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Wang Y, Li K, Shen W, Huang X, Wu L. Point-of-care testing of methamphetamine and cocaine utilizing wearable sensors. Anal Biochem 2024; 691:115526. [PMID: 38621604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The imperative for the point-of-care testing of methamphetamine and cocaine in drug abuse prevention necessitates innovative solutions. To address this need, we have introduced a multi-channel wearable sensor harnessing CRISPR/Cas12a system. A CRISPR/Cas12a based system, integrated with aptamers specific to methamphetamine and cocaine, has been engineered. These aptamers function as signal-mediated intermediaries, converting methamphetamine and cocaine into nucleic acid signals, subsequently generating single-stranded DNA to activate the Cas12 protein. Additionally, we have integrated a microfluidic system and magnetic separation technology into the CRISPR system, enabling rapid and precise detection of cocaine and methamphetamine. The proposed sensing platform demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, achieving a detection limit as low as 0.1 ng/mL. This sensor is expected to be used for on-site drug detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Weijian Shen
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, Nanjing, 210000, PR China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- International Research Center of Synthetic Biology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Lina Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, 462300, Henan, PR China.
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Jacobs CM, Wagmann L, Meyer MR. Sample Matrices for Mass Spectrometry-Based Adherence Monitoring: A Systematic Critical Review. Ther Drug Monit 2024; 46:6-15. [PMID: 37798828 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analytical monitoring of adherence using mass spectrometry (MS) plays an important role in clinical toxicology. Unambiguous detection of drugs (of abuse) and/or their metabolites in body fluids is needed to monitor intake of medication as prescribed or to monitor abstinence as a follow-up to detoxification procedures. This study focused on the advantages and disadvantages of different sample matrices used for MS-based adherence monitoring. METHODS Relevant articles were identified through a literature search in the PubMed database. English articles published between January 01, 2017, and December 31, 2022, were selected using the keywords "adherence assess*" or "adherence monit*" or "compliance assess*" or "compliance monit*" in combination with "mass spectrom*" in the title or abstract. RESULTS A total of 51 articles were identified, 37 of which were within the scope of this study. MS-based monitoring was shown to improve patient adherence to prescribed drugs. However, MS analysis may not be able to assess whether treatment was rigorously followed beyond the last few days before the sampling event, except when hair is the sample matrix. For medication adherence monitoring, blood-based analyses may be preferred because reference plasma concentrations are usually available, whereas for abstinence control, urine and hair samples have the advantage of extended detection windows compared with blood. Alternative sample matrices, such as dried blood samples, oral fluid, and exhaled breath, are suitable for at-home sampling; however, little information is available regarding the pharmacokinetics and reference ranges of drug (of abuse) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Each sample matrix has strengths and weaknesses, and no single sample matrix can be considered the gold standard for monitoring adherence. It is important to have sufficient information regarding the pharmacokinetics of target substances to select a sample matrix in accordance with the desired purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Rezai Moradali S, Soltanzadeh H, Montazam H, Asadi Z, Fathi S. MicroRNA-127 and MicroRNA-132 Expression in Patients with Methamphetamine Abuse in East Azerbaijan, Iran: A Case-Control Study. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2022; 14:214-217. [PMID: 36544981 PMCID: PMC9743824 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2022.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Addiction is a personal and social problem worldwide, and has physical and psychological effects on consumers' health. Recently, miRNAs have been described as noninvasive biomarkers. Currently, methamphetamine abuse (MA) is mainly diagnosed by chromatography. This study aimed to investigate the expression and diagnostic value of miR-127 and miR-132 in blood samples of patients with MA and non-user healthy controls. Methods A total of 60 patients with MA (case group) and 60 non-user healthy individuals (control group) were selected from Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Peripheral blood was obtained and total RNA was extracted. Then, cDNA synthesis was performed and miR-127 and miR-132 expression was evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Findings The results of this study demonstrated that miR-127 was significantly lower (0.042-fold change) in patients with MA than in the control group (P<0.05). However, miR-132 was significantly higher (7.1-fold change) in patients with MA than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion In general, expression of miR-127 and miR-132 may alter in patients with MA. Further studies are needed to identify underlying molecular mechanisms in patients with MA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Soltanzadeh
- Department of Genetics, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran,Corresponding Author: Hossein Soltanzadeh,
| | - Hassan Montazam
- Department of Genetics, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadi
- Department of Genetics, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
| | - Shima Fathi
- Department of Genetics, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
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Fathi S, Soltanzadeh H, Tanomand A, Asadi Z, Rezai Moradali S. Investigation of miR-222 as a potential biomarker in diagnosis of patients with methamphetamine abuse disorder. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Methamphetamine abuse disorder is an important social and health problem worldwide. Diagnosis and confirmation of patients with methamphetamine abuse using serum are important in many fields. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding oligonucleotides and recently suggested as a biomarker for earlier diagnosis of several human disorders. Therefore, in this study, we investigated miR-222 and miR-212 expressions in blood of patients with methamphetamine abuse disorder comparison with healthy control subjects.
