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Zips S, Huang B, Hotte S, Hiendlmeier L, Wang C, Rajamani K, Buriez O, Al Boustani G, Chen Y, Wolfrum B, Yamada A. Aerosol Jet-Printed High-Aspect Ratio Micro-Needle Electrode Arrays Applied for Human Cerebral Organoids and 3D Neurospheroid Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37469180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is a complex and poorly accessible organ. Thus, new tools are required for studying the neural function in a controllable environment that preserves multicellular interaction and neuronal wiring. In particular, high-throughput methods that alleviate the need for animal experiments are essential for future studies. Recent developments of induced pluripotent stem cell technologies have enabled in vitro modeling of the human brain by creating three-dimensional brain tissue mimic structures. To leverage these new technologies, a systematic and versatile approach for evaluating neuronal activity at larger tissue depths within the regime of tens to hundreds of micrometers is required. Here, we present an aerosol-jet- and inkjet-printing-based method to fabricate microelectrode arrays, equipped with high-aspect ratio μ-needle electrodes that penetrate 3D neural network assemblies. The arrays have been successfully applied for electrophysiological recordings on interconnected neurospheroids formed on an engineered substrate and on cerebral organoids, both derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Zips
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Boxin Huang
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Salammbô Hotte
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lukas Hiendlmeier
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karthyayani Rajamani
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - George Al Boustani
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yong Chen
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ayako Yamada
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Fabrication of Planar Microelectrode Array Using Laser-Patterned ITO and SU-8. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111347. [PMID: 34832760 PMCID: PMC8621540 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, microelectrode array (MEA) has been a powerful tool for in vitro neural electrophysiology because it provides a unique approach for monitoring the activity of a number of neurons over time. Due to the various applications of MEAs with different types of cells and tissues, there is an increasing need to customize the electrode designs. However, the fabrication of conventional MEAs requires several microfabrication procedures of deposition, etching, and photolithography. In this study, we proposed a simple fabrication method with a laser-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) conductor and SU-8 photoresist insulation. Unlike in a conventional metal patterning process, only the outlines of ITO conductors are ablated by laser without removing background ITO. Insulation is achieved simply via SU-8 photolithography. The electrode sites are electroplated with iridium oxide (IrOX) to improve the electrochemical properties. The fabricated MEAs are electrochemically characterized and the stability of insulation is also confirmed by impedance monitoring for three weeks. Dissociated neurons of rat hippocampi are cultured on MEAs to verify the biocompatibility and the capacity for extracellular neural recording. The electrochemical and electrophysiological results with the fabricated MEAs are similar to those from conventional SiNX-insulated MEAs. Therefore, the proposed MEA with laser-patterned ITO and SU-8 is cost-effective and equivalently feasible compared with the conventional MEAs fabricated using thin-film microfabrication techniques.
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Zips S, Grob L, Rinklin P, Terkan K, Adly NY, Weiß LJK, Mayer D, Wolfrum B. Fully Printed μ-Needle Electrode Array from Conductive Polymer Ink for Bioelectronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32778-32786. [PMID: 31424902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used platforms in bioelectronics to study electrogenic cells. In recent years, the processing of conductive polymers for the fabrication of three-dimensional electrode arrays has gained increasing interest for the development of novel sensor designs. Here, additive manufacturing techniques are promising tools for the production of MEAs with three-dimensional electrodes. In this work, a facile additive manufacturing process for the fabrication of MEAs that feature needle-like electrode tips, so-called μ-needles, is presented. To this end, an aerosol-jet compatible PEDOT:PSS and multiwalled carbon nanotube composite ink with a conductivity of 323 ± 75 S m-1 is developed and used in a combined inkjet and aerosol-jet printing process to produce the μ-needle electrode features. The μ-needles are fabricated with a diameter of 10 ± 2 μm and a height of 33 ± 4 μm. They penetrate an inkjet-printed dielectric layer to a height of 12 ± 3 μm. After successful printing, the electrochemical properties of the devices are assessed via cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The μ-needles show a capacitance of 242 ± 70 nF at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 and an impedance of 128 ± 22 kΩ at 1 kHz frequency. The stability of the μ-needle MEAs in aqueous electrolyte is demonstrated and the devices are used to record extracellular signals from cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells. This proof-of-principle experiment shows the μ-needle MEAs' cell-culture compatibility and functional integrity to investigate electrophysiological signals from living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Zips
