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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Two-dimensional separation of water-soluble polymers using size exclusion and reversed phase chromatography employing capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464051. [PMID: 37209520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are readily available, durable materials that have piqued the interest of many diverse fields, ranging from biomedical engineering to construction. The physiochemical properties of a polymer dictate the behavior and function, where large polydispersity among polymer properties can lead to problems; however, current polymer analysis methods often only report results for one particular property. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) applications have become increasingly popular due to the ability to implement two chromatographic modalities in one platform, meaning the ability to simultaneously address multiple physiochemical aspects of a polymer sample, such as functional group content and molar mass. The work presented employs size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography, through two coupling strategies: SEC x RP and RP x RP separations of the water-soluble polymers poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber (polyester and polypropylene) stationary phases were used for the RP separations. Particularly attractive is the fact that they are easily implemented as the second dimension in 2DLC workflows due to their low backpressure (<1000 psi at ∼70 mm sec-1) and fast separation times. In-line multi-angle light scattering (MALS) was also implemented for molecular weight determinations of the polymer samples, with the molecular weight of PMA ranging from 5 × 104 to 2 × 105 g mol-1, while PSSA ranges from 105 to 108 g mol-1. While the orthogonal pairing of SEC x RP addresses polymer sizing and chemistry, this approach is limited by long separation times (80 min), the need for high solute concentrations (PMA = 1.79 mg mL-1 and PSSA = 0.175 mg mL-1 to yield comparable absorbance responses) due to on-column dilution and subsequently limited resolution in the RP separation space. With RP x RP couplings, separation times were significantly reduced (40 min), with lower sample concentrations (0.595 mg mL-1 of PMA and 0.05 mg mL-1 of PSSA) required. The combined RP strategy provided better overall distinction in the chemical distribution of the polymers, yielding 7 distict species versus 3 for the SEC x RP coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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2
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Brooijmans T, Gonzalez PC, Pirok B, Schoenmakers P, Peters R. Two-dimensional tools for analyzing polymer microstructure; coupling non-aqueous ion-exchange chromatography to size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Malik MI. Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions in Polymer Analysis: A Perspective. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Yang J, Zheng T, Umair A, Li L. “Dead-End” Ultrafiltration: A Powerful Technique Utilizing “Coil-to-Stretch” Transition for Polymer Separation/Fractionation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Yang
- Food Science and Processing Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ahmad Umair
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Food Science and Processing Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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5
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Freye CE, Rosales CJ, Thompson DG, Brown GW, Larson SA. Development of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for investigating aging of plastic bonded explosives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Khatoon R, Rahim S, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Characterization of Polystyrene-block-Poly(2-vinyl pyridine) Copolymers and Blends of Their Homopolymers by Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Khatoon
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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7
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Malik MI. Critical parameters of liquid chromatography at critical conditions in context of poloxamers: Pore diameter, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460440. [PMID: 31416625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the borderline between size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) there is a special mobile phase composition and temperature at which polymer chains become "chromatographically invisible". This point is termed as "chromatographic critical point" and chromatographic separations performed using these conditions are called "liquid chromatography at critical conditions" (LCCC). LCCC is a powerful technique in the analysis of functional polymers and block copolymers. At these so-called critical conditions molar mass discrimination of any specific homopolymer is suppressed rendering elution of whole range of molar mass at same elution volume. These conditions allow enhanced separation with regard to non-critical segment either in exclusion or interaction regime of the polymer chromatography. This article is intended to critically discuss different parameters that can be maneuvered to improve separation and in turn characterization of non-critical segment of block copolymers at LCCC. Different experimental parameters evaluated in this study include pore size of the column, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. These parameters can be adeptly adjusted to improve separation of non-critical segment while keeping the other segment close to critical conditions. Current study demonstrates that pore diameter and mobile phase are the only practical variable that can be used for improvement of characterization of non-critical block in the block copolymer while non-critical block is in exclusion regime. On the other hand, pore diameter of the column, temperature, solvent composition and gradients are important parameters that can be skillfully tuned for improvement of separation of non-critical block while non-critical block elutes in interaction regime. The above-mentioned variations are evaluated for di-block as well as tri-block copolymers of A-B-A and B-A-B type. Moreover, LCCC-IC is especially important for analysis of poloxamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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8
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Wang X, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Pore size effect on the separation of polymers by interaction chromatography. A Monte Carlo study. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:126-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Yang P, Gao W, Shulman JE, Chen Y. Separation and identification of polymeric dispersants in detergents by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:111-117. [PMID: 29960735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric dispersants are an important ingredient in many consumer products. Their separations and identifications in final product formulation can be very challenging due to the presence of multiple polymeric dispersants at different levels and the presence of other polymeric and small-molecule components. In this study, using nearly comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), various water-soluble polymer and co-polymer dispersants were separated with aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in the first dimension (1D) and gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in the second dimension (2D). Detection of the polymeric dispersants was accomplished by evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). A large ID (8.0 mm) SEC column used in common one-dimensional SEC practices was directly adopted in the 2D setup for rapid method development. A close representation of fully comprehensive 2D separation was achieved even with 60% of 1D eluent diverted to waste, demonstrating the flexibility and versatility of having SEC in 1D for two dimensional separation of polymers. Important method parameters, such as 2D column dimensions and flow rate, gradient conditions, and buffer pH were studied. Practical aspects of routine industrial applications such as solvent consumption and analysis time were also considered. This method was exploited for quick identification of polymeric dispersants in commercial detergent samples. Nine detergent samples were screened and polymeric dispersants and additional polymer features were detected in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Yang