Results
The results revealed that the expression of blood miR-222 is significantly increased (12.9-fold change) in patients with methamphetamine abuse disorders compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). However, expression of miR-212 is at the same levels in both patients and healthy controls (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
In general, we suggested that the miR-222 may play a potentially important role in pathogenesis of methamphetamine abuse disorder and can be considered as an applied tool for identifying individuals with methamphetamine abuse disorder.
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Determination of 19 Psychoactive Substances in Premortem and Postmortem Whole Blood Samples Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8060078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An ever-increasing need exists within the forensic laboratories to develop analytical processes for the qualitative and quantitative determination of a broad spectrum of new psychoactive substances. Phenylethylamine derivatives are among the major classes of psychoactive substances available on the global market and include both amphetamine analogues and synthetic cathinones. In this work, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and fully validated for the determination of 19 psychoactive substances, including nine amphetamine-type stimulants and 10 synthetic cathinone derivatives, in premortem and postmortem whole blood. The assay was based on the use of 1 mL premortem or postmortem whole blood, following solid phase extraction prior to the analysis. The separation was achieved on a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 analytical column with a gradient mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water in 9 min. The dynamic multiple reaction monitoring used in this work allowed for limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of 0.5 and 2 ng mL−1, respectively, for all analytes both in premortem and postmortem whole blood samples. A quadratic calibration model was used for the 12 quantitative analytes over the concentration range of 20–2000 ng mL−1, and the method was shown to be precise and accurate both in premortem and postmortem whole blood. The method was applied to the analysis of real cases and proved to be a valuable tool in forensic and clinical toxicology.
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Gu WJ, Zhang C, Zhong Y, Luo J, Zhang CY, Zhang C, Wang C. Altered serum microRNA expression profile in subjects with heroin and methamphetamine use disorder. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109918. [PMID: 32036213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drug abuse is one of the most severe global social and public health problems, especially in China. However, objective blood biomarkers that are easy to detect are still in great need. This study was aim to explore the expression pattern of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in subjects with drug addiction and test the potential of altered serum miRNAs as noninvasive diagnostic tools for drug abuse. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 42 heroin abusers, 42 methamphetamine (MA) abusers and 42 controls. Microarray-based miRNA analysis was first applied to screen unique serum miRNA profiles in drug abusers on a training set of serum samples from 12 heroin abusers, 12 MA abusers and 12 control subjects. The expression levels of selected candidate miRNAs were subsequently verified in individual samples of the training set and further confirmed independently in a validation set of samples from 30 heroin abusers, 30 MA abusers and 30 controls using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Microarray analysis identified 116 and 109 significantly altered miRNAs in heroin abusers and MA abusers, respectively. Three miRNAs, including let-7b-5p, miR-206 and miR-486-5p, were verified to be significantly and steadily increased in heroin abusers, and miR-9-3p was significantly increased in MA abusers compared with normal controls. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the ROC curve of these miRNAs ranged from 0.718 to 0.867. CONCLUSIONS Our study raises the possibility that the altered serum miRNAs could potentially be used as an auxiliary tool to identify individuals in drug abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jian Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yujie Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Central Laboratory of Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Bakdash A. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractA gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous quantification of 3-fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC), (±)-3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM), 4-chloroethcathinone (4-CEC) and 4-Bromomethcathinone (4-BMC) in human blood with (±)-methcathinone-D3 as internal standard has been developed and validated. Whole blood samples were treated with 10% trichloroacetic acid for protein precipitation before solid phase extraction. The method was selective, the calibration curves showed linearity for all substances with R2 ranging from 0.991 to 0.998 in the range 5-1.000 ng/mL. Analysis of blank samples showed no-sign of carryover. Precision and accuracy were acceptable with values less than 20% (RSD) and ± 20% (Bias). The limit of quantification (LOQ) for all substances was 5ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precision were 2.111.7% and 1.3 -10.2% respectively and accuracy biases were between -10.6-19.6% % (intra-day) and 11-12.1% (inter-day). The extraction efficiencies were 85.4, 82.8, 79.1 and 74.9% for 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC and 4-BMC respectively.A robust and reliable simultaneous quantification method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode (GC-MS-SIM) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsallam Bakdash
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences (NAUSS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Takitane J, Leyton V, Andreuccetti G, Gjerde H, Vindenes V, Berg T. Determination of cocaine, metabolites and a crack cocaine biomarker in whole blood by liquid–liquid extraction and UHPLC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:165-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Narang J, Singhal C, Khanuja M, Mathur A, Jain A, Pundir CS. Hydrothermally synthesized zinc oxide nanorods incorporated on lab-on-paper device for electrochemical detection of recreational drug. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1586-1593. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1381614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Narang