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Leroy Grob
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Korkut Terkan
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Nouran Yehia Adly
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lennart Jakob Konstantin Weiß
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstrasse 11 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany
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Wei X, Qin C, Gu C, He C, Yuan Q, Liu M, Zhuang L, Wan H, Wang P. A novel bionic in vitro bioelectronic tongue based on cardiomyocytes and microelectrode array for bitter and umami detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 145:111673. [PMID: 31546200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electronic tongues (ETs) have been developed and widely used in food, beverage and pharmaceutical fields, but limited in sensitivity and specificity. In recent years, bioelectronic tongues (BioETs) integrating biological materials and various types of transducers are proposed to bridge the gap between ET system and biological taste. In this work, a bionic in vitro cell-based BioET is developed for bitter and umami detection, utilizing rat cardiomyocytes as a primary taste sensing element and microelectrode arrays (MEAs) as a secondary transducer for the first time. The primary cardiomyocytes of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, which endogenously express bitter and umami taste receptors, were cultured on MEAs. Cells attached and grew well on the sensor surface, and syncytium was formed for potential conduction and mechanical beating, indicating the good biocompatibility of surface coating. The specificity of this BioET was verified by testing different tastants and bitter compounds. The results show that the BioET responds to bitter and umami compounds specifically among five basic tastants. For bitter recognition, only those can activate receptors in cardiomyocytes can be recognized by the BioET, and different bitter substances could be discriminated by principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, the specific detections of two bitters (Denatonium Benzoate, Diphenidol) and an umami compound (Monosodium Glutamate) were realized with a detection limit of 10-6 M. The cardiomyocytes-based BioET proposed in this work provides a new approach for the construction of BioETs and has promising applications in taste detection and pharmaceutical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wei
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Chunlian Qin
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenlei Gu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chuanjiang He
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qunchen Yuan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mengxue Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liujing Zhuang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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TONELLO SARAH, BORGHETTI MICHELA, LOPOMO NICOLAF, SERPELLONI MAURO, SARDINI EMILIO, MARZIANO MARIAGRAZIA, SERZANTI MARIALAURA, UBERTI DANIELA, DELL’ERA PATRIZIA, INVERARDI NICOLETTA, GUALANDI CHIARA, FOCARETE MARIALETIZIA. INK-JET PRINTED STRETCHABLE SENSORS FOR CELL MONITORING UNDER MECHANICAL STIMULI: A FEASIBILITY STUDY. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519419500490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Impedance-based sensors represent a promising tool for cell monitoring to improve current invasive biological assays. A novel research field is represented by measurements performed in dynamic conditions, monitoring cells (e.g., myocytes) for which the mechanical stimulus plays an important role for promoting maturation. In this picture, we applied printed and stretchable electronics principles, developing a system able to evaluate cells adhesion during substrate cyclic strain. Cytocompatible and stretchable sensors were ink-jet printed using carbon-based ink on crosslinked poly([Formula: see text]-caprolactone) electrospun mats. Moreover, a customized stretching device was produced, with a complete user interface to control testing condition, validated in order to correlate impedance changes with myoblasts — i.e., myocytes precursors — adhesion. Overall system sensitivity was evaluated using three different cell concentrations and DAPI imaging assay was performed to confirm myoblast adhesion. Preliminary results showed the possibility to correlate an average increase of impedance magnitude of 1[Formula: see text]k[Formula: see text] every 15,000 cells/cm2 seeded, suggesting the possibility to discriminate between different cell concentrations, with a sensitivity of 80[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]/(cells/cm2). In conclusion, the present system might be generalized in the development of future applications, including the differentiation process of cardiac myocytes with the aid of mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- SARAH TONELLO
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - MICHELA BORGHETTI
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - NICOLA F. LOPOMO
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - MAURO SERPELLONI
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - EMILIO SARDINI
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - MARIAGRAZIA MARZIANO
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - MARIALAURA SERZANTI
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - DANIELA UBERTI