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Wei Gao
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jan E Shulman
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yunshen Chen
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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12
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Lee S, Choi H, Chang T, Staal B. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Block Copolymers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6259-6266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Bastiaan Staal
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
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13
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Ma Q, Yuan H, Song Y, Chao Y, Mak SY, Shum HC. Partitioning-dependent conversion of polyelectrolyte assemblies in an aqueous two-phase system. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1552-1558. [PMID: 29443349 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02275a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning refers to the distribution of solute molecules in the two immiscible phases of a mixture of two solutions, such as an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The partitioning of RNA and peptide has been adjusted in situ to facilitate their assembly into intracellular membraneless organelles. Despite the immense potential of this approach in artificial systems, a partitioning-dependent assembly of macromolecules has been limited, due to the sophisticated processing associated with their in situ modification. Here we demonstrate an approach to direct the assembly of polyelectrolytes in an ATPS through varying their partitioning via pH changes. Microcapsules can be converted to microgel particles as the polyelectrolytes selectively partition to different emulsion phases when changing pH. Such partitioning-dependence can also be equally applied for complexing hydrophilic nanoparticles with polyelectrolytes in an ATPS. By enabling access of hydrophilic materials across the aqueous interface freely, the ATPS allows modification of their intrinsic properties in situ; this advantage will inspire more versatile control over the partitioning of hydrophilic materials and will create new multi-functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Urban J, Hájek T, Svec F. Monolithic stationary phases with a longitudinal gradient of porosity. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1703-1709. [PMID: 28225173 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The duration of the hypercrosslinking reaction has been used to control the extent of small pores formation in polymer-based monolithic stationary phases. Segments of five columns hypercrosslinked for 30-360 min were coupled via zero-volume unions to prepare columns with segmented porosity gradients. The steepness of the porosity gradient affected column efficiency, mass transfer resistance, and separation of both small-molecule alkylbenzenes and high-molar-mass polystyrene standards. In addition, the segmented column with the steepest porosity gradient was prepared as a single column with a continuous porosity gradient. The steepness of porosity gradient in this type column was tuned. Compared to a completely hypercrosslinked column, the column with the shallower gradient produced comparable size-exclusion separation of polystyrene standards but allowed higher column permeability. The completely hypercrosslinked column and the column with porosity gradient were successfully coupled in online two-dimensional liquid chromatography of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Leinweber R, Montag P, Preis J, Radke W. Characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(styrene)s using various chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1473:76-82. [PMID: 27793393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two graft copolymer samples of identical average composition were synthesized by grafting living polystyrene anions onto a broadly distributed PMMA backbone. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with only RI-detection, SEC with viscometry and light scattering detection, SEC with UV and RI dual detection, gradient chromatography and 2-dimensional chromatography were applied to compare the information that can be obtained by the different techniques. While only limited information was retrieved by conventional SEC or SEC with molar mass sensitive detection, SEC with UV and RI revealed different chemical heterogeneity of the samples. Using gradient chromatography and 2-dimensional chromatography it was possible to identify non-grafted side chains and unreacted parent PMMA besides the actual graft copolymer molecules. While in one sample a heavily grafted product was formed besides non-grafted PMMA, the second sample did not contain ungrafted PMMA but a graft product of lower grafting density. The different product distributions were explained by the different synthetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Leinweber
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Montag
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Preis
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Computer study of chromatographic separation of mixtures of H-shaped and linear polymers in good and θ-solvents. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Bhati S, Macko T, Brüll R. Estimation of critical conditions of polymers based on monitoring the polymer recovery. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of poloxamers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Berek D. Critical assessment of “critical” liquid chromatography of block copolymers. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:93-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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21
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Wang X, Lísal M, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Computer Study of Chromatographic Separation Process: A Monte Carlo Study of H-Shaped and Linear Homopolymers in Good Solvent. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory
of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135/1, 165 02 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České
Mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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22
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Prabhu K, Brüll R, Macko T, Remerie K, Tacx J, Garg P, Ginzburg A. Separation of bimodal high density polyethylene using multidimensional high temperature liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Bhati SS, Macko T, Brüll R, Mekap D. Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions of Poly(propylene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampat Singh Bhati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
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Practical considerations in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems (LCxLC) with reversed-phases in both dimensions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:153-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Lee S, Lee H, Thieu L, Jeong Y, Chang T, Fu C, Zhu Y, Wang Y. HPLC Characterization of Hydrogenous Polystyrene-block-deuterated polystyrene Utilizing the Isotope Effect. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4018247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Lam Thieu
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Youncheol Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Chao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, Unitied States
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27
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Ghareeb HO, Radke W. Characterization of cellulose acetates according to DS and molar mass using two-dimensional chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1430-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Uhrig D, Morar GC, Goswami M, Huang J, Sumpter BG, Zhou J, Kilbey SM, Pickel DL. Molecular Heterogeneity of Polystyrene-Modified Fullerene Core Stars. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Uhrig
