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Alnaimat AS, Barciela-Alonso MC, Bermejo-Barrera P. Development of a sensitive method for the analysis of four phthalates in tea samples: Tea bag contribution to the total amount in tea infusion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1719-1729. [PMID: 32706309 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1786170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, precise and selective method for the analysis of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in tea samples has been applied. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Solid Phase Extraction (MIP-SPE) has been used for the separation and preconcentration of these compounds. Phthalates extracted by SPE were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The method was sensitive (LOD < 2 µg L-1), precise (RSD <10%) and accurate with recovery percentages ranging from 84% to 97%. Finally, the developed method was applied for the analysis of these phthalates in several tea samples marketed in bags. Migration studies were also performed to evaluate the concentration of phthalates released from the bags into the infusions, and teabag filters were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The migration study shows that tea filter bags contribute to the total phthalates concentration in tea infusion, and this contribution varies between 1.8 to 93.5 % of the total phthalates' concentrations. Tea filter bags release higher DBP than BBP, DMP, and DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alá S Alnaimat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition, and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade De Santiago De Compostela , Santiago De Compostela, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University , Ma'an, Jordan
| | - María Carmen Barciela-Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition, and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade De Santiago De Compostela , Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition, and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade De Santiago De Compostela , Santiago De Compostela, Spain
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Xue M, Wu H, Liu S, Huang X, Jin Q, Ren R. Simultaneous determination of 44 pharmaceutically active compounds in water samples using solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:203-222. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Xie M, Wu Y, Little JC, Marr LC. Phthalates and alternative plasticizers and potential for contact exposure from children's backpacks and toys. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:119-124. [PMID: 26531804 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the mass content of plasticizers in children's backpacks and toys, and their mass transfer from product surfaces to cotton wipes. The mass content of plasticizers in six backpacks and seven toys was measured by extracting them in tetrahydrofuran. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) was the most common plasticizer, dominating the composition of plasticizers in four backpacks (average mass content in product polyvinyl chloride, 5.38 ± 1.98%-25.5 ± 3.54%) and six plastic toys (8.17 ± 1.85%-21.2 ± 1.11%). The surface of each product was wiped with three dry and three wet (by isopropanol) cotton wipes, so as to evaluate the mass transfer of plasticizers to clothing and human skin, respectively. DEHT was the most common plasticizer detected on wipe samples. There were strong correlations (backpacks r=0.90; plastic toys r=0.96) between average mass transfer of DEHT to wet wipes and its average mass content in the product. The mass transfers of the five dominant plasticizers in one backpack to both dry and wet wipes were also correlated (both r=1.00) with their mass contents. These results suggest that the mass transfer of plasticizers from products to clothing or human skin is strongly associated with their mass content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Kim MG, Kim TH, Shin BS, Lee YB, Lee JB, Choi HG, Lee Y, Yoo SD. Sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of benzyl butyl phthalate and its metabolites, monobenzyl phthalate and monobutyl phthalate, in rat plasma, urine, and various tissues collected from a toxicokinetic study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7391-400. [PMID: 26168976 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development of a sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and its major metabolites, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and monobutyl phthalate (MBuP), in rat plasma, urine, and 10 different tissues. The method was validated with regard to the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), recovery, and stability by using the matrix-matched quality control samples. The assay achieved LLOQ of 1 ng/ml of BBP for plasma and urine, 4 ng/g for kidney and liver, 10 ng/g for fat, and 20 ng/g for all other tissues. For MBzP and MBuP, the assay achieved LLOQ of 5 ng/ml for plasma and urine, 10 ng/g for fat, and 20 ng/g for all other tissues. The disposition of BBP was characterized by a large volume of distribution (71.1-82.9 l/kg) and a high clearance (838.7-871.0 ml/min/kg). It was extensively metabolized to MBzP and MBuP, with their levels consistently exceeding the BBP levels. The distribution of BBP, MBzP, and MBuP to tissues of kidney, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, brain, testis, thyroid, and fat was determined under steady-state conditions. For BBP, the steady-state tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (K p) was the highest for fat (25.0) followed by small intestine (2.6), thyroid (2.0), and stomach (1.1). In contrast, for MBzP and MBuP, it was the highest for kidney (2.0 and 4.3, respectively) and liver (4.3 and 2.1, respectively) but was less than unity for all other tissues. The developed assay method and findings of this study may be useful to evaluate the exposure and toxic potential of BBP and its metabolites in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gi Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-702, South Korea
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Gwan Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Youngsung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Sun Dong Yoo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea.
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Hou ML, Chang LW, Chiang CJ, Tsuang YH, Lin CH, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetics of di-isononyl phthalate in freely moving rats by UPLC-MS/MS. Int J Pharm 2013; 450:36-43. [PMID: 23618960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) is a general-purpose plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride. However, this industrial chemical plasticizer used as a clouding agent has recently contaminated food and beverages that had been inspected by Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. This study develops a sensitive and specific method combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to investigate the pharmacokinetics of DINP in freely moving rats. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to monitor the transition of the protonated molecule m/z of 419 [M+H](+) to the product ion 149 for DINP. The analyte was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS with C18 column (100×2.1mm, 1.7 μm) which was equilibrated and eluted with an isocratic mixture of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate water solution (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Linear calibration curves were obtained for DINP concentration ranges of 0.05-2.5 μg/mL in plasma and feces. The feces were homogenized mechanically using 50% acetonitrile as the medium. The pharmacokinetic curve demonstrates that the disposition of DINP in rat plasma was fitted well by the two-compartment model after DINP administration (10 mg/kg, i.v.). The elimination half-life of DINP was 364±146 min and 150±58 min for intravenous (10 mg/kg) and oral (100 mg/kg) administration, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data indicate that the oral bioavailability of DINP in freely moving rats was about 1.19%. The total DINP excretion up to 48 h was 13.64±3.99% in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Hou
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu P, Tian T, Barreto J, Chou J. Assessment and analysis of phthalate esters, in Lake Pontchartrain, by SPME combining with GC-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:453-462. [PMID: 23530359 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.698653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study for the first time reports a quantitative analysis of phthalates and spatial distribution of phthalates in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, USA using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). During 2008-2009, di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) along with its congener (DiBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in Lake Pontchartrain. Concentrations of these phthalates in the lake were monitored in different areas before and after the opening of the Bonnet Carré Spillway that occurred from April to May in 2008. The concentration of sigma3PAEs (DnBP, DiBP and DEHP) ranged from 0 to 20 microg/L in the surface water of the lake from March 2008 to June 2009. The distribution of the three phthalates varied with locations in the lake. An increase trend of sigma3PAEs was observed after the opening of the Bonnet Carré Spillway in the central lake area. The observed increase of the phthalates could be correlated to the opening of the spillway. The SPME followed by GC-MS employed in this study has been proved to be a rapid, sensitive and practical method to quantitatively analyse and evaluate phthalate concentrations in salt lake waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
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