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Chaitali Singhal
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Manika Khanuja
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Mathur
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Akshay Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - C. S. Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Piacentino D, Kotzalidis GD, Longo L, Pavan A, Stivali L, Stivali G, Ferracuti S, Brugnoli R, Frati P, Fineschi V, Girardi P, Sani G. Body Image and Eating Disorders are Common among Professional and Amateur Athletes Using Performance and Image Enhancing Drugs: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017; 49:373-384. [PMID: 28777732 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1359708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) is not uncommon in athletes and appears to be associated with several psychopathological disorders of unclear prevalence. In this multicenter, cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of body image disorders (BIDs) and eating disorders (EDs) in PIED-using athletes vs. PIED nonusers. We enrolled 84 consecutive professional and amateur athletes training in sport centers in Italy, who underwent semi-structured interviews (SCID-I, SCID-II) and completed the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) and the Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food Eating Disorder Screening Test (SCOFF). PIEDs were searched for in participants' blood, urine, and hair. Of these, 18 (21.4%) used PIEDs, the most common being anabolic androgenic steroids, amphetamine-like substances, coffee and caffeine derivatives, synthetic cathinones, and ephedrine. PIED users and nonusers did not differ in socio-demographic characteristics, but differed in clinical and psychopathological features, with PIED users being characterized by higher physical activity levels, higher daily coffee and psychotropic medication use (e.g., benzodiazepines), more SCID diagnoses of psychiatric disorders, especially substance use disorder, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), EDs, and general anxiety disorder, higher BICI scores (indicating higher risk of BDD), and higher SCOFF scores (suggesting higher risks for BIDs and EDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Piacentino
- a Professor, NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,b Resident, Department of Psychiatry , San Maurizio Hospital, Sanitary Agency of South Tyrol , Bolzano-Bozen , Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- a Professor, NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Livia Longo
- a Professor, NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Antonio Pavan
- c Professor, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service , Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Guido Stivali
- e Colonel, Aerospace Medicine Institute of the Italian Armed Forces , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- a Professor, NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Brugnoli
- a Professor, NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- f Professor, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- f Professor, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- a Professor, NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- a Professor, NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department , Sapienza-University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Fiorentin TR, D'Avila FB, Comiran E, Zamboni A, Scherer JN, Pechansky F, Borges PEM, Fröehlich PE, Limberger RP. Simultaneous determination of cocaine/crack and its metabolites in oral fluid, urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in drug users. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 86:60-66. [PMID: 28395991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A single LC-MS equipment was used to validate three methods for simultaneously analyzing cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BZE), cocaethylene (CE), anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME) and anhydroecgonine (AEC) in oral fluid (OF), urine and plasma. METHODS The methods were carried out using a Kinetex HILIC column for polar compounds at 30°C. Mobile phase with isocratic condition of acetonitrile: 13mM ammonium acetate pH 6.0: methanol (55:35:10 v/v/v) at 0.8mL/min flow rate was used. RESULTS After buffer dilution (OF) and protein precipitation (urine and plasma), calibration curve ranges were 4.25-544ng/mL for oral fluid and 5-320ng/mL for urine and plasma with correlation coefficients (r) between 0.9947 and 0.9992. The lowest concentration of the calibration curves were the lower limit of quantification. No major matrix effect could be noted, demonstrating the efficiency of the cleaning procedure. DISCUSSION The methods were fully validated and proved to be suitable for analysis of 124 cocaine and/or crack cocaine users. Among the subjects, 56.5% reported daily use of cocaine in the previous three months. Results show a high prevalence of the analytes, with BZE as the most prevalent (94 cases), followed by COC (93 cases), AEC (70 cases), CE (33 cases) and AEME (13 cases). In addition, the concentration of BZE in urine was higher compared to OF and plasma found in the real samples, showing the facility of accumulation in chronic users in matrices with a large detection window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Regina Fiorentin
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Bianchini D'Avila
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Comiran
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Zamboni
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs - HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs - HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Mayorga Borges
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, State Foundation for Production and Research in Health, Av. Ipiranga, 5400, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Fröehlich