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - PATRIZIA DELL’ERA
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - NICOLETTA INVERARDI
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - CHIARA GUALANDI
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - MARIA LETIZIA FOCARETE
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Ryynänen T, Toivanen M, Salminen T, Ylä-Outinen L, Narkilahti S, Lekkala J. Ion Beam Assisted E-Beam Deposited TiN Microelectrodes-Applied to Neuronal Cell Culture Medium Evaluation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:882. [PMID: 30568570 PMCID: PMC6290344 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectrode material and cell culture medium have significant roles in the signal-to-noise ratio and cell well-being in in vitro electrophysiological studies. Here, we report an ion beam assisted e-beam deposition (IBAD) based process as an alternative titanium nitride (TiN) deposition method for sputtering in the fabrication of state-of-the-art TiN microelectrode arrays (MEAs). The effects of evaporation and nitrogen flow rates were evaluated while developing the IBAD TiN deposition process. Moreover, the produced IBAD TiN microelectrodes were characterized by impedance, charge transfer capacity (CTC) and noise measurements for electrical properties, AFM and SEM for topological imaging, and EDS for material composition. The impedance (at 1 kHz) of brand new 30 μm IBAD TiN microelectrodes was found to be double but still below 100 kΩ compared with commercial reference MEAs with sputtered TiN microelectrodes of the same size. On the contrary, the noise level of IBAD TiN MEAs was lower compared with that of commercial sputtered TiN MEAs in equal conditions. In CTC IBAD TiN electrodes (3.3 mC/cm2) also outperformed the sputtered counterparts (2.0 mC/cm2). To verify the suitability of IBAD TiN microelectrodes for cell measurements, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neuronal networks were cultured on IBAD TiN MEAs and commercial sputtered TiN MEAs in two different media: neural differentiation medium (NDM) and BrainPhys (BPH). The effect of cell culture media to hPSC derived neuronal networks was evaluated to gain more stable and more active networks. Higher spontaneous activity levels were measured from the neuronal networks cultured in BPH compared with those in NDM in both MEA types. However, BPH caused more problems in cell survival in long-term cultures by inducing neuronal network retraction and clump formation after 1–2 weeks. In addition, BPH was found to corrode the Si3N4 insulator layer more than NDM medium. The developed IBAD TiN process gives MEA manufacturers more choices to choose which method to use to deposit TiN electrodes and the medium evaluation results remind that not only electrode material but also insulator layer and cell culturing medium have crucial role in successful long term MEA measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Ryynänen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Toivanen
- NeuroGroup, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Turkka Salminen
- Laboratory of Photonics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Ylä-Outinen
- NeuroGroup, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Narkilahti
- NeuroGroup, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Lekkala
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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Gu X, Yao C, Liu Y, Hsing IM. 16-Channel Organic Electrochemical Transistor Array for In Vitro Conduction Mapping of Cardiac Action Potential. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2345-51. [PMID: 27396472 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
16-Channel organic electrochemical transistor arrays (OECTs) are developed for mapping the propagation and studying the characteristics of action potentials of primary cardiomyocytes. The physiological activities of a rat cardiomyocyte monolayer during a long-term culturing is revealed by this biocompatible, low-cost, and high transconductance organic electronic device. OECT has great potential to be used in cardiac and neuronal drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Bioengineering Graduate Program; Division of Biomedical Engineering; The Hong Kong University of Scienceand Technology; Hong Kong China 999077
| | - Chunlei Yao
- Bioengineering Graduate Program; Division of Biomedical Engineering; The Hong Kong University of Scienceand Technology; Hong Kong China 999077
| | - Ying Liu
- Bioengineering Graduate Program; Division of Biomedical Engineering; The Hong Kong University of Scienceand Technology; Hong Kong China 999077
| | - I-Ming Hsing
- Bioengineering Graduate Program; Division of Biomedical Engineering; The Hong Kong University of Scienceand Technology; Hong Kong China 999077
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8
