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Badawy MEI, El-Nouby MAM, Kimani PK, Lim LW, Rabea EI. A review of the modern principles and applications of solid-phase extraction techniques in chromatographic analysis. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1457-1487. [PMID: 36198988 PMCID: PMC9659506 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical processes involving sample preparation, separation, and quantifying analytes in complex mixtures are indispensable in modern-day analysis. Each step is crucial to enriching correct and informative results. Therefore, sample preparation is the critical factor that determines both the accuracy and the time consumption of a sample analysis process. Recently, several promising sample preparation approaches have been made available with environmentally friendly technologies with high performance. As a result of its many advantages, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is practiced in many different fields in addition to the traditional methods. The SPE is an alternative method to liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), which eliminates several disadvantages, including many organic solvents, a lengthy operation time and numerous steps, potential sources of error, and high costs. SPE advanced sorbent technology reorients with various functions depending on the structure of extraction sorbents, including reversed-phase, normal-phase, cation exchange, anion exchange, and mixed-mode. In addition, the commercial SPE systems are disposable. Still, with the continual developments, the restricted access materials (RAM) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) are fabricated to be active reusable extraction cartridges. This review will discuss all the theoretical and practical principles of the SPE techniques, focusing on packing materials, different forms, and performing factors in recent and future advances. The information about novel methodological and instrumental solutions in relation to different variants of SPE techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is presented. The integration of SPE with analytical chromatographic techniques such as LC and GC is also indicated. Furthermore, the applications of these techniques are discussed in detail along with their advantages in analyzing pharmaceuticals, biological samples, natural compounds, pesticides, and environmental pollutants, as well as foods and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoun St., 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A M El-Nouby
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoun St., 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Paul K Kimani
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Lee W Lim
- International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Entsar I Rabea
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
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2
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Psychoactive substances in human breast milk: a review of analytical strategies for their investigation. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1263-1274. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO recommends breastfeeding for the first 6 months of newborn's life. Due to its physicochemical properties, breast milk may contain undesirable components originated from mother's feeding, medication and illicit drugs consumption. Some of these substances transferred from bloodstream to milk and delivered to the infant can cause harmful effects. For the last decades, analytical advances enabled the analysis of several substances in milk using different techniques. Thereby, it is possible to evaluate infant's level of exposure to these substances. This review presents the information published in the main scientific dissemination media about psychoactive drugs investigation in human breast milk, involving the sample preparation techniques and chromatographic validated methods developed in the past 10 years.
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3
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Evaluation of the suitability of ionic liquid-based liquid-liquid microextractions for blood protein removal. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Lu XF, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Ren YP. Determination of fluoroquinolones in cattle manure-based biogas residue by ultrasonic-enhanced microwave-assisted extraction followed by online solid phase extraction-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:166-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Caglar Andac S. Determination of Drugs by Online Column-Switching Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1641-1647. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Caglar S, Morello R, Boos KS. Development and validation of an on-line multidimensional SPE-LC–MS/MS method for the quantitation of Tetrandrine in blood samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Whitcombe MJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA. Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:297-401. [PMID: 24700625 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.
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Ramírez Fernández MDM, Van Durme F, Wille SM, di Fazio V, Kummer N, Samyn N. Validation of an Automated Solid-Phase Extraction Method for the Analysis of 23 Opioids, Cocaine, and Metabolites in Urine with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:280-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Comprehensive automation of the solid phase extraction gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis (SPE-GC/MS) of opioids, cocaine, and metabolites from serum and other matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4443-51. [PMID: 24788888 PMCID: PMC4077260 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of opioids, cocaine, and metabolites from blood serum is a routine task in forensic laboratories. Commonly, the employed methods include many manual or partly automated steps like protein precipitation, dilution, solid phase extraction, evaporation, and derivatization preceding a gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) or liquid chromatography (LC)/MS analysis. In this study, a comprehensively automated method was developed from a validated, partly automated routine method. This was possible by replicating method parameters on the automated system. Only marginal optimization of parameters was necessary. The automation relying on an x-y-z robot after manual protein precipitation includes the solid phase extraction, evaporation of the eluate, derivatization (silylation with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, MSTFA), and injection into a GC/MS. A quantitative analysis of almost 170 authentic serum samples and more than 50 authentic samples of other matrices like urine, different tissues, and heart blood on cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methadone, morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, dihydrocodeine, and 7-aminoflunitrazepam was conducted with both methods proving that the analytical results are equivalent even near the limits of quantification (low ng/ml range). To our best knowledge, this application is the first one reported in the literature employing this sample preparation system.