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Schumacher S, Seitz H. A novel immunoassay for quantitative drug abuse screening in serum. J Immunol Methods 2016; 436:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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D'Avila FB, Limberger RP, Fröehlich PE. Cocaine and crack cocaine abuse by pregnant or lactating mothers and analysis of its biomarkers in meconium and breast milk by LC–MS—A review. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1096-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Urine drug testing plays an important role in monitoring licit and illicit drug use for both medico-legal and clinical purposes. One of the major challenges of urine drug testing is adulteration, a practice involving manipulation of a urine specimen with chemical adulterants to produce a false negative test result. This problem is compounded by the number of easily obtained chemicals that can effectively adulterate a urine specimen. Common adulterants include some household chemicals such as hypochlorite bleach, laundry detergent, table salt, and toilet bowl cleaner and many commercial products such as UrinAid (glutaraldehyde), Stealth® (containing peroxidase and peroxide), Urine Luck (pyridinium chlorochromate, PCC), and Klear® (potassium nitrite) available through the Internet. These adulterants can invalidate a screening test result, a confirmatory test result, or both. To counteract urine adulteration, drug testing laboratories have developed a number of analytical methods to detect adulterants in a urine specimen. While these methods are useful in detecting urine adulteration when such activities are suspected, they do not reveal what types of drugs are being concealed. This is particularly the case when oxidizing urine adulterants are involved as these oxidants are capable of destroying drugs and their metabolites in urine, rendering the drug analytes undetectable by any testing technology. One promising approach to address this current limitation has been the use of unique oxidation products formed from reaction of drug analytes with oxidizing adulterants as markers for monitoring drug misuse and urine adulteration. This novel approach will ultimately improve the effectiveness of the current urine drug testing programs.
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Chun SC, Wu HF. State-of-the-art nanoplatform-integrated MALDI-MS impacting resolutions in urinary proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:469-81. [PMID: 25736343 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Urine proteomics has become a subject of interest, since it has led to a number of breakthroughs in disease diagnostics. Urine contains information not only from the kidney and the urinary tract but also from other organs, thus urinary proteome analysis allows for identification of biomarkers for both urogenital and systemic diseases. The following review gives a brief overview of the analytical techniques that have been in practice for urinary proteomics. MALDI-MS technique and its current application status in this area of clinical research have been discussed. The review comments on the challenges facing the conventional MALDI-MS technique and the upgradation of this technique with the introduction of nanotechnology. This review projects nano-based techniques such as nano-MALDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and nanostructure-initiator MS as the platforms that have the potential in trafficking MALDI-MS from the lab to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Chul Chun
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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16
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Bell S, Nida C. Pyrolysis of drugs of abuse: a comprehensive review. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:445-56. [PMID: 25865019 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature to date relating to pyrolysis and heated vapour ingestion of drugs of abuse. In this context, heating is referred to as smoking or pyrolysis, but these are generic descriptors that encompass numerous methods of vapour generation and inhalation. Depending on the amount of drug used, diluents and contaminants present, heating conditions, and the oxidative/reductive environment, many thermal decomposition products can be formed. In addition to the recognized hazard of rapid onset of pharmacological effects of the parent drug, thermal decomposition products may be pharmacologically active as well as acutely/chronically toxic. For example, several published reports have linked heroin smoking to a form of brain encephalopathy and to the development of movement disorders. Early qualitative studies focusing on the thermal decomposition of drugs have evolved into more complex investigations employing mass spectral identification, confirmation, and elucidation of formation mechanism. In most cases, thermal decomposition begins with cleavage of the weakest bond (often C-N) to generate free radicals that then form the most stable sterically favoured products. Several reports of rearrangements at higher temperatures have been identified and hint at an underlying complexity that arises from the variety of smoking methods and conditions. Given that many designer drugs such as synthetic cannabinoids are ingested primarily through smoking, this issue has taken on new importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry/Department of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26508-6121, USA
| | - Corey Nida
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26508-6121, USA
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17
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Economical synthesis of 13C-labeled opiates, cocaine derivatives and selected urinary metabolites by derivatization of the natural products. Molecules 2015; 20:5329-45. [PMID: 25816077 PMCID: PMC6272324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal use of opiates and cocaine is a challenge world-wide, but some derivatives are also valuable pharmaceuticals. Reference samples of the active ingredients and their metabolites are needed both for controlling administration in the clinic and to detect drugs of abuse. Especially, 13C-labeled compounds are useful for identification and quantification purposes by mass spectroscopic techniques, potentially increasing accuracy by minimizing ion alteration/suppression effects. Thus, the synthesis of [acetyl-13C4]heroin, [acetyl-13C4-methyl-13C]heroin, [acetyl-13C2-methyl-13C]6-acetylmorphine, [N-methyl-13C-O-metyl-13C]codeine and phenyl-13C6-labeled derivatives of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine and cocaethylene was undertaken to provide such reference materials. The synthetic work has focused on identifying 13C atom-efficient routes towards these derivatives. Therefore, the 13C-labeled opiates and cocaine derivatives were made from the corresponding natural products.
