on-fiber derivatization. The different modes of SPME were applied to analysis of solvents and inhalation narcotics, amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, cannabinoids, methadone and other opioids, fatty acid ethyl esters as alcohol markers, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, benzodiazepines, various other therapeutic drugs, pesticides, chemical warfare agents, cyanide, sulfide and metal ions. In general, SPME is routinely used in optimized methods for specific analytes. However, it was shown that it also has some capacity for a general screening by direct immersion into urine samples and for pesticides and other semivolatile substance in the headspace mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Hittorfstr. 18, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Luzón-Toro B, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of brain levels of α-cholest-8-en-3β-ol (lathosterol). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:177-82. [PMID: 17141586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method is proposed for the detection and quantification of lathosterol in rabbit brain. This compound is one of the most important precursors of the cholesterol synthesis. The interest in brain cholesterol metabolism is growing nowadays since it was described to play an important role in some neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Multiple Sclerosis. The analytical methodology proposed involves a liquid-liquid extraction procedure (LLE) followed by a silylation step previous to the GC-MS analysis. The chromatographic separation was performed by using a low bleed HP5-MS fused silica capillary column. A clean up is not necessary when using single-ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The molecular ion appears at 458 m/z; being as well the base peak. Alpha-naphtol was used as an internal standard. The detection limit obtained was 0.09 microg mL(-1). The method was applied to the determination of brain lathosterol levels in rabbits fed with different types of diets (control and atherogenic, supplemented or not with natural polyphenolic antioxidants). The quantification of the compound in samples showed a reduction, after 1 month, of this precursor of cholesterol synthesis in groups fed with antioxidant supplemented diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Luzón-Toro
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Koryagina NL, Savelieva EI, Khlebnikova NS, Goncharov NV, Jenkins RO, Radilov AS. Determination of fluoroacetic acid in water and biological samples by GC-FID and GC-MS in combination with solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1395-400. [PMID: 16941160 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure has been developed for determination of fluoroacetic acid (FAA) in water and biological samples. It involves ethylation of FAA with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid, solid-phase microextraction of the ethyl fluoroacetate formed, and subsequent analysis by GC-FID or by GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring mode. The detection limits for FAA in water, blood plasma, and organ homogenates are 0.001 microg mL(-1), 0.01 microg mL(-1), and 0.01 microg g(-1), respectively. The determination error at concentrations close to the detection limit was less than 50%. For analysis of biological samples, the approach has the advantages of overcoming the matrix effect and protecting the GC and GC-MS systems from contamination. Application of the approach to determination of FAA in blood plasma and organ tissues of animals poisoned with sodium fluoroacetate reveals substantial differences between the dynamics of FAA accumulation and clearance in rabbits and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda L Koryagina
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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28
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Lagarda MJ, García-Llatas G, Farré R. Analysis of phytosterols in foods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1486-96. [PMID: 16621410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive compounds, one of their most studied and outstanding properties being their cholesterol-lowering activity. This explains the growing interest in the phytosterol contents of foods as either intrinsic or added components. The different steps (extraction, saponification, clean up, chromatographic determination) of plant sterol determination are reviewed, and emphasis is placed on the methods used to assay different phytosterols in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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29
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Thermal Immobilization of Poly(Butylacrylate) on Glass-Ceramic Rod for Preparation of Solid Phase Microextraction Fibers. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Zarzycki PK, Kulhanek KM, Smith R, Clifton VL. Determination of steroids in human plasma using temperature-dependent inclusion chromatography for metabolomic investigations. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1104:203-8. [PMID: 16364333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and metabolomic investigations of complex human fluids require cost-effective methodologies that can rapidly assess the steroid hormone milieu of individual samples. The efficiency of quantification of many steroids is limited using immunoassays as these methods can only measure a single component of biological samples and are dependent upon the specificity of the antiserum used in the protocol. In this study, we optimised the solid-phase extraction protocol for the extraction of a range of steroids of varied polarity from estetrol to progesterone from human plasma. The final SPE procedure for efficient extraction of steroids was a washing mixture of 5 ml of 30% methanol and an elution solvent of 2 ml of 100% methanol using 0.5 g C-18 cartridges. This protocol resulted in a high recovery rate, ranging from 85.2 to 99.9% for both the internal standard (7,8-dimethoxyflavone) and steroids of interest. We also improved the separation methodology of our previous work using temperature dependent inclusion chromatography with a mobile phase composition of 35% acetonitrile and 12 mM of beta-cyclodextrin at 29 degrees C. Under these conditions most of the fluid components including estetrol were detected in the first 10 min with progesterone appearing at 43 min. This method is simplistic, inexpensive and reproducible with the capabilities of accurate quantification of steroids. Therefore it could have numerous clinical and metabolomic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł K Zarzycki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology, Technical University of Koszalin, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland.
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