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Pelição FS, Peres MD, Pissinate JF, De Martinis BS. A One-Step Extraction Procedure for the Screening of Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids in Postmortem Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:341-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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11
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Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in biofluids using a one-step procedure with “in-vial” derivatization and headspace-trap gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Fast screening of 88 pharmaceutical drugs and metabolites in whole blood by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:863-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Versace F, Sporkert F, Mangin P, Staub C. Rapid sample pre-treatment prior to GC-MS and GC-MS/MS urinary toxicological screening. Talanta 2012; 101:299-306. [PMID: 23158326 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug screening is an important issue in clinical and forensic toxicology. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains the gold standard technique for the screening of unknown compounds in urine samples. However, this technique requires substantial sample preparation, which is time consuming. Moreover, some common drugs such as cannabis cannot be easily detected in urine using general procedures. In this work, a sample preparation protocol for treating 200 μL of urine in less than 30 min is described. The enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuro-conjugates was performed in 5 min thanks to the use of microwaves. The use of a deconvolution software allowed reducing the GC-MS run to 10 min, without impairing the quality of the compound identifications. Comparing the results from 139 authentic urine samples to those obtained using the current routine analysis indicated this method performed well. Moreover, additional 5-min GC-MS/MS programs are described, enabling a very sensitive target screening of 54 drugs, including THC-COOH or buprenorphine, without further sample preparation. These methods appeared as an interesting alternative to immuno-assays based screening. The analytical strategy presented in this article proved to be a promising approach for systematic toxicological analysis (STA) of drugs in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Versace
- Unit of Toxicology, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Rapid narrow band elution for on-line SPE using a novel solvent plug injection technique. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:433-45. [PMID: 22669308 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Determination of trace constituents in biological and environmental samples usually requires a pre-concentration step. While solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been widely used, it is slow, labor intensive and adversely affected by analytical errors from handling. On-line SPE eliminates some of the flaws but often suffers from solvent compatibility problems with the subsequent chromatography separation. In this study, we are presenting a technical solution for overcoming some of these compatibility issues, by utilizing a fully automated, focused SPE sample transfer technique utilizing narrow-band solvent plugs, for seamless hyphenation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or flow injection mass spectrometry (MS). A wide range of pharmaceutical compounds was studied in different sample matrices. Short plugs of high elution strength solvent were generated by means of an electrically actuated sample loop and enrichment and transfer steps monitored using on-line SPE-MS. The impact of the solvent plugs on chromatographic separation was studied using hyphenated SPE-LC-MS. By carefully examining elution profiles of solvent plugs of different compositions, optimum conditions for quantitative elution within well-defined volumes were found for all substances. In addition, the highly focused elution bands resulted in excellent retention time and peak area reproducibilities when injected on-line onto HPLC columns. Finally, to demonstrate proof-of-principle, the fully integrated on-line SPE-LC-MS system was applied to the analysis of spiked urine and river water samples.
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15
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Quantitative Method Validation for the Analysis of 27 Antidepressants and Metabolites in Plasma With Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2012; 34:11-24. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31823bf0fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The importance of sample preparation methods as the first stage in bioanalysis is described. In this article, the sample preparation concept and strategies will be discussed, along with the requirements for good sample preparation. The most widely used sample preparation methods in the pharmaceutical industry are presented; for example, the need for same-day rotation of results from large numbers of biological samples in pharmaceutical industry makes high throughput bioanalysis more essential. In this article, high-throughput sample preparation techniques are presented; examples are given of the extraction and concentration of analytes from biological matrices, including protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction and microextraction-related techniques. Finally, the potential role of selective extraction methods, including molecular imprinted phases, is considered.
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17
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Binkhorst L, Mathijssen RHJ, Ghobadi Moghaddam-Helmantel IM, de Bruijn P, van Gelder T, Wiemer EAC, Loos WJ. Quantification of tamoxifen and three of its phase-I metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography/triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:1016-23. [PMID: 21872414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In view of future pharmacokinetic studies, a highly sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of tamoxifen and three of its main phase I metabolites in human lithium heparinized plasma. The analytical method has been thoroughly validated in agreement with FDA recommendations. Plasma samples of 200 μl were purified by liquid-liquid extraction with 1 ml n-hexane/isopropanol, after deproteination through addition of 50 μl acetone and 50 μl deuterated internal standards in acetonitrile. Tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen were chromatographically separated on an Acquity UPLC(®) BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1 mm×100 mm column eluted at a flow-rate of 0.300 ml/min on a gradient of 0.2mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile, both acidified with 0.1% formic acid. The overall run time of the method was 10 min, with elution times of 2.9, 3.0, 4.1 and 4.2 min for endoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen and tamoxifen, respectively. Tamoxifen and its metabolites were quantified by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry in the positive ion electrospray ionization mode. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were set at 372>72 (m/z) for tamoxifen, 358>58 (m/z) for N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, 388>72 (m/z) for 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and 374>58 (m/z) for endoxifen. The analytical method was highly sensitive with the lower limit of quantification validated at 5.00 nM for tamoxifen and N-desmethyl-tamoxifen and 0.500 nM for 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen, which is equivalent to 1.86, 1.78, 0.194 and 0.187 ng/ml for tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen, respectively. The method was also precise and accurate, with within-run and between-run precisions within 12.0% and accuracy ranging from 89.5 to 105.3%. The method has been applied to samples from a clinical study and cross-validated with a validated LC-MS/MS method in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Binkhorst