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18
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Steuer AE, Poetzsch M, Koenig M, Tingelhoff E, Staeheli SN, Roemmelt AT, Kraemer T. Comparison of conventional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry versus microflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry within the framework of full method validation for simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressants and neuroleptics in whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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D'Avila FB, Pereira AG, Salazar FR, Ferreira PL, Salazar CR, Limberger RP, Fröehlich PE. Determination of cocaine/crack biomarkers in colostrum by LC–MS following protein precipitation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 103:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Arnhard K, Gottschall A, Pitterl F, Oberacher H. Applying 'Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra' (SWATH) for systematic toxicological analysis with liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:405-14. [PMID: 25366975 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become an indispensable analytical technique in clinical and forensic toxicology for detection and identification of potentially toxic or harmful compounds. Particularly, non-target LC-MS/MS assays enable extensive and universal screening requested in systematic toxicological analysis. An integral part of the identification process is the generation of information-rich product ion spectra which can be searched against libraries of reference mass spectra. Usually, 'data-dependent acquisition' (DDA) strategies are applied for automated data acquisition. In this study, the 'data-independent acquisition' (DIA) method 'Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra' (SWATH) was combined with LC-MS/MS on a quadrupole-quadrupole-time-of-flight (QqTOF) instrument for acquiring informative high-resolution tandem mass spectra. SWATH performs data-independent fragmentation of all precursor ions entering the mass spectrometer in 21m/z isolation windows. The whole m/z range of interest is covered by continuous stepping of the isolation window. This allows numerous repeat analyses of each window during the elution of a single chromatographic peak and results in a complete fragment ion map of the sample. Compounds and samples typically encountered in forensic casework were used to assess performance characteristics of LC-MS/MS with SWATH. Our experiments clearly revealed that SWATH is a sensitive and specific identification technique. SWATH is capable of identifying more compounds at lower concentration levels than DDA does. The dynamic range of SWATH was estimated to be three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the >600,000 SWATH spectra matched led to only 408 incorrect calls (false positive rate = 0.06 %). Deconvolution of generated ion maps was found to be essential for unravelling the full identification power of LC-MS/MS with SWATH. With the available software, however, only semi-automated deconvolution was enabled, which rendered data interpretation a laborious and time-consuming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Arnhard
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Steuer AE, Forss AM, Dally AM, Kraemer T. Method development and validation for simultaneous quantification of 15 drugs of abuse and prescription drugs and 7 of their metabolites in whole blood relevant in the context of driving under the influence of drugs––Usefulness of multi-analyte calibration. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Colorimetric and bare eye determination of urinary methylamphetamine based on the use of aptamers and the salt-induced aggregation of unmodified gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Espy RD, Teunissen SF, Manicke NE, Ren Y, Ouyang Z, van Asten A, Cooks RG. Paper Spray and Extraction Spray Mass Spectrometry for the Direct and Simultaneous Quantification of Eight Drugs of Abuse in Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7712-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5016408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Espy
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sebastiaan Frans Teunissen
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Department of Forensic
Chemistry, Toxicology Laboratory, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas E. Manicke
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yue Ren
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Arian van Asten
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Department of Forensic
Chemistry, Toxicology Laboratory, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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24
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Bioanalysis of urine samples after manipulation by oxidizing chemicals: technical considerations. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1543-61. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug testing programs are established to help achieve a drug-free work environment, promote fair competition in sport, facilitate harm minimization and rehabilitation programs, better manage patient care by clinicians and service law enforcement authorities. Urine remains the most popular and appropriate testing matrix for such purposes. However, urine is prone to adulteration, where chemicals, especially oxidizing chemicals, are purposely added to the collected urine specimens to produce a false-negative test result. This article will describe the effect of various popular oxidizing adulterants on urine drug test results, the countermeasures taken by laboratories in dealing with adulterated urine samples and the prospect of developing more robust and economical methods to combat urine adulteration in the future.
