Development of a selective molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction for indomethacin from water samples

Molecularly imprinted polymer for the removal of diclofenac from water: Synthesis and characterization

Contaminants of Emerging Concerns (CECs) have been introduced as one type of recalcitrant pollutant sources in water. In this study, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) has been removed from water solutions using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP), synthetized via bulk polymerization with allylthiourea (AT) as the functional monomer and using DCF as template (MIP-DCF). DCF detection has been performed by UV spectrophotometer. From the kinetic study in batch mode, approximately 100% of removal is observed by using 10mg of MIP-DCF, with an initial concentration of 5mg/L of DCF at pH7, within 3min and agitated at 25°C. In continuous flow mode study, using a cartridge pre-packed with 10mg of MIP-DCF, a high adsorption capacity of 160mgDCF/g MIP was obtained. To study the porosity of MIPs, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used. In order to characterize the chemical interaction between monomer and template, the pre-polymerization mixture for MIP and DCF has also been studied by ¹H NMR. One of the chemical shift observed has been related to the formation of a complex between amine protons of thiourea group of AT with carboxylic acid on DCF. In conclusion, the developed MIP works as a good adsorbent for DCF removal, and is selective to DCF in the presence of indomethacin and ibuprofen.

Applications of molecularly imprinted polymers for solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics from environmental waters and biological samples

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals used as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics in the aquatic environment is a threat to humans and aquatic species at large. The primary route of these pharmaceuticals to aquatic environment is through human waste such as urine and faeces. The application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of such pollutants from environmental and biological samples is important for the pre-concentration of compounds and selectivity of the analytical methods. To date, there are still limited commercial suppliers of MIPs. However, it is easy to synthesize such polymers via non-covalent imprinting approach using easily available and affordable reagents. Therefore, the applications of MIPs in the SPE of NSAIDs and analgesics from environmental and biological samples are reviewed. This is very important because despite the fact that review articles on applications of MIPs for organic compounds have been reported, very little has focussed on NSAIDs and analgesics which are the major studied pharmaceuticals in the environment and biological samples. The review also brings out important aspects of common reagents used including the template molecules during MIP synthesis. Application and future trends are also discussed. Gaps such as little use of environmental friendly reagents such as ionic liquids have been identified. Also, the lack of MIP applications to some compounds such as fenoprofen has been observed which is likely to be developed in the near future.

Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011

Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.

Preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for separating rutin from Chinese medicinal plants

The preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) which can be used for the separation and purification of rutin from Chinese medicinal plants has been proposed. By applying the improved co-precipitation method, magnetic Fe(3)O(4) particles were easily prepared, followed by the modification of TEOS and functionalization with -CH=CH(2). Using functionalized Fe(3)O(4) particles as the magnetic cores, rutin as the template, and acrylamide as the functional monomer, MMIPs were synthesized by surface-imprinted polymerization under the protection of nitrogen gas and successive mechanical stirring at 60 °C for 24 h. Magnetic non-molecularly imprinted polymers (MNIPs) were also prepared with the same synthesis procedure as with MMIPs only without the presence of rutin. Magnetic particles were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and TG analysis. And the selectivity of MMIPs was also investigated in detail. In addition, the performance of the MMIPs for the adsorption of rutin in the analysis of Chinese medicinal plants was assessed. The mean recoveries were 84.33% (RSD: 3.22%, n = 3) for Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Bail and 85.20% (RSD: 3.58%, n = 3) for Flos Sophorae, respectively, which showed that the prepared MMIPs with many advantages possess the value of practical application.

Molecularly imprinted polymers and their application in solid phase extraction

Solid phase extraction is routinely used in many different areas of analytical chemistry. Some of the main fields are environmental, biological, and food chemistry, where cleaning and pre-concentration of the sample are important steps in the analytical protocol. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have attracted attention because they show promise as compound-selective or group-selective media. The application of these synthetic polymers as sorbents allows not only pre-concentration and cleaning of the sample but also selective extraction of the target analyte, which is important, particularly when the sample is complex and impurities can interfere with quantification. This review surveys the selectivity of MIPs in solid phase extraction of various kinds of analytes.