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Kienast R, Stöger M, Handler M, Hanser F, Baumgartner C. Alterations of field potentials in isotropic cardiomyocyte cell layers induced by multiple endogenous pacemakers under normal and hypothermal conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1013-23. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00097.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of autonomous contracting randomly grown cardiomyocyte monolayers cultivated on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) represents an accepted experimental setting for preclinical experimental research in the field of cardiac electrophysiology. A dominant pacemaker forces a monolayer to adhere to a regular and synchronized contraction. Randomly distributed multiple pacemakers interfere with this dominant center, resulting in more or less frequent changes of propagation direction. This study aims to characterize the impact of changing propagation directions at single electrodes of the MEA on the four intrinsic parameters of registered field potentials (FPs) FPrise, FPMIN, FPpre, and FPdur and conduction velocity (CV) under normal and hypothermal conditions. Primary cultures of chicken cardiomyocytes ( n = 18) were plated directly onto MEAs and FPs were recorded in a temperature range between 37 and 29°C. The number and spatiotemporal distribution of biological and artificial pacemakers of each cell layer inside and outside of the MEA registration area were evaluated using an algorithm developed in-house. In almost every second myocardial cell layer, interfering autonomous pacemakers were detected at stable temperatures, showing random spatial distributions with similar beating rates. Additionally, a temperature-dependent change of the dominant pacemaker center was observed in n = 16 experiments. A significant spread-direction-dependent variation of CV, FPrise, FPMIN, and FPpre up to 14% could be measured between different endogenous pacemakers. In conclusion, based on our results, disregarding the spatial origin of excitation may lead to misinterpretations and erroneous conclusions of FP parameters in the verification of research hypotheses in cellular electrocardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kienast
- Institute of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria; and
| | - M. Stöger
- Institute of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria; and
- Division of Internal Medicine III/Cardiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M. Handler
- Institute of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria; and
| | - F. Hanser
- Institute of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria; and
| | - C. Baumgartner
- Institute of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria; and
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Liu Q, Wu C, Cai H, Hu N, Zhou J, Wang P. Cell-based biosensors and their application in biomedicine. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6423-61. [PMID: 24905074 DOI: 10.1021/cr2003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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10
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Wesche M, Hüske M, Yakushenko A, Brüggemann D, Mayer D, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. A nanoporous alumina microelectrode array for functional cell-chip coupling. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:495303. [PMID: 23150042 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/49/495303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The design of electrode interfaces has a strong impact on cell-based bioelectronic applications. We present a new type of microelectrode array chip featuring a nanoporous alumina interface. The chip is fabricated in a combination of top-down and bottom-up processes using state-of-the-art clean room technology and self-assembled generation of nanopores by aluminum anodization. The electrode characteristics are investigated in phosphate buffered saline as well as under cell culture conditions. We show that the modified microelectrodes exhibit decreased impedance compared to planar microelectrodes, which is caused by a nanostructuring effect of the underlying gold during anodization. The stability and biocompatibility of the device are demonstrated by measuring action potentials from cardiomyocyte-like cells growing on top of the chip. Cross sections of the cell-surface interface reveal that the cell membrane seals the nanoporous alumina layer without bending into the sub-50 nm apertures. The nanoporous microelectrode array device may be used as a platform for combining extracellular recording of cell activity with stimulating topographical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wesche
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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11
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Microfabricated electrochemical cell-based biosensors for analysis of living cells in vitro. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2012; 2:127-70. [PMID: 25585708 PMCID: PMC4263572 DOI: 10.3390/bios2020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular biochemical parameters can be used to reveal the physiological and functional information of various cells. Due to demonstrated high accuracy and non-invasiveness, electrochemical detection methods have been used for cell-based investigation. When combined with improved biosensor design and advanced measurement systems, the on-line biochemical analysis of living cells in vitro has been applied for biological mechanism study, drug screening and even environmental monitoring. In recent decades, new types of miniaturized electrochemical biosensor are emerging with the development of microfabrication technology. This review aims to give an overview of the microfabricated electrochemical cell-based biosensors, such as microelectrode arrays (MEA), the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technique, and the light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). The details in their working principles, measurement systems, and applications in cell monitoring are covered. Driven by the need for high throughput and multi-parameter detection proposed by biomedicine, the development trends of electrochemical cell-based biosensors are also introduced, including newly developed integrated biosensors, and the application of nanotechnology and microfluidic technology.