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25
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Sieradzka E, Witt K, Milnerowicz H. The application of capillary electrophoresis techniques in toxicological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1507-13. [PMID: 24828301 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) comprises a group of techniques used to separate chemical mixtures. Analytical separation is based on different electrophoretic mobilities, thereby allowing qualitative and quantitative evaluations to be made. The application of CE in medical science, especially in toxicological studies, is developing rapidly because of the short time required for analysis and its high sensitivity, selectivity and ability to determine substances of an acidic, alkaline and neutral character. This review focuses on the possibility of applying CE in toxicological analysis. Advances in different CE analyses and detection techniques connected with this method are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Sieradzka
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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26
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Pelição FS, Peres MD, Pissinate JF, De Martinis BS. A One-Step Extraction Procedure for the Screening of Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids in Postmortem Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:341-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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27
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Mantovani CDC, Lima MB, Oliveira CDRD, Menck RDA, Diniz EMDA, Yonamine M. Development and practical application of accelerated solvent extraction for the isolation of cocaine/crack biomarkers in meconium samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 957:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Screening and confirmation methods for GHB determination in biological fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3553-77. [PMID: 24500753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of reported methods for screening and confirmation of the low-molecular-weight compound and drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in biological fluids. The polarity of the compound, its endogenous presence, its rapid metabolism after ingestion, and its instability during storage (de novo formation and interconversion between GHB and its lactone form gamma-butyrolactone) are challenges for the analyst and for interpretation of a positive result. First, possible screening procedures for GHB are discussed, including colorimetric, enzymatic, and chromatography-based procedures. Confirmation methods for clinical and forensic cases mostly involve gas chromatography (coupled to mass spectrometry), although liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis have also been used. Before injection, sample-preparation techniques include (a combination of) liquid-liquid, solid-phase, or headspace extraction, and chemical modification of the polar compound. Also simple "dilute-and-shoot" may be sufficient for urine or serum. Advantages, limitations, and trends are discussed.
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30
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What is the future of (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography coupled to low and high resolution mass spectrometry for toxicological drug screening? J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Quantification of 31 illicit and medicinal drugs and metabolites in whole blood by fully automated solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2607-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Mátyus M, Kocsis G, Boldis O, Karvaly G, Magyar E, Fűrész J, Gachályi A. Determination of morphine and codeine in serum after poppy seed consumption using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Marin SJ, Hughes JM, Lawlor BG, Clark CJ, McMillin GA. Rapid screening for 67 drugs and metabolites in serum or plasma by accurate-mass LC-TOF-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:477-86. [PMID: 22802572 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-seven drugs and metabolites were detected in serum or plasma using a fast (7.5 min) liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) method. This method was developed as a blood drug screen, with emphasis on the detection of common drugs of abuse and drugs used to manage chronic pain. Qualitative drug detection may identify a drug exposure, assure patient adherence with prescribed therapy and document abstinence from non-prescribed medications. Compound identification is based on chromatographic retention time, mass, isotope spacing and isotope abundance. Data analysis software (Agilent) generates a compound score based on how well these observed criteria matched theoretical and empirical values. The method was validated using fortified samples and 299 residual patient specimens (920 positive results). All results were confirmed by gas chromatography-MS or LC-tandem MS. The accuracy of positive results (samples meeting all qualitative criteria for retention time, mass and compound score) was >90% for drugs and/or metabolites, except for two benzodiazepines. There were 35 false positive results (seven compounds, 3.8%) that could be distinguished by retention time and/or absence of metabolites. The most frequent was 6-acetylmorphine in the absence of morphine. The LC-TOF-MS targeted screening method presented represents a sensitive and specific technology for drug screening of serum or plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Marin
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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34
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Nielsen MKK, Johansen SS. Simultaneous Determination of 25 Common Pharmaceuticals in Whole Blood Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:497-506. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Gonçalves AFP, Neng NR, Mestre AS, Carvalho AP, Nogueira JMF. Development of a powdered activated carbon in bar adsorptive micro-extraction for the analysis of morphine and codeine in human urine. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:574-81. [PMID: 22562817 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, bar adsorptive microextraction using an activated carbon (AC) adsorbent phase followed by liquid desorption and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed to monitor morphine (MOR) and codeine (COD) in human urine. Under optimized experimental conditions, assays performed in aqueous media spiked at the 30.0 µg/L level yielded recoveries of 41.3 ± 1.3% for MOR and 38.4 ± 1.7% for COD, respectively. The textural and surface chemistry properties of the AC phase were also correlated with the analytical data for a better understanding of the overall enrichment process. The analytical performance showed good precision (relative standard deviation < 8.0%), suitable detection limits (0.90 and 0.06 µg/L for MOR and COD, respectively) and convenient linear dynamic ranges (r(2) > 0.991) from 10.0 to 330.0 µg/L. By using the standard addition methodology, the applications of this analytical approach to water and urine matrices allowed remarkable performance to monitor MOR and COD at the trace level. This new confirmatory method proved to be a suitable alternative to other sorptive micro-extraction methodologies in monitoring trace levels of opiate-related compounds, because it was easy to implement, reliable, sensitive and required a low sample volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F P Gonçalves