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Pellegrini M, Marchei E, Pacifici R, Rotolo MC, Pichini S. Advances in the analysis of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances in cosmetic products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:842-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Kataoka H, Saito K. Recent advances in SPME techniques in biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:926-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Gosselin M, Wille SMR, Fernandez MDMR, Di Fazio V, Samyn N, De Boeck G, Bourel B. Entomotoxicology, experimental set-up and interpretation for forensic toxicologists. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 208:1-9. [PMID: 21237593 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Forensic entomotoxicology studies the usefulness of insects as alternative toxicological samples. Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well documented and recommended when conventional matrices such as blood, urine or internal organs are no longer available. However, several limitations of entomotoxicology have been highlighted, especially concerning interpretation of the drug concentrations in insects on human forensic cases. In addition, the lack of knowledge in pharmacokinetic of drugs in insects, large variability of experimental set-up and toxicological analysis compromise the utility of this science. This review focuses on the current knowledge of factors influencing drug detection in insects. Reasons for the current limitations, but also recommendations for future research are discussed and proposed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gosselin
- Laboratory of Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Remane D, Meyer MR, Peters FT, Wissenbach DK, Maurer HH. Fast and simple procedure for liquid–liquid extraction of 136 analytes from different drug classes for development of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric quantification method in human blood plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2303-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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LIU P, ZHOU J, AN J, LI P. Application of turbulent flow chromatography in the analysis of biological samples. Se Pu 2010; 28:168-74. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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24
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Weston DJ. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: current understanding of mechanistic theory; analytical performance and application areas. Analyst 2010; 135:661-8. [PMID: 20309440 DOI: 10.1039/b925579f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry allows the rapid analysis of samples or objects in their native state in the open environment with no prior preparation. Over the past six years, the ability of these techniques to provide selective analyte desorption and ionization, in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), has provided a growing number of powerful analytical alternatives across broad application areas, both quantitative and qualitative in nature, including pharmaceutical analysis, process chemistry, biological imaging, in vivo analysis, proteomics, metabolomics, forensics, and explosives detection. With the emergence of new ambient ionization methods, and the complementary nature of existing desorption and/or ionization techniques, additional hyphenated methods have been devised, which pushes the total number of documented methods to almost thirty. To cover all current ambient ionization techniques in detail would be too complex and detract from the main objective of this review. Rather, an overview of the field of ambient ionization MS will be given, followed by broad classification to allow detailed discussion of theory and common mechanistic factors underpinning a number of key techniques. Consideration will be given to experimental design, ease of implementation and analytical performance, detailing subsequent impact on a number of application areas, both established and emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Weston
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, UK LE11 5RH.
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25
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26
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Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Validated bioanalytical method for the quantification of RGB-286638, a novel multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitor, in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography/tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:977-82. [PMID: 19628352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of RBG-286638, a novel multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitor, in 200 microl aliquots of human potassium EDTA plasma with deuterated RGB-286638 as internal standard. The sample extraction and cleaning-up involved a simple liquid-liquid extraction with 100 microl aliquots of acetonitrile and 1 ml aliquots of n-butylchloride. Urine was accurately 5- and 10-fold diluted in blank plasma prior to extraction. Chromatographic separations were achieved on a reversed phase C18 column eluted at a flow-rate of 0.250 ml/min on a gradient of 0.2 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile both acidified with 0.1% formic acid. The overall cycle time of the method was 7 min, with RGB-286638 eluting at 1.9 min. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were set at 546>402 (m/z), and 549>402 (m/z) for RGB-286638 and the internal standard, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 2.00 to 1000 ng/ml with the lower limit of quantitation validated at 2.00 ng/ml. The within-run and between-run precisions were within 7.90%, while the accuracy ranged from 92.2% to 99.7%. The method was successfully applied to samples derived from a clinical study.
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28
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Fernández MDMR, Wille SM, Samyn N, Wood M, López-Rivadulla M, De Boeck G. On-line solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput analysis of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Restricted-access media supports for direct high-throughput analysis of biological fluid samples: review of recent applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:577-94. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update on the use of restricted-access materials (RAMs) for direct injection of biological samples. The fundamental improvements in the preparation of tailored RAMs and the diversity of applications with these phases are presented. Insights into diminishing the matrix effect by the use of RAM supports in methods by LC–MS and into the low number of methods for enantiomeric separations by direct injections of biological samples are addressed. The diversity of systems that incorporate RAMs for selective sample clean-up or fractionation in proteome and peptidome analysis is also covered.
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30
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Copper CL, Newman CID, Collins GE. Simple and rapid extraction, separation, and detection of alkaloids in beverages. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3727-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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A systematic comparison of four different workup procedures for systematic toxicological analysis of urine samples using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:735-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Mass spectrometric approaches in impaired driving toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:97-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Melo SA, Bautitz IR, Pupo Nogueira RF. Monitoring Pharmaceuticals Photo-Fenton Degradation Process by Using Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802122545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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