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - George C. Morar
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Monojoy Goswami
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computer
Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computer
Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computer
Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - S. Michael Kilbey
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Deanna L. Pickel
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Šišková A, Macová E, Corradini D, Berek D. Liquid chromatography of synthetic polymers under critical conditions of enthalpic interactions 4: Sample recovery. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2979-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Šišková
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Eva Macová
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Danilo Corradini
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; National Research Council; Rome Italy
| | - Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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Striegel AM. There’s plenty of gloom at the bottom: the many challenges of accurate quantitation in size-based oligomeric separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8959-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Use of shift gradient in the second dimension to improve the separation space in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6511-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Malik MI, Harding GW, Grabowsky ME, Pasch H. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of polystyrene–polyethylene oxide block copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1244:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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34
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Ahn S, Lee H, Lee S, Chang T. Characterization of Branched Polymers by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography with Triple Detection. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2021985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sekyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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35
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Šmigovec Ljubič T, Pahovnik D, Žigon M, Žagar E. Separation of poly(styrene-block-t-butyl methacrylate) copolymers by various liquid chromatography techniques. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:932609. [PMID: 22489207 PMCID: PMC3317551 DOI: 10.1100/2012/932609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of a mixture of three poly(styrene-block-t-butyl methacrylate) copolymers (PS-b-PtBMA), consisting of polystyrene (PS) blocks of similar length and t-butyl methacrylate (PtBMA) blocks of different lengths, was performed using various chromatographic techniques, that is, a gradient liquid chromatography on reversed-phase (C18 and C8) and normal-phase columns, a liquid chromatography under critical conditions for polystyrene as well as a fully automated two-dimensional liquid chromatography that separates block copolymers by chemical composition in the first dimension and by molar mass in the second dimension. The results show that a partial separation of the mixture of PS-b-PtBMA copolymers can be achieved only by gradient liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns. The coelution of the two block copolymers is ascribed to a much shorter PtBMA block length, compared to the PS block, as well as a small difference in the length of the PtBMA block in two of these copolymers, which was confirmed by SEC-MALS and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Šmigovec Ljubič
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Majda Žigon
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University College for Polymer Technology, Glavni trg 1, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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36
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Malik MI, Harding GW, Pasch H. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of PDMS–PS block copolymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:601-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process – A Third Update. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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38
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Schmid C, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. In-Depth LCCC-(GELC)-SEC Characterization of ABA Block Copolymers Generated by a Mechanistic Switch from RAFT to ROP. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2022452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schmid
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Weidner
- BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
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40
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Baumgaertel A, Weber C, Fritz N, Festag G, Altuntaş E, Kempe K, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. Characterization of poly(2-oxazoline) homo- and copolymers by liquid chromatography at critical conditions. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8370-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Ahn S, Im K, Chang T, Chambon P, Fernyhough CM. 2D-LC Characterization of Comb-Shaped Polymers Using Isotope Effect. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4237-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyun Im
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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42
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Maksimova E, Vlakh E, Tennikova T. Methacrylate-based monolithic layers for planar chromatography of polymers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2425-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Inglis AJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Visualizing the efficiency of rapid modular block copolymer construction. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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44
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Berek D, Šišková A. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Complex Polymer Systems by Sequenced Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Principle of Operation. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101853g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84236 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Šišková
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84236 Bratislava, Slovakia
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45
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Berek D. Separation of parent homopolymers from diblock copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption 4. Role of eluent and temperature. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3476-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Macko T, Brüll R, Zhu Y, Wang Y. A review on the development of liquid chromatography systems for polyolefins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3446-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Schmid C, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. An efficient avenue to poly(styrene)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) polymers via switching from RAFT to hydroxyl functionality: Synthesis and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Ginzburg A, Macko T, Dolle V, Brüll R. High-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography of ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6867-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of diblock copolymers: Simulation at various adsorption interaction conditions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4825-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Berek D. Size exclusion chromatography - A blessing and a curse of science and technology of synthetic polymers. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:315-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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