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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36
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Jamt REG, Gjelstad A, Eibak LEE, Øiestad EL, Christophersen AS, Rasmussen KE, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of stimulating drugs from undiluted whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Ambrosini S, Shinde S, De Lorenzi E, Sellergren B. Glucuronide directed molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction: isolation of testosterone glucuronide from its parent drug in urine. Analyst 2012; 137:249-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15606c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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38
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Ambrosini S, Serra M, Shinde S, Sellergren B, De Lorenzi E. Synthesis and chromatographic evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by the substructure approach for the class-selective recognition of glucuronides. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6961-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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39
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A preliminary investigation on the distribution of cannabinoids in man. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 210:e7-e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Porta T, Grivet C, Kraemer T, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. Single hair cocaine consumption monitoring by mass spectrometric imaging. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4266-72. [PMID: 21510611 DOI: 10.1021/ac200610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to image the distribution of cocaine and its metabolites in intact single hair samples from chronic users down to a concentration of 5 ng/mg. Acquisitions were performed in rastering mode, at a speed of 1 mm/s and in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode on a MALDI triple quadrupole linear ion trap fitted with a high repetition rate laser (1 kHz). Compared to traditional methods based on LC-MS/MS or GC-MS(/MS) which require to segment the hair to obtain spatial resolution, MALDI-MSI, with a straightforward sample preparation beforehand, allowed obtaining a spatial resolution of 1 mm and thus the chronological information about cocaine consumption contained in a single intact hair over several months could be monitored. The analysis time of an intact single hair sample of 6 cm is approximately of 6 min. Cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine, ethylcocaine, and norcocaine were investigated in nine sets of hair samples for forensic purposes. The analyses were accomplished by spraying α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 4-chloro-α-cyano-cinnamic acid (Cl-CCA), or (E)-2-cyano-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)acrylic acid (NpCCA) as MALDI matrices. We also propose a rapid strategy for sensitive confirmatory analyses with both MS/MS and MS(3) experiments performed directly on intact hair samples. Since only part of the hair strand is analyzed, additional analyses are possible at any time on the remaining hair from the strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Porta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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41
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Drugs of abuse screening in urine as part of a metabolite-based LC-MSn screening concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3481-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Remane D, Meyer MR, Wissenbach DK, Maurer HH. Ion suppression and enhancement effects of co-eluting analytes in multi-analyte approaches: systematic investigation using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization or electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3103-3108. [PMID: 20941756 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In multi-analyte procedures, sufficient separation is important to avoid interferences, particularly when using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) because of possible ion suppression or enhancement. However, even using ultra-high-performance LC, baseline separation is not always possible. For development and validation of an LC/MS/MS approach for quantification of 140 antidepressants, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, beta-blockers, oral antidiabetics, and analytes measured in the context of brain death diagnosis in plasma, the extent of ion suppression or enhancement of co-eluting analytes within and between the drug classes was investigated using atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray ionization (ESI). Within the drug classes, five analytes showed ion enhancement of over 25% and six analytes ion suppression of over 25% using APCI and 16 analytes ion suppression of over 25% using ESI. Between the drug classes, two analytes showed ion suppression of over 25% using APCI. Using ESI, one analyte showed ion enhancement of over 25% and five analytes ion suppression of over 25%. These effects may influence the drug quantification using calibrators made in presence of overlapping and thus interfering analytes. Ion suppression/enhancement effects induced by co-eluting drugs of different classes present in the patient sample may also lead to false measurements using class-specific calibrators made in absence of overlapping and thus interfering analytes. In conclusion, ion suppression and enhancement tests are essential during method development and validation in LC/MS/MS multi-analyte procedures, with special regards to co-eluting analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remane