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Wang L, Riss M, Buitrago JO, Claverol-Tinturé E. Biophysics of microchannel-enabled neuron–electrode interfaces. J Neural Eng 2012; 9:026010. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/9/2/026010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Taylor DG, Natarajan A. Measurement of electrical conduction properties of intact embryonic murine hearts by extracellular microelectrode arrays. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 843:329-338. [PMID: 22222542 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-523-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study of the embryonic development of the cardiac conduction system and its congenital and toxicological defects requires protocols to measure electrical conduction through the myocardium. However, available methods either lack spatial information, necessitate the hearts to be sliced and mounted, or require specialized equipment. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are plates with embedded surface electrodes to measure localized extracellular ionic currents (field potentials) created by the depolarization and repolarization of cultured cells and tissue slices. Here we describe a protocol using MEAs to examine electrical conduction through intact and beating cultured hearts isolated from mouse embryos at 10.5 days postcoitus. This method allows measurements of conduction time, estimates of conduction velocity, atrioventricular conduction delay and block, and heart rate and rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Taylor
- Department of Biology, Seminole State College of Florida, Sanford, FL, USA.
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Natarajan A, Stancescu M, Dhir V, Armstrong C, Sommerhage F, Hickman JJ, Molnar P. Patterned cardiomyocytes on microelectrode arrays as a functional, high information content drug screening platform. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4267-74. [PMID: 21453966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac side effects are one of the major causes of drug candidate failures in preclinical drug development or in clinical trials and are responsible for the retraction of several already marketed therapeutics. Thus, the development of a relatively high-throughput, high information content tool to screen drugs and toxins would be important in the field of cardiac research and drug development. In this study, recordings from commercial multielectrode arrays were combined with surface patterning of cardiac myocyte monolayers to enhance the information content of the method; specifically, to enable the measurement of conduction velocity, refractory period after action potentials and to create a functional re-entry model. Two drugs, 1-Heptanol, a gap junction blocker, and Sparfloxacin, a fluoroquinone antibiotic, were tested in this system. 1-Heptanol administration resulted in a marked reduction in conduction velocity, whereas Sparfloxacin caused rapid, irregular and unsynchronized activity, indicating fibrillation. As shown in these experiments, patterning of cardiac myocyte monolayers solved several inherent problems of multielectrode recordings, increased the temporal resolution of conduction velocity measurements, and made the synchronization of external stimulation with action potential propagation possible for refractory period measurements. This method could be further developed as a cardiac side effect screening platform after combination with human cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Natarajan
- University of Central Florida, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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15
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Hofmann B, Maybeck V, Eick S, Meffert S, Ingebrandt S, Wood P, Bamberg E, Offenhäusser A. Light induced stimulation and delay of cardiac activity. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2588-2596. [PMID: 20689860 DOI: 10.1039/c003091k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article shows the combination of light activatable ion channels and microelectrode array (MEA) technology for bidirectionally interfacing cells. HL-1 cultures, a mouse derived cardiomyocyte-like cell line, transfected with channelrhodopsin were stimulated with a microscope coupled 473 nm laser and recorded with custom built 64 electrode MEAs. Channelrhodopsin induced depolarization of the cell can evoke action potentials (APs) in single cells. Spreading of the AP over the cell layer can then be measured with good spatiotemporal resolution using MEA recordings. The possibility for light induced pacemaker switching in cultures was shown. Furthermore, the suppression of APs can also be achieved with the laser. Possible applications include cell analysis, e.g. pacemaker interference or induced pacemaker switching, and medical applications such as a combined cardiac pacemaker and defibrillator triggered by light. Since current prosthesis research focuses on bidirectionality, this system may be applied to any electrogenic cell, including neurons or muscles, to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hofmann
- Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems-Bioelectronics (IBN-2) and Jara-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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A Study of the Relationship Between Pharmacologic Preconditioning and Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channels on Cultured Cardiomyocytes Using the Microelectrode Array. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181e0bab6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Eick S, Wallys J, Hofmann B, van Ooyen A, Schnakenberg U, Ingebrandt S, Offenhäusser A. Iridium oxide microelectrode arrays for in vitro stimulation of individual rat neurons from dissociated cultures. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2009; 2:16. [PMID: 19949459 PMCID: PMC2783441 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.16.016.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present the first in vitro extracellular stimulation of individual neurons from dissociated cultures with iridium oxide (IrOx) electrodes. Microelectrode arrays with sputtered IrOx films (SIROF) were developed for electrophysiological investigations with electrogenic cells. The microelectrodes were characterized with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, revealing rough and porous electrodes with enlarged surface areas. As shown by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the large surface area in combination with the good electrochemical properties of SIROF resulted in high charge storage capacity and low electrode impedance. Thus, we could transfer the good properties of IrOx as material for in vivo stimulation electrodes to multi-electrode arrays with electrode diameters as small as 10 μm for in vitro applications. Single rat cortical neurons from dissociated cultures were successfully stimulated to fire action potentials using single or trains of biphasic rectangular voltage-controlled stimulation pulses. The stimulated cell's membrane potential was simultaneously monitored using whole-cell current-clamp recordings. This experimental configuration allowed direct evaluation of the influence of pulse phase sequence, amplitude, and number on the stimulation success ratio and action potential latency. Negative phase first pulses were more effective for extracellular stimulation and caused reduced latency in comparison to positive phase first pulses. Increasing the pulse amplitude also improved stimulation reliability. However, in order to prevent cell or electrode damage, the pulse amplitude is limited to voltages below the threshold for irreversible electrochemical reactions at the electrode. As an alternative to increasing the amplitude, a higher number of stimulation pulses was also shown to increase stimulation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Eick
- Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems, Institute 2: Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
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To establish a pharmacological experimental platform for the study of cardiac hypoxia using the microelectrode array. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 59:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Law JKY, Yeung CK, Hofmann B, Ingebrandt S, Rudd JA, Offenhäusser A, Chan M. The use of microelectrode array (MEA) to study the protective effects of potassium channel openers on metabolically compromised HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Physiol Meas 2009; 30:155-67. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/30/2/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang B, Adams KL, Luber SJ, Eves DJ, Heien ML, Ewing AG. Spatially and temporally resolved single-cell exocytosis utilizing individually addressable carbon microelectrode arrays. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1394-400. [PMID: 18232712 DOI: 10.1021/ac702409s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication and characterization of carbon microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and their application to spatially and temporally resolve neurotransmitter release from single pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The carbon MEAs are composed of individually addressable 2.5-mum-radius microdisks embedded in glass. The fabrication involves pulling a multibarrel glass capillary containing a single carbon fiber in each barrel into a sharp tip, followed by beveling the electrode tip to form an array (10-20 microm) of carbon microdisks. This simple fabrication procedure eliminates the need for complicated wiring of the independent electrodes, thus allowing preparation of high-density individually addressable microelectrodes. The carbon MEAs have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, steady-state and fast-scan voltammetry, and numerical simulations. Amperometric results show that subcellular heterogeneity in single-cell exocytosis can be electrochemically detected with MEAs. These ultrasmall electrochemical probes are suitable for detecting fast chemical events in tight spaces, as well as for developing multifunctional electrochemical microsensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, 104 Chemistry Research Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Yeung CK, Law JKY, Sam SW, Ingebrandt S, Lau HYA, Rudd JA, Chan M. The Use of Microelectrode Array (MEA) to Study Rat Peritoneal Mast Cell Activation. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 107:201-12. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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