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Bisceglia KJ, Roberts AL, Schantz MM, Lippa KA. Quantification of drugs of abuse in municipal wastewater via SPE and direct injection liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2701-12. [PMID: 20865408 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We present an isotopic-dilution direct injection reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 23 drugs of abuse, drug metabolites, and human-use markers in municipal wastewater. The method places particular emphasis on cocaine; it includes 11 of its metabolites to facilitate assessment of routes of administration and to enhance the accuracy of estimates of cocaine consumption. Four opioids (6-acetylmorphine, morphine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone) are also included, along with five phenylamine drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, methylbenzodioxolyl-butanamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine) and two human-use markers (cotinine and creatinine). The method is sufficiently sensitive to directly quantify (without preconcentration) 18 analytes in wastewater at concentrations less than 50 ng/L. We also present a modified version of this method that incorporates solid-phase extraction to further enhance sensitivity. The method includes a confirmatory LC separation (selected by evaluating 13 unique chromatographic phases) that has been evaluated using National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1511 Multi-Drugs of Abuse in Freeze-Dried Urine. Seven analytes (ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine ethyl ester, anhydroecgonine methyl ester, m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, p-hydroxybenzoyl-ecgonine, ecgonine, and anhydroecgonine) were detected for the first time in a wastewater sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Bisceglia
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Simultaneous determination of six alkaloids in blood and urine using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1319-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Laboratory diagnostics play an important role in the treatment of patients with acute poisoning. The classical clinical chemistry and hematology tests help initiate supportive treatment, and specialized methods enable elucidation of the poisons involved. In this context, two different analytical approaches are used: the direct quantification of a potentially involved compound or screening procedures looking either for a distinct drug class or a wide variety of different compounds. The most common tests are immunoassays, which have the advantage of being fast and highly automated. These assays are available for the substances which are often involved in intoxications. The other analytical technique which is widely used is hyphenated chromatography consisting of either high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography as chromatographic systems and detection with a diode-array or mass spectrometer. Whereas gas chromatography mass spectrometry screening procedures have been known for a long time, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry screening methods are now developed by different research groups and still need to prove their reliability. In this review, the different analytical technologies and their application will be discussed.
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Sergi M, Compagnone D, Curini R, D'Ascenzo G, Del Carlo M, Napoletano S, Risoluti R. Micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of stimulants, hallucinogens, ketamine and phencyclidine in oral fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 675:132-7. [PMID: 20800724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A confirmatory method for the determination of illicit drugs based on micro-solid phase extraction with modified tips, made of a functionalized fiberglass with apolar chains of octadecylsilane into monolithic structure, has been developed in this study. Drugs belonging to different chemical classes, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, methylenedioxymethylamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ketamine, mescaline, phencyclidine and psilocybine were analyzed. The quantitation was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the analytes were detected in positive ionization by means of an electrospray source. The limits of quantification ranged between 0.3 ng mL(-1) for cocaine and 4.9 ng mL(-1) for psilocybine, with coefficients of determination (r(2)) >0.99 for all the analytes as recommended in the guidelines of Society of Forensic Toxicologists-American Association Forensic Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sergi
- Department of Food Science, University of Teramo, Via Carlo Lerici 1, 64023 Mosciano Stazione, Teramo, Italy.
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Remane D, Meyer MR, Peters FT, Wissenbach DK, Maurer HH. Fast and simple procedure for liquid–liquid extraction of 136 analytes from different drug classes for development of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric quantification method in human blood plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2303-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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50
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Systematic investigation of ion suppression and enhancement effects of fourteen stable-isotope-labeled internal standards by their native analogues using atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization and the relevance for multi-analyte liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric procedures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:859-867. [PMID: 20196193 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In clinical and forensic toxicology, multi-analyte procedures are very useful to quantify drugs and poisons of different classes in one run. For liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) multi-analyte procedures, often only a limited number of stable-isotope-labeled internal standards (SIL-ISs) are available. If an SIL-IS is used for quantification of other analytes, it must be excluded that the co-eluting native analyte influences its ionization. Therefore, the effect of ion suppression and enhancement of fourteen SIL-ISs caused by their native analogues has been studied. It could be shown that the native analyte concentration influenced the extent of ion suppression and enhancement effects leading to more suppression with increasing analyte concentration especially when electrospray ionization (ESI) was used. Using atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), methanolic solution showed mainly enhancement effects, whereas no ion suppression and enhancement effect, with one exception, occurred when plasma extracts were used under these conditions. Such differences were not observed using ESI. With ESI, eleven SIL-ISs showed relevant suppression effects, but only one analyte showed suppression effects when APCI was used. The presented study showed that ion suppression and enhancement tests using matrix-based samples of different sources are essential for the selection of ISs, particularly if used for several analytes to avoid incorrect quantification. In conclusion, only SIL-ISs should be selected for which no suppression and enhancement effects can be observed. If not enough ISs are free of ionization interferences, a different ionization technique should